Pathway4_4 Flashcards Preview

to throw something, especially in a careless way without using much effort: She tossed her coat onto the bed. | Can you chuck me the remote control?

to throw something with a lot of force:

Someone hurled a brick through his window.

to throw something heavy using a lot of effort: They heaved the log into the river.

to throw something high into the air over someone or something: The police lobbed tear gas canisters over the heads of the demonstrators.

a wooden frame that you put a painting on while you paint it

a premeditated crime or attack is planned in advance and done deliberately: با قصد قبلی

premeditated murder

the use of words or pictures to describe ideas or actions in poems, books, films etc تصورات، شبیه سازی

the imagery of love

Their dreams commonly involved complex stories with visual imagery.

a way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thing: The beehive is a metaphor for human society. استعاره

an expression that describes something by comparing it with something else, using the words as or like , for example ’as white as snow’: The poet uses the simile ’soft like clay’.  تشبیه و استعاره

the use of words that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in order to be amusing:’I’m so happy to hear that,’ he said, with more than a trace of irony in his voice.

وارونه گویی، طنز

a sudden change from a subject that is beautiful, moral, or serious to something that is ordinary, silly, or not important: The play is too sentimental (احساساتی) and full of bathos.

تنزل از مطالب عالی به چیزهای پیش پا افتاده

a way of describing something by saying that it is much bigger, smaller, worse etc than it actually is – used especially to excite people’s feelings: مبالغه

In his speeches, he used a lot of hyperbole. | journalistic hyperbole

the use of several words together that all begin with the same sound, in order to make a special effect, especially in poetry:

the alliteration of the’s’ sound in’sweet birds sang softly’  اوردن کلمات با صدای مترادف مثل

the use of words to describe ideas or actions in a way that makes the reader connect the ideas with pictures in their mind: the use of water imagery in Fitzgerald’s novel’The Great Gatsby’ | She uses the imagery of a bird’s song to represent eternal hope. تصاویر

a question that you ask as a way of making a statement, without expecting an answer: When he said ’how can these attitudes still exist in a civilized society?’, he was asking a rhetorical question.

to imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way

Many people can’t conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.

2 [transitive] to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind → conception:

Scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s.

to produce a new idea, plan, method, excuse etc by thinking: I’ve thought of an idea. | They’re always trying to think up new ways to improve efficiency.

3 [intransitive and transitive] to become pregnant → conception:

fertility treatment for women who have difficulty conceiving

to produce a new idea, a way of dealing with something etc, especially a good one: How did you come up with that idea? | Ellis came up with the solution to the problem immediately.

to invent a story, song, game, excuse etc: My mother used to make up bedtime stories for us. | I didn’t want to go to the class, so I decided to make up an excuse.

to think of an idea or plan, especially one that seems unusual or even crazy: It can’t be easy dreaming up new advertisements all the time. | I wonder who dreamt up that idea!

to invent a way of doing something, especially one that is clever or complicated: تدبیر کردن

This system was devised as a way of measuring students’ progress.

to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind: تصور کردن، فهمیدن

The project was originally conceived by a Dutch businessman two years ago.

if something impels you to do something, it makes you feel very strongly that you must do it مجبور کردن، وادار کردن
The lack of democracy and equality impelled the oppressed to fight for independence.

to force someone to do something → compulsion The law will compel employers to provide health insurance.

She felt compelled to resign because of the scandal.

وادار کردن

to make people have a particular feeling or attitude → compulsion: وادار کردن

His performance compelled the audience’s attention.

to make someone do something they do not want to do. Used when people or situations make you do something: They were beaten and forced to confess to crimes they had not committed. | The drought forced millions of farmers to sell their cattle.

to force someone to give you money or do what you want by threatening to tell embarrassing secrets about them: She tried to blackmail him with photographs of them together at the hotel.  باج خواهی کردن

to force someone to do something using official power or authority. Also used when someone has to do something because of their situation: The town was surrounded and compelled to surrender. | I felt compelled to offer them some kind of explanation. | You are compelled by law to carry an ID card.

to force someone to do something by threatening them: Local people were coerced into joining the rebel army.  به زور وادار کردن

if someone is obliged to do something, they must do it because it is the law or the rule, or because of the situation they are in: You are not obliged to say anything which may harm your defence in court. | They were obliged to sell the land.

1 nail [countable] a small nail with a sharp point and a flat top

2 pin [countable] American English a short pin with a large round flat top, for attaching notices to boards, walls etc

the way you deal with a particular situation or a method that you use to achieve something: رویه

If that doesn’t work, we’ll try a different tack.

Rudy changed tack , his tone suddenly becoming friendly.

a) [uncountable and countable] the direction that a sailing boat moves, depending on the direction of the wind and the position of its sails

b) [countable] the action of changing the direction of a sailing boat, or the distance it travels between these changes:

a long tack into the bay

5 horses [uncountable] technical the equipment you need for riding a horse, such as a saddle etc

to describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc: به تصویر کشیدن

a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia

The god is depicted as a bird with a human head.

— depiction / dɪˈpɪkʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

to talk or write about a person, place, event etc, in order to show what they are like: Could you try and describe the man you saw? | In her book, she describes her journey across the Sahara. | Police described the attack as particularly violent.

to describe someone or something to someone. This phrase is more commonly used than describe in everyday spoken English: So, tell me about your holiday! | My friends have told me all about you!

to describe someone or something in a piece of writing: His stories depict life in Trinidad as seen through the eyes of a young boy. | In this new biography she is depicted as a lonely and unhappy woman.

to describe someone or something in a particular way: College teachers are often represented on television shows as slightly eccentric. | The magazine has been criticized for the way it portrays women. | The treatment has been portrayed as a painless way of curing cancer, which is simply not true. | Police have represented her as a willing participant in the crimes.

to describe someone or something by emphasizing one particular quality or feature about them: He characterized himself as’an average American’. | The successful schools were characterized as innovative and creative.

to describe someone or something, especially in a way that makes people believe something that is not true: Not all young people are as bad as they’re painted in the press. | We won, yet the media is painting it as a victory for our opponents. | The woman was painted as having only a slight grasp of reality.

to describe a situation, so that people can get a general idea of what it is like:

Can you paint a picture of life in Japan for us? | My uncle’s letters generally painted a rosy picture of how things were. | The report painted a bleak (غم انگیز و بدون عاقبت) picture of the management’s failures.

unusual and attractive, especially in an old-fashioned way:

a quaint little village in Yorkshire عجیب و جالب

technical gregarious animals tend to live in a group OPP solitary

friendly and preferring to be with other people SYN sociable OPP solitary اجتماعی

someone who chooses to live alone, and does not like seeing or talking to other people: منزوی

She became a recluse after her two sons were murdered.

tending to think deeply about your own thoughts, feelings, or behaviour: درون گرا

a shy and introspective person

someone who is quiet and shy, and does not enjoy being with other people فرد درون گرا

someone who is introverted is quiet and shy and does not enjoy being with other people OPP extrovert , extroverted

shy and not willing to say very much

worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you

not brave or confident ترسو، خجالتی

not liking to express your emotions or talk about your problems

thinking a lot about your own interests, problems etc, and not liking to be with other people

quiet and not wanting to talk to other people, especially because you are unhappy

not liking to meet people and talk to them

not wanting to be with other people