400Word_1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
abandon / əˈbændən / verb [transitive]
A
- to leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for ; How could she abandon her own child? ; We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way. Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
- to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue: The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather. They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle. Because of the fog they abandoned their idea of driving. Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors.abandon ship
2
Q
adverse / ˈædvɜːs $ -ɜːrs / adjective
A
not good or favourable : They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets; The expedition was abandoned because of adverse weather conditions; developments which had adversely affected their business
3
Q
in the aggregate / ˈæɡrɪɡət, ˈæɡrɪɡɪt / noun formal
A
In the aggregate (= as a group or in total ) , women outlive men by 7 or more years.
the aggregate sum/number … of سرجمع
4
Q
cultivation / ˌkʌltəˈveɪʃ ə n, ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable]
A
the preparation and use of land for growing crops:کشت و کار
soil cultivation ; These fields have been under cultivation (= used for growing crops ) for years. cultivation of tobacco
5
Q
fertilize / ˈfɜːtəlaɪz, ˈfɜːtɪlaɪz $ ˈfɜːrtl-aɪz / verb [transitive]
A
1 to make new animal or plant life develop :After the egg has been fertilized, it will hatch in about six weeks. بارور شدن
2 to put fertilizer on the soil to make plants grow کود دادن
6
Q
intensify / ɪnˈtensəfaɪ, ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ / verb ( past tense and past participle intensified , present participle intensifying , third person singular intensifies ) an intensification of fighting in the region
A
In June the civil war intensified. His mother’s death intensified his loneliness. تشدید کردن
7
Q
irrigate / ˈɪrəɡeɪt, ˈɪrɪɡeɪt / verb [transitive]
A
1 to supply land or crops with water : The water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area. irigated land/farms/crops آب دادن زمین
2 technical to wash a wound with a flow of liquid شستشو دادن
8
Q
obtain / əbˈteɪn / verb formal 1 [transitive]
obtain something from somebody/something
A
to get something that you want, especially through your own effort, skill, or work SYN get ;
Further information can be obtained from head office.You will need to obtain permission from the principal. These conditions still obtain (if a situation, system, or rule obtains, it continues to exist)
9
Q
acquire formal
A
to get something – used about knowledge, skills, or something big or expensive : The course helps older people to acquire computing skills. | He acquired the property in 1985. بدست آوردن، خریدن خونه
10
Q
inherit
A
to get someone’s money or property after they die : Jo inherited a lot of money from her mother
11
Q
earn
A
to get something because you deserve it : He had earned a reputation as a peacemaker. | She earned a lot of respect from her colleagues.
12
Q
precipitation / prəˌsɪpəˈteɪʃ ə n, prɪˌsɪpəˈteɪʃ ə n / noun technical
A
rain, snow etc that falls on the ground, or the amount of rain, snow etc that falls بارش
13
Q
anticipate / ænˈtɪsəpeɪt, ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt / verb [transitive]
anticipate changes/developments /problems/difficulties/doing something
A
انتظار داشتن Sales are better than anticipated. By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to warn the public;
14
Q
catastrophe / kəˈtæstrəfi / noun
environmental/nuclear/economic etc catastrophe
A
a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death SYN disaster
- The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.*
- The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident*
15
Q
collide / kəˈlaɪd / verb [intransitive]
In everyday English, people usually say run into rather than collide with: Her car ran into the back of a truck
A
to hit something or someone that is moving in a different direction from you; A car and a van collided on the motorway.;
I ran around the corner, and almost collided with Mrs Laurence. Two trains collided head-on شاخ به شاخ شدن
16
Q
crash
A
to hit another vehicle, a tree, the ground etc, with a lot of force, causing a lot of damage : The plane crashed a kilometer from the runway (باند پرواز). | He was scared I’d crash his car. | The car crashed into a tree
17
Q
smash
A
to crash into something, causing a great amount of damage : An army helicopter smashed into the side of the mountain.
18
Q
plow into phrasal verb [transitive]
A
to crash into something with a lot of force, especially when your vehicle continues moving afterwards : The bus went out of control and plowed into a line of traffic
19
Q
erupt / ɪˈrʌpt / verb [intransitive]
A
if fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly SYN break out: Violence erupted after police shot a student during the demonstration.; A political row erupted over the MP’s (Member of Parliment) comments.
20
Q
blow up 1 S2 W3 / bləʊ $ bloʊ / verb ( past tense blew / bluː / , past participle blown / bləʊn $ bloʊn / )
A
if a building, car, plane etc blows up, it bursts suddenly and violently into pieces, causing a lot of damage:ترکیدن
The plane blew up in mid-air, killing all the passengers and crew. | In early 1986, a US space shuttle blew up shortly after launch.
21
Q
burst verb [intransitive]
A
if something that has air or liquid inside it bursts, it explodes and the air or liquid comes out: One of the water pipes had burst. | The plane caught fire after its tyre burst on landing.
22
Q
famin / ˈfæmən, ˈfæmɪn / noun [uncountable and countable]
severe/widespread famin
facing famin
A
a situation in which a large number of people have little or no food for a long time and many people die قحطی ;
A million people are facing famin; Poor harvests led to famin. | 4,000,000 people are threatened by famin in northern Ethiopia
23
Q
hurricane / ˈhɜːrəkeɪn / noun [countable]
A
a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water – used about storms in the North Atlantic Ocean: extreme weather such as hurricanes | hurricane Andrew left southern Florida in ruins.
24
Q
typhoon / ˌtaɪˈfuːn◂ / noun [countable]
A
a very violent tropical storm used about storms in the Western Pacific Ocean: A typhoon has hit the Philippines, lifting roofs off houses and uprooting trees.
25
tsunami / tsʊˈnɑːmi / noun [countable]technical
a very large wave, caused by extreme conditions such as an earthquake, which can cause a lot of damage when it reaches land: Thousands of people were killed in the tsunami. | Many Pacific earthquakes have generated tsunamis.
26
impact / ˈɪmpækt / noun
## Footnote
**major/significant/profound/adverse/long-term etc impact**
We need to assess the **impact on/upon** climate change. The speech about the importance of education made an **impact on/upon** me. **اثر**
27
footprint
## Footnote
**environmental footprint**
**carbon footprint**
the effect that human activities have on the environment, caused by using up its natural resources, pollution, waste etc: Businesses all over the world must attempt to reduce their **environmental footprint. |** The house has a low **carbon footprint**
28
persevere / ˌpɜːsəˈvɪə, ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪə $ ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪr / *verb* [intransitive]
## Footnote
**persevered with**
to continue trying to do something in a very determined way in spite of difficulties – use this to show approval: *It can be tricky at first, but persevere.* The hikers **perseverd** despite the bad weather and the icy trail. He **persevered with** his task until he had succeeded in collecting an armful of firewood. ثابت قدم موندن
29
plunge 1 / plʌndʒ / verb
## Footnote
**plunge off/into**
to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards; **plunge off/into etc; افتادن**
Her car swerved and plunged **into** the cliff; Both the climbers had plunged to their deaths; He jumped off the diving board and **plunged into** the pool; The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive was arrested; if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount; The unemployment rate plunged sharply.
30
unleash / ʌnˈliːʃ / verb [transitive]
to suddenly let a strong force, feeling etc have its full effect: رها کردن
Lefèvre’s comments unleashed a wave of protest. When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed their dogs.He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash his feelings
31
**adapt** / əˈdæpt / *verb 1 [intransitive and transitive]*
## Footnote
**adapt yourself/itself etc. (to something)**
to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation; **adapt to; وفق پیدا کردن**
Dinosaurs could not **adapt** to the warmer temperatures. The teacher **adapted** the exercises for his more advanced students. *The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. flowers which are **well adapted** to harsh winters; The ability to adapt is a definite asset in this job.*
*How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments?*
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**adapt something to do something**
**adapt something for somebody**
to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose;
*The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas.* *These teaching materials can be adapted for older children.*
33
**1 change**
**2 alter**
**3 adapt**
**4 adjust**
**1** to make someone or something different: *Unfortunately, there’s nothing we can do to change the situation.* | *Being at college has changed her – she’s much more confident now.*
**2** *especially written* to change something so that it is better or more suitable: *You can alter the color and size of the image using a remote control.* | *Can we alter the date of the meeting?*
**3** to change something slightly in order to improve it or make it more suitable: *How much would it cost to adapt the existing equipment?* | *You can adapt the recipe to suit your own requirements.*
**4** to make small changes in the position or level of something in order to improve it or make it more suitable: *How do you adjust the volume on the television?* | *He adjusted his tie in the mirror.*
34
**diverse** / daɪˈvɜːs $ dəˈvɜːrs, daɪ- / *adjective*
— **diversely** *adverb*
*Usage tips* An *-ly* adverb (e.g., *linguistically*) often comes before *diverse.*
very different from each other:
## Footnote
*subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology;*
35
**evolve** / ɪˈvɒlv $ ɪˈvɑːlv / *verb* [intransitive and transitive] /animal or plant/
if an animal or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of time; تکامل پیدا کردن
Modern-day sharks **evolved** from their ancestor *Eryops,* which lived more than 200 million years ago; **evolve from;** *Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures. Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.*
36
**evolve** / ɪˈvɒlv $ ɪˈvɑːlv / *verb* [intransitive and transitive]
## Footnote
**evolve out of;**
**evolve into;**
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time: به مرور تکامل پیدا کردن
## Footnote
* The school has evolved its own style of teaching. Businesses need to evolve rapidly.*
* The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists.*
* The group gradually evolved into a political party.*
37
**feature** / ˈfiːtʃə $ -ər / *noun* [countable]
## Footnote
**common feature**
**redeeming features**
**main/important/significant etc. feature**
**distinguishing features**
a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical: *Air bags are a standard feature in most new cars.*
**feature of;** *An important feature of Van Gogh’s paintings is their bright colors. Striped tails are a **common feature** of many animals. The hotel’s only **redeeming features*** (= things that make it acceptable) *were that it was cheap and near the city center.*
*The most distinctive feature of the dinosaurs was their size.* *One of the **distinguishing features*** (= ?s that are different from other things of the same sort) *of modern banking is its dependence on computers*
38
**generation** / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃ *ə* n / *noun*
## Footnote
**the younger/older generation**
**from generation to generation**
**hand something down from generation to generation;**
**pass something from one generation to the next**
all people of about the same age: *Like most of my generation, I had never known a war. In my generation the divorce rate is very high. the need to preserve the planet for **generations***
**generation of;** *the post-war generation of writers*
**the younger/older generation** (= the younger or older people in society) *The younger generation don’t know what hard work is.*
* The story has been handed down **from generation to generation***
* Native Australians hand down stories and songs from*
* generation to generation*
* Traditional customs are passed from one generation to the next.*
39
**generation** / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃ *ə* n / *noun*
the average period of time between the birth of a person and the birth of that person’s children; **for generations;** *Some families have lived here for generations. The country’s attitude toward government is harsher than it was a generations ago.*
40
**generation** / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃ *ə* n / *noun*
the process of producing something or making something happen **SYN production; generation of;** *the generation of electricity*
41
**inherent** / ɪnˈhɪrənt / *adjective* *formal*
— **inherently** *adverb*
a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it; **inherent in; قسمتی از**
*I’m afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system. Every business has its own inherent risks.* *Firefighting is an* *inherent**ly dangerous occupation.*
42
migration n.
## Footnote
Usage tips Migration is often followed by *to* or *from*.
Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj
Movement from one place to another by a group of people or animals; The **migration** of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest.
43
process *n.*
* Usage tips* *Process* is often followed by *of* plus the *-ing* form of a verb.
* Parts of speech* proceed *v,* process *v*
A series of steps leading to a result; To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letterwriting and interviews.
44
**survive** / səˈvaɪv $ sər- / *verb* **1** [intransitive and transitive]
to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness: زنده ماندن
## Footnote
*Only 12 of the 140 passengers survived. She survived the attack. people who survive cancer*
45
**survive** / səˈvaɪv $ sər- / *verb*
to continue to live normally in spite of many problems: *I’m sure she will survive this crisis. I’ve had a tough few months, but I’ll survive.*
46
**survive** / səˈvaɪv $ sər- / *verb*
to manage to live a normal life even though you have very little money; **survive on;** *I don’t know how you all manage to survive on Jeremy’s salary. the amount that a family needs each week just to survive*
47
**constraint** **AC** / kənˈstreɪnt / *noun* **1** [countable]
## Footnote
**constraint on;**
**financial/environmental/political etc. constraints;**
**impose/place constraints on somebody/something;**
something that limits your freedom to do what you want **SYN restriction; محدودیت**
* constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans. the constraints of family life*
* There have been financial and political constraints on development.*
*constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes*
48
**constraint** / kənˈstreɪnt / *noun* **1** [countable]
## Footnote
**financial/legal/economic etc. constraints;**
**time constraints**
**budget constraints**
**a major constraint**
**a serious/severe constraint**
**a tight constraint**
**an important constraint**
control over the way people are allowed to behave, so that they cannot do what they want: *freedom from* constraint*;*
**financial/legal/economic etc. constraints;** *During the war, there were many physical and social constraints on citizens.*
**time constraints** (= the limited amount of time that is available) *Exams are always done under strict time constraints.*
**budget constraints** (= the limited amount of money that is available) *With any new project, you have to be aware of the budget constraints.*
**a major constraint** *In Egypt, the shortage of land and water is a major constraint on agriculture.*
**a serious/severe constraint** *The country's debts put serious constraints on its economic growth.*
**a tight constraint** (= a strict limit) *They were operating within tight financial constraints.*
**an important constraint** *Their religious beliefs were an important constraint on their behavior.*
49
**impose constraints on sb/sth**
**place/put constraints on sb/sth**
**free sb/sth from constraints**
**impose constraints on sb/sth** *You have to work within the constraints that the software imposes.*
**place/put constraints on sb/sth** *Lack of funding is putting severe constraints on research.*
**free sb/sth from constraints** *Summer vacation is a time when children are freed from the constraints of routine.*
50
**be subject to constraints**
**be free from constraints**
**given the constraints on sth**
**be subject to constraints** (= be limited by them) *Teachers are subject to the constraints of the examination system.*
**be free from constraints** (= not be limited by them) *No film producers are free from the constraints of censorship.*
**given the constraints on sth** (= because there are particular constraints on something) *Given the constraints on space in the city, most people live in tiny apartments.*
51
**deplete** / dɪˈpliːt / *verb* [transitive usually passive]
— **depletion** / dɪˈpliːʃ *ə* n / *noun* [uncountable]:
*the depletion of the ozone layer*
to reduce the amount of sth that is present or available: کم کردن
## Footnote
*Salmon populations have been **severely depleted.***
52
**dispose** / dɪˈspəʊz $ -ˈspoʊz / *verb* [transitive always + adverb/preposition] *formal*
to arrange things or put them in their places: مرتب کردن
## Footnote
*Chinese vases are disposed around the gallery.*
53
**● dispose of sth** *phrasal verb*
● **disposed to sb/sth**
**● disposed to sth**
● to get rid of something, especially sth that is difficult to get rid of: *an incinerator built to dispose of toxic waste*
● to like or approve of sb or sth: *Management is favorably disposed to the idea of job-sharing دوست داشتن*
● to have a tendency towards sth **SYN inclined:** *a man disposed to depression* احتمال ... داشتن
54
elementally adv.
In terms of elements; **SYN: basically اصولا**
**elementally,** coal and diamonds are the same
55
**emissions** / ɪˈmɪʃ *ə* n / *noun* [countable usually plural]
a gas or other substance that is sent into the air:
## Footnote
*Britain agreed to cut emission of nitrogen oxide from power stations*
56
**harmful emissions**
**toxic emissions**
**noxious emissions**
**vehicle emissions**
**industrial emissions**
**sulphur dioxide/carbon dioxide/greenhouse gas etc. emissions**
**harmful emissions** (= likely to cause harm to people or the environment) *The law is designed to limit harmful emissions.*
**toxic emissions** (= poisonous) *By the end of the decade we could reduce toxic emissions by half.*
**noxious emissions** (= harmful and poisonous) *The air is a toxic cocktail of exhaust fumes and noxious emissions from nearby factories.*
**vehicle emissions** (= from cars, lorries etc.) *California has introduced tough new standards for vehicle emissions.*
**industrial emissions** (= from factories) *The trees are being killed by acid rain and other industrial emissions.*
**sulphur dioxide/carbon dioxide/greenhouse gas etc. emissions** *The treaty calls for a 30% reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions.*
57
**● cut/reduce emissions**
**● control/limit emissions**
**● cut/reduce emissions** *an agreement to cut emissions of gases which contribute to global warming*
**● control/limit emissions** *The measures to control carbon dioxide emissions do not go far enough*
58
**breed** **2** *noun* [countable]
**1** a type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a farm (نژاد) **breed of;** *Spaniels are my favorite breed of dog.; Real cowboys are **a dying breed*** (= not many exist anymore ); *Dodd was one of that **rare breed*** (= there are not many of them ) *who could make the game of football look simple.;* ***a new breed of*** *international criminal*
59
**breed** **1** / briːd / *verb* ( *past tense and past participle* **bred** / bred / )
**1** If animals breed, they mate in order to have babies: جفت گیری کرددن
*Eagles breed during the cooler months of the year.*
**2** to keep animals or plants in order to produce babies or new plants, especially ones with particular qualities: *These dogs were originally bred in Scotland to round up sheep.*
60
**face extinction**
**cause/lead to extinction**
**face extinction** (= be likely to stop existing soon) *The red squirrel faces extinction in England and Wales unless conservation measures are taken.*
**cause/lead to extinction** (= make an animal, plant etc. stop existing) *Exactly what caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?*
61
**extinction** / ɪkˈstɪŋkʃ *ə* n / *noun* [uncountable]
**in danger of**
**on the verge /edge /brink of extinction**
**hunted almost to extinction**
**save ... from extinction.**
**face extinction/be threatened with extinction**
when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing: انتقراض
*species **in danger of extinction;*** **on the verge /edge /brink of extinction** (= nearly extinct); *The extinction was on the verge of extinction. They were **hunted** almost **to extinction.*** *Conservationists are trying to **save** the whale **from extinction.*** **face extinction/be threatened with extinction;** *Many endangered species now face extinction. Their traditional way of life seems doomed to extinction.*
62
**be threatened with extinction**
**be in danger of extinction**
**be on the brink/verge of extinction**
**be saved from extinction**
**be threatened with extinction** (= very likely to stop existing) *Hundreds of species of birds are now threatened with extinction.*
**be in danger of extinction** *The species are in danger of extinction in the UK.*
**be on the brink/verge of extinction** (= be at the point of almost not existing) *The Siberian crane is on the verge of extinction due to hunting.*
**be saved from extinction** *There are hopes that the animals have now been saved from extinction.*
63
**be on the verge of something** / vɜːdʒ $ vɜːrdʒ / *noun* [countable]
## Footnote
**be on the verge of doing something;**
to be at the point where something is about to happen; نزدیک بود
*Jess seemed **on the verge of tears.*** *an event which left her **on the verge of a nervous breakdown;*** *Mountain gorillas are on the verge of extinction.*
**be on the verge of doing something;** *The show was on the verge of being canceled due to low ratings.*
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**total/complete extinction**
**near extinction**
**virtual extinction**
**certain extinction**
**imminent/impending extinction**
**total/complete extinction** *Hippos may face total extinction if their habitat continues to dwindle.*
**near extinction** (= being almost becoming extinct) *Wolves have returned to the forest, almost ten years after near extinction.*
**virtual extinction** (= being very nearly extinct) *The deer has been hunted to virtual extinction.*
**certain extinction** (= extinction which will definitely happen) *The crested ibis faces certain extinction in Japan after attempts to breed from the sole remaining pair have failed.*
**imminent/impending extinction** (= likely to happen soon) *The ban on hunting was introduced to stop the imminent extinction of some big game animals.*
65
**reservoir** / ˈrezəvwɑː $ -ərvwɑːr, -vɔːr / *noun* [countable] /water/
a lake, especially an artificial one, where water is stored before it is supplied to people’s houses دریاچه مصنوعی
66
**reservoir** / ˈrezəvwɑː $ -ərvwɑːr, -vɔːr / *noun* [countable] /machine/
a part of a machine or engine where a liquid is kept before it is used باک
67
**reservoir** / ˈrezəvwɑː $ -ərvwɑːr, -vɔːr / *noun* [countable] /amount/
a large amount of sth that is available and has not yet been used; **reservoir of;** *She found she had reservoirs of unexpected strength*
68
**la****goon** / ləˈɡuːn / *noun* [countable]
a lake of sea water that is partly separated from the sea by rocks, sand, or coral (مرجان); *a coastal lagoon; a tropical lagoon* دریاچه ای که از دریا جدا باشه
69
**pond**
a small area of fresh water that is smaller than a lake, which is either natural or artificially made: *There were several ducks on the village pond. دریاچه کوچیک*
70
**puddle**
a very small area of water on the ground, especially after it has been raining: *She turned quickly to avoid stepping in a puddle. گودال آب، چاله آب*
71
**waterhole**
a small area of water in a dry country, where wild animals go to drink: *The waterhole is used by elephants. چاله آب تو بیابون برای آب خوردن حیوانات*
72
**stable** / ˈsteɪb *ə* l / *adjective*
## Footnote
**in stable condition;**
steady and not likely to move or change ; *A wide base will make the structure much more stable.;*
## Footnote
*He is said to be in stable condition in hospital. Children like a stable environment.*
73
**stability** / stəˈbɪləti, stəˈbɪlɪti / *noun* [uncountable] /condition/
the condition of being steady and not changing; *a period of relative stable;* **stable of;** *It could threaten the peace and stable of the region*
74
**OPP of stable?**
**OPP of stability?**
**unstable**
**instability**
75
**adjust** / əˈdʒʌst / *verb*
to change or move sth slightly to improve it or make it more suitable for a particular purpose: *Check and adjust the brakes regularly. Taste the soup and adjust the seasoning. If your employment status changes, your tax code will be adjusted accordingly.*
**Register:** In everyday English, people usually say **turn up** or **turn down** the temperature, volume etc. rather than **adjust** it.
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**stable** / ˈsteɪb *ə* l / *adjective /calm/*
calm, reasonable, and not easy to upset ; *He was clearly not a very stable person*
77
**adjust** / əˈdʒʌst / *verb /gradually/*
## Footnote
**adjust to doing sth;**
**adjust yourself to sth;**
**get used to it.**
to gradually become familiar with a new situation **SYN** **adapt:** *They’ll soon settle in – kids are very good at adjusting;* **adjust to;** *It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness.* **adjust to doing sth;** *My parents had trouble adjusting to living in an apartment.* **adjust yourself to sth;** *It took time to adjust myself to motherhood.*
**Register:** In everyday English, people usually say **get used to** rather than **adjust (to):** You’ll soon ***adjust.*** ➔ You’ll soon ***get used to it.***
78
**arbitrary** / ˈɑːbətrəri, ˈɑːbɪtrəri, -tri $ ˈɑːrbətreri / *adjective*
**arbitrary decision**
**arbitrary arrests**
**arbitrarily chosen**
— **arbitrariness** *noun* [uncountable]
— **arbitrarily** / ˈɑːbətrərəli, ˈɑːbɪtrərəli $ ˌɑːrbəˈtrerəli / *adverb:*
*an **arbitrarily chosen** number*
decided or arranged without any reason or plan, often unfairly: *an **arbitrary decision*** **همین جوری**
*the **arbitrary arrests** of political opponents;* *an **arbitrarily chosen** number*
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**numerator** / ˈnjuːməreɪtə $ ˈnuːməreɪtər / *noun* [countable] *technical*
the number above the line in a fraction, for example 5 is the numerator in 5/6 (صورت) → denominator (مخرج)
80
**denominator** / dɪˈnɒməneɪtə, dɪˈnɒmɪneɪtə $ dɪˈnɑːməneɪtər / *noun* [countable] *technical*
the number below the line in a fraction مخرج
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**the lowest common denominator**
the least attractive, least intelligent people or features in a situation: *trashy TV programs that appeal (درخواست کردن یا ask) to the lowest common denominator*
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**exponential** / ˌekspəˈnenʃ *ə* l◂ / *adjective* *technical*
**expotential growth/increase etc.** expotential growth, increase etc. becomes faster as the amount of the thing that is growing increases: تصاعدی
*an expotential increase in travel;* In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased **expotentially** in the last several decades.
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**exponent** / ˌekspəˈnent / *adjective* *technical*
using a small number or letter slightly above and to the right of a number or letter that shows how many times a quantity is to be multiplied by itself ; 43 contains the exponent "3," توان
84
**infinitesimal** / ˌɪnfɪnəˈtesəm *ə* l◂, ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesəm *ə* l◂ / *adjective*
## Footnote
— **infinitesimally** *adverb: infinitesimally small*
extremely small **SYN** **minuscule:** جزیی
*infinitesimal changes in temperature;* The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal**,** so the water was safe to drink.
85
**minuscule** / ˈmɪnəskjuːl, ˈmɪnɪskjuːl / *adjective*
extremely small **SYN minute: خیلی کم**
## Footnote
*a minuscule amount of food; Her office is minuscule.*
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**ti****ny**/ ˈtaɪni / *adjective* ( *comparative***tinier**, *superlative***tiniest** )
very small – used about objects, numbers, or amounts: *a tiny island* | *Dairy foods provide your body with a tiny amount of vitamin D*
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**tee****ny** / ˈtiːni / *adjective* *informal*
very small **SYN** **tiny**: used for emphasis: *I'll just have a teeny bit of cream.* | *There's just one teeny little problem.* | *a teeny little house;* *I was just a teeny bit disappointed.*
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**mi****‧****nute** / maɪˈnjuːt $ -ˈnuːt / *adjective*
pronunciation is different from minute as a noun or verb
extremely small and extremely difficult to see or notice: *They found minute traces of poison in his body.* | *The differences are minute.* | *minute creatures;* *You only need a minute mount. Her handwriting is minute.*
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**miniature**
a miniature camera, watch, railway etc. is made in a very small size. A miniature horse, dog etc. is bred to be a very small size: *The spy used a miniature camera.* | *the fashion for miniature pets*
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**min****us****cule** / ˈmɪnəskjuːl, ˈmɪnɪskjuːl / *adjective*
extremely small in a surprising way: *She was wearing a minuscule bikini.* | *The threat from terrorism is minuscule compared to other risks in our lives.*
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**itty-bitty/itsy-bitsy** [only before noun] *American English informal*
very small: *An itty-bitty little bug crawled across his forehead.* | *We stayed at some itsy-bitsy hotel in a back street*
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proportion *n.*
A part in relation to the whole; مقدار، قسمتی
The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails
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**sequence** / ˈsiːkwəns / *noun [uncountable and countable]*
## Footnote
**in a... sequence;**
**logical sequence**
**correct sequence.;**
**in sequence;**
**out of sequence;**
**sequence of;**
**sequence of events**
the order that sth happens or exists in, or the order it is supposed to happen or exist in; **in a... sequence;** *The questions should be asked in a **logical sequence.** ; Be careful to perform the actions in the **correct sequence.;*** **in sequence;** *Number them in sequence, 1, 2, 3 etc.;* **out of sequence;** *The chapters may be studied out of sequence.*
**sequence of;** *He’s had a sequence of business failures; the **sequence of events** leading up to the war*
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**feasible** / ˈfiːzəb *ə* l, ˈfiːzɪb *ə* l / *adjective*
## Footnote
— **feasibly** *adverb*
— **feasibility** / ˌfiːzəˈbɪləti, ˌfiːzɪˈbɪləti / *noun* [uncountable]:
*a feasibility study*
**economically/technically/politically etc. feasible;**
a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work **SYN possible: عملی، امکان پذیر**
*a feasible solution;* **economically/technically/politically etc. feasible;** *It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community center open.*
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**sequence** / ˈsiːkwəns / *noun [uncountable and countable] /story/*
one part of a story, film etc. that deals with a single subject or action **SYN scene:** *the dream sequence in the film*
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**viable**
possible and likely to be successful, and therefore worth doing: ممکن و احتمالاً موفق
Nuclear energy is the only viable alternative to coal or gas. | The product needs to be commercially viable. | We have yet to find a viable solution to the problem. | The company was no longer financially viable (= it could not make enough money to be able to continue)
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sequence v.
To organize or arrange in succession; order
Volunteers have been asked to **sequence** the files and organize the boxes
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**doable** *informal*
*(*شدنی*)* if sth is doable, you have enough money, energy, or skill to do it: *This exercise program is doable for most people.* | *Do you think the walk is doable?* | *Hosting great parties is fun, easy, and doable on any budget.* | *The book is full of interesting and doable recipes.*
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gut v.
To empty or hollow out; In order to remodel the house, we must first **gut** it and throw away all the old fixtures.
*Usage tips: gut* also means "the stomach of an animal"; this verb makes an image that the inside of a building is like the inside of an animal
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**integral** / ˈɪntəɡrəl, ˈɪntɪɡrəl / *adjective*
## Footnote
**integral part**
**integral to;**
forming a necessary part of sth: *Vegetables are an **integral part** of our diet.;* **integral to;** *Statistics are integral to medical research*
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**integral** / ˈɪntəɡrəl, ˈɪntɪɡrəl / *adjective*
provided as part of sth, rather than being separate:
## Footnote
*a TV and integral video recorder*
102
**retain** / rɪˈteɪn / *verb* [transitive] *formal*
to keep sth or continue to have sth: *You have the right to retain possession of the goods.; The state wants to retain control of food imports.* The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain all the water
**Register:** In everyday English, people usually say **keep** rather than **retain: *Keep*** *all your receipts.*
103
**lime****stone** / ˈlaɪmstəʊn $ -stoʊn / *noun* [uncountable]
a type of rock that contains calcium
104
**retain** / rɪˈteɪn / *verb* [transitive] *formal*
to store or keep sth inside sth else: A lot of information can be retained in your computer. Limestone is known to retain moisture
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retain /information/
to remember information: I find it very difficult to retain facts
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retain /specialists/
## Footnote
**retaining fee**
if you retain a lawyer or other specialist, you pay them to work for you now and in the future: *He has retained a lawyer to challenge the court’s decision. We had to pay a **retaining fee*** (= an amount of money to keep someone working for you).
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**seep** / siːp / *verb* [intransitive always + adverb/preposition
## Footnote
**seep into /through /down etc.;**
**sip: جرعه**
to flow slowly through small holes or spaces; چکه کردن، تراوش کرد
**seep into /through /down etc.;** *Blood seeped down his leg*
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seep
to move or spread gradually; **seep away/into/through etc.**
*His tension was seeping away.*
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**circulate** / ˈsɜːkjəleɪt, ˈsɜːkjʊleɪt $ ˈsɜːr- / *verb*
to move around within a system, or to make sth do this: به گردش در آوردن
## Footnote
*Swimming helps to get the blood **circulating** **through** the muscles.; Ceiling fans circulated warm air around the room.*
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**circulate** / ˈsɜːkjəleɪt, ˈsɜːkjʊleɪt $ ˈsɜːr- / *verb /information/*
if information, facts, ideas etc. circulate, they become known by many people:; ***Rumors*** *began **circulating** that the Prime Minister was seriously ill*
111
**derive** / dɪˈraɪv / *verb*
***register:* drive** / draɪv / *verb* ( *past tense* **drove** / drəʊv $ droʊv / , *past participle* **driven** / ˈdrɪv *ə* n / )
**derive sth from sth;**
**derive pleasure/enjoyment etc.;**
to get sth, especially an advantage or a pleasant feeling, from sth; مشتق کردن، نتیجه گرفتن
**derive** **sth from sth;** *Medically, we will **derive** great **benefit** from this technique.*
**derive pleasure/enjoyment etc.;** *Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course.*
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**derive** / dɪˈraɪv / *verb* [intransitive and transitive] /comes from/
(*also* **be derived)** to develop or come from sth else; مشتق شدن
***derive from;** This word is derived from Latin.; patterns of behavior that derive from basic beliefs*
**Register:** In everyday English, people usually say that sth **comes from** sth rather than **is derived from** sth: *This word **comes from** Latin*
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**detection** / dɪˈtekʃ *ə* n / *noun* [uncountable]
when sth is found that is not easy to see, hear etc, or the process of looking for it; کشف، اکتشاف-
**detection of;** *Early detection of the disease is vital.*
**escape/avoid detection;** *By flying low, the plane avoided detection by enemy radar.*
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**5 modify** *especially written*
## Footnote
**6 reform**
**7 revise**
**8 reorganize**
**9 restructure**
**5. modify** to make small changes to something such as a piece of equipment, a set of ideas, or a way of behaving in order to improve it or use it in a different way:
*He’s modified his opinions since then.* | *a modified version of the original program.*
**6. reform** to change a law, system, organization etc. so that it is fairer or more effective:
*plans to reform the tax system* | *Health care needs to be completely reformed.*
**7. revise** to change a plan, idea, law etc. because of new information and ideas:
*In July, China revised the rules for foreign investment.* | *The findings could force the scientists to revise their ideas about climate change.*
**8. reorganize** to change the way that a system or organization works:
*We’ve had to reorganize our database* | *During the 1980s, the government reorganized the civil service.*
**9. restructure** to make big changes to the way something is organized, especially a large political or economic system or a big company, in order to make it more effective:
*The company has been restructured from top to bottom.*
