Pathway4_5 Flashcards

Question

**re****‧****bel****‧****lious** / rɪˈbeljəs / *adjective /government/* — **rebelliously** *adverb* — **rebelliousness** *noun* [uncountable]

Answer 1

**2** fighting against the government of your own country: متمرد ## Footnote *rebellious minorities*

Answer 2

to become very successful or very strong and healthy: * plants that thrive in tropical rain forests رشد کردن، موفق شدن* * a business which managed to thrive during a recession* **Register** In everyday English, people usually say **do well** rather than **thrive:** *The whole family seems to be **doing well.*** **thrive on something** *phrasal verb* to enjoy or be successful in a particular situation, especially one that other people find difficult or unpleasant: *I wouldn’t want that much pressure, but she seems to thrive on it.*

Answer 3

to keep something rather than losing it, selling it, or giving it to someone else: حفظ کردن ## Footnote * The soldiers held on to the bridge for three more days.* * I think I’ll hold on to these old records for now.*

Answer 4

certainly or without doubt: قطعاً، بدون تردید ## Footnote *Mr Sachs is indubitably charming.*

Answer 5

someone whose job is to look after a building, especially a school

Answer 6

someone who looks after other people, especially a teacher, parent, nurse etc.

Answer 7

a manager, government etc. that is in charge for a short period of time until another manager or government is chosen

Answer 8

**1** to enjoy sitting or lying in the heat of the sun or a fire ## Footnote **bask in** *Lizards were basking in the morning sun.*

Answer 9

**2** if a place basks in the sun, it is sunny and warm ## Footnote **bask in** *Tenerife was basking in afternoon sunshine as they arrived.*

Answer 10

to enjoy the approval or attention that you are getting from other people ## Footnote **bask in** *She **basked in the admiration** of the media.*

Answer 11

the emotional part of someone’s character, especially how likely they are to be happy, angry etc. طبیعت ## Footnote **artistic/nervous/good etc. temperament** *Jill has such a lovely relaxed temperament.* **by temperament** *Tolkien was, by temperament, a very different man from Lewis.*

Answer 12

to have complete control over something so that other people cannot share it or take part in it: انحصاری کردن ## Footnote * The company has monopolized the soft drinks market.* * He monopolized the conversation all evening.*

Answer 13

to use a lot of someone’s time or attention: *Virtually all her time and energy is now monopolized by the children.* *تمام وقت رو به چیزی اختصاص دادن* — **monopolist** *noun* [countable]

Answer 14

**1** the principle that the government should allow the economy or private businesses to develop without any state control or influence: اقتصاد آزاد ## Footnote *the policy of laissez-faire*

Answer 15

when you do not become involved in other people’s personal affairs

Answer 16

something difficult or worrying that you are responsible for: مسولیت مسول *His family responsibilities had started to become a burden.* * The burden of taxation has risen considerably.* * I don’t like being a burden on other people.* * If things go wrong he will bear the burden of guilt.*

Answer 17

the duty to prove that something is true

Answer 18

something that is carried **SYN** **load** **بار**

Answer 19

an animal that does heavy work

Answer 20

**bear/carry/shoulder the burden** (= be responsible for something ) *At the age of 16, Suzy bore the burden of providing for her family.* **place/put a burden on somebody** *This situation places the main burden of family care on women.* **share the burden** *I was glad my brother was there to share the burden.* **ease/reduce/lighten the burden** *Smaller classes would ease the burden for teachers.* **shift the burden** (= change who carries it ) *The tax shifts the burden towards the rich.* **a burden falls on somebody** *The tax burden falls most heavily upon the poorest people.* **lift the burden from somebody's shoulders** *If I deal with the all the practical problems, that will lift the burden from your shoulders.* **A**

Answer 21

**a heavy/great burden** *Caring for elderly relatives can be a heavy burden.* **a financial burden** *the financial burden of a large mortgage* **a tax burden** *These changes will ease the tax burden for small businesses.* **a debt burden** *He made a serious attempt ease the country's debt burden.* **an intolerable burden** (= very hard to bear ) *Too many exams can place an intolerable burden on young people.* **an unfair/undue burden** *The new legislation put an unfair burden on employers.* **the burden of responsibility** *He felt unable to cope with the burden of responsibility.* **the burden of taxation** *The burden of taxation falls more heavily on the poor.*

Answer 22

very clever in noticing and understanding things → **sensitive: تیز، باهوش** ## Footnote *a subtle mind*

Answer 23

not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention **OPP** **obvious: نامحسوس** ## Footnote * The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.* * The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they are often ignored.* * a **subtle form** of racism* **subtle taste/flavour/smell etc.** * The flavour of the dried berries is more subtle.* * The dish had a **subtle hint** of ginger.*

Answer 24

behaving in a skilful and clever way, especially using indirect methods or language to hide what you are trying to do: زیرک، زیکانه ## Footnote * I think we need a more subtle approach.* * a subtle plan* * She wasn’t very subtle about it. She just said she didn’t love him any more.*

Answer 25

something that is crisp is hard, and makes a pleasant sound when you break it or crush it: ## Footnote * She kicked at the crisp leaves at her feet.* * He stepped carefully through the crisp deep snow.*

Answer 26

food that is crisp is pleasantly hard or firm when you bite it **SYN** **crispy** **OPP** **soggy:** ## Footnote * a crisp green salad* * a crisp juicy apple* * Cook the pastry until it is crisp and golden.* * The meat should be nice and crisp on the outside.*

Answer 27

unpleasantly wet and soft : خیس و تر ## Footnote * The ground was soggy from the rain.* * The sandwiches have **gone** all **soggy**.*

Answer 28

paper or cloth that is crisp is fresh, clean, and new **SYN** **fresh:** ## Footnote * a crisp new five-dollar bill* * crisp cotton sheets*

Answer 29

weather that is crisp is cold and dry **OPP** **humid:** ## Footnote * The air was fresh and crisp.* * a crisp clear autumn day* * The weather remained crisp and dry.*

Answer 30

if someone behaves or speaks in a crisp way, they are confident, polite, and firm, but not very friendly: ## Footnote *Her tone was crisp and businesslike.*

Answer 31

a picture or sound that is crisp is clear **SYN** **sharp:** ## Footnote *an old recording that still sounds remarkably crisp*

Answer 32

a piece of land with trees growing on it درختستان ## Footnote * a small **grove** of beech **trees*** * He owns an orange grove near Tel Aviv.*

Answer 33

used in the names of roads: ## Footnote *Lisson Grove*

Answer 34

**forest** a very large area of land with a lot of trees growing closely together: *In 1500, most of the country was forest.* | *the Black Forest in Germany* **woods** (*also* **wood** *British English)* an area of land covered with a lot of trees, that is smaller than a forest: *Behind the house were the woods that we used to play in.* | *Follow the path through a small wood.* **woodland** an area of land that is covered with trees – used especially for describing the type of land in an area: *The site covers 74 acres of beautiful ancient woodland.* **rainforest** a thick forest with tall trees, in tropical parts of the world that have a lot of rain: *Tropical rainforests are home to over half of the planet’s plant and animal species.* | *the Indonesian rainforest* **jungle** an area of tropical forest where trees and large plants grow very closely together: *the jungles of Borneo* | *The palace was hidden for centuries in Guatemala’s dense jungle.* **grove** a small group of trees, or an area of land planted with a particular type of fruit tree: *The temple was built in the center of a small grove of trees.* | *the olive groves of southern Spain* **copse** / kɒps $ kɑːps / a small area of trees or bushes growing closely together: *At the top of the field was a copse full of rabbits.* **plantation** a large area of trees planted for their wood, fruit etc: *a rubber plantation* **thicket** / ˈθɪkət, ˈθɪkɪt / a small group of bushes, plants, or small trees growing closely together: *Tall bamboo thickets fringed (در حاشیه جایی بودن) the narrow river.*

Answer 35

making a deep, very loud, continuous noise: خروشان ## Footnote *the roaring wind and waves*

Answer 36

a fire that burns with a lot of flames and heat

Answer 37

the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the center: حومه ## Footnote *They live on the outskirts of Paris.*

Answer 38

**edge** the part of something that is furthest from its center or nearest the place where it ends: *He got up quickly, knocking his plate off the edge of the table.* | *the outer edge of the village* **side** the part of something that is near its left or right edge: *On the left side of the garden there was an old stone wall.* | *They parked by the side of the road.* **rim** the edge of something circular, especially the top of a cup or glass, or the outside edge of a pair of glasses: *a white cup with a gold rim* | *She was looking at me over the rim of her spectacles (عینک).* **margin** the empty space at the side of a page that has writing on it: *My teacher had marked my essay and made some comments in the margin.* | *Leave wide margins on both sides of the page.* **hem** the edge of a piece of cloth that is turned under and stitched down, especially the lower edge of a skirt, trousers etc: *If you want the dress a bit shorter, I can easily turn up the hem.* **curb** the edge of the pavement (= raised path) at the side of a road: *A big black car was parked at the curb.* **outskirts** the areas of a city that are furthest away from the center: *The new station was built on the outskirts of the city.* **perimeter** the outside edge around an enclosed area of land such as a military camp or a prison: *Security guards patrol the perimeter night and day.*

Answer 39

a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language ## Footnote * The people up there **speak** a Tibetan **dialect.*** * the **local dialect***

Answer 40

**dialect** a form of a language that is spoken in one area of a country, with different words, grammar, or pronunciation from other areas: *Cantonese is only one of many Chinese dialects.* | *the local dialect* **accent** the way that someone pronounces words, because of where they were born or live, or their social class: *Karen has a strong New Jersey accent.* | *an upper class accent* **slang** very informal spoken language, used especially by people who belong to a particular group, for example young people or criminals: *Teenage slang changes all the time.* |’*Dosh’ is slang for’money’.* **terminology** *formal* the technical words or expressions that are used in a particular subject: *musical terminology* | *Patients are often unfamiliar with medical terminology.* **jargon** *especially disapproving* words and phrases used in a particular profession or subject and which are difficult for other people to understand: *The instructions were written in complicated technical jargon.* |’*Outsourcing’ is business jargon for sending work to people outside a company to do.* | *The letter was full of legal jargon.*

Answer 41

to accept or have an important duty or job: مسولیت پذیرفتن ## Footnote *It is up to Europe to take on the mantle of leadership in environmental issues.*

Answer 42

something such as snow or darkness that covers a surface or area: پوششِ ## Footnote *A mantle of snow lay on the trees.*

Answer 43

a loose piece of outer clothing without sleeves, worn especially in former times رداء، شنل

Answer 44

very large or great in a surprising or impressive way بسیار زیاد و شگرف ## Footnote **prodigious amounts/quantities of something** * Some galaxies seem to release prodigious amounts of energy.* * the artist’s prodigious output*

Answer 45

a large quantity of something مقدار زیاد از ## Footnote * an abundance of wavy red hair* * One quality the team possessed in abundance was fighting spirit.*

Answer 46

to put your arms around someone and hold them in a friendly or loving way **SYN** **hug: بغل کردن** ## Footnote * Jack warmly embraced his son.* * Maggie and Laura embraced.*

Answer 47

to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion etc: پذیرفتن ## Footnote * We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.* * Most West European countries have embraced the concept of high-speed rail networks with enthusiasm.*

Answer 48

to include something as part of a subject, discussion etc: شامل شدن ## Footnote *This course embraces several different aspects of psychology.*

Answer 49

**hug** (*also* **give somebody a hug)** to put your arms around someone and hold them tightly to show love or friendship: *Mother hugged him and tucked him into bed.* | *Come here and give me a big hug.* **embrace** to put your arms around someone and hold him or her in a caring way. **Embrace** is more formal than **hug:** *Jason warmly embraced his son.* | *The two leaders embraced each other.* **cuddle** to put your arms around someone or something as a sign of love, especially a child or a small animal: *She sat on a chair, cuddling her daughter.* | *He cuddled the puppy.* **put your arms around somebody** to hold someone closely to your body, especially to comfort them or show that you love them: *The woman put her arms around the sobbing (گریه ای که با صدای هق هق هستش) boy.* **cradle** *written* to hold someone very gently in your arms, like you would hold a baby: *She held the baby in her arms.* | *She cradled his head in her hands and kissed him on the forehead*

Answer 50

to push something, especially the edge of a piece of cloth or paper, into or behind something so that it looks tidier or stays in place تو گذاشتن **tuck something in** *Jack tucked his shirt in.* **tuck something into/under/behind etc. something** *She tucked an unruly lock of hair behind her ear.* un‧ru‧ly / ʌnˈruːli / adjective unruly hair is difficult to keep tidy

Answer 51

to put something into a small space, especially in order to protect, hide, carry, or hold it ## Footnote **tuck something behind/under/into etc. something** * Giles was tucking his pile of books under his arm.* * He took the glasses off and tucked them in his pocket.*

Answer 52

a) if a place is tucked away, it is in a quiet area: The village of Eyam is tucked away behind the hills. b) if someone or something is tucked away, they are hidden or difficult to find: The envelope was tucked away in her jewel box.

Answer 53

to store something, especially money, in a safe place: پس انداز کردن ## Footnote *Every member of the family can now tuck away either £9 or £18 a month in one of these savings plans.*

Answer 54

to make a child comfortable in bed by arranging the sheets around them

Answer 55

to move a part of your body inwards so that it does not stick out so much: تو دادن ## Footnote *Stand up straight and tuck in your tummy.*

Answer 56

to eat something eagerly: تو رگ زدن ## Footnote * The ice creams came and we tucked in.* * They tucked into a hearty breakfast of eggs.*

Answer 57

**1** to make someone comfortable in bed by arranging the sheets around them: ## Footnote *Dad tucked me up in his and Carrie’s bed.*

Answer 58

to be lying or sitting in bed: ## Footnote *I ought to be tucked up in bed now.*

Answer 59

to move or bend your body in a particular direction ## Footnote **lean forward/back/over etc.** * They were leaning forward, facing each other.* * Lean back and enjoy the ride.* * She leant towards him and listened.*

Answer 60

to support yourself in a sloping position against a wall or other surface ## Footnote **lean against/on** *He was leaning on the bridge, watching the boats go by.*

Answer 61

to put something in a sloping position where it is supported, or to be in that position

Answer 62

* A huge mirror was leaning against the wall.* * He leant his bicycle against the fence.*

Answer 63

**1** to depend on someone for support and encouragement, especially at a difficult time: ## Footnote *The couple lean on each other for support.*

Answer 64

to try to influence someone, especially by threatening them: ## Footnote *He won’t pay unless you lean on him.*

Answer 65

to tend to support, or begin to support, a particular set of opinions, beliefs etc: پشتیبانی کردن ## Footnote *Canada, the UK and Japan leant towards the US view.*

Answer 66

showing a lack of respect or seriousness in a way that is amusing rather than bad **SYN** **mischievous: بدجنس، موزی** *a little girl with dark hair and an impish grin* (نیش خند)

Answer 67

to entertain someone by telling them about something: قصه گفتن ## Footnote *Bailey regaled the customers with tales of our exploits (کارهای ماجراجویی و شاهکار).*

Answer 68

a newspaper that has small pages, a lot of photographs, and stories mainly about sex, famous people etc. rather than serious news

Answer 69

**newspaper:** *The New York Times is a popular daily newspaper.* **paper** a newspaper. **Paper** is more common than **newspaper** in everyday English: *There was an interesting article in the local paper today.* | *the Sunday papers* **the press** newspapers and news magazines in general, and the people who write for them: *the freedom of the press* | *The press are always interested in stories about the royal family.* **the media** newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and the Internet, considered as a group that provides news and information: *This issue has received a lot of attention in the media.* | *Her public image was shaped by the media.* **tabloid** a newspaper that has small pages, a lot of photographs, short stories, and not much serious news: *The tabloids are full of stories about her and her boyfriend.* **the nationals** the newspapers that give news about the whole country where they are printed, in contrast to local newspapers: *The results of the nationwide survey became headlines in the nationals.* **the dailies** the daily newspapers: *The dailies reported the story.*

Answer 70

someone who supports the activities of an organization, for example by giving money: ## Footnote *a wealthy patron* **patron of** *a patron of the arts*

Answer 71

a famous person who is officially involved with an organization, such as a charity, and whose name is used to help advertise it

Answer 72

someone who uses a particular shop, restaurant, or hotel **SYN** **customer:** ## Footnote *facilities for disabled patrons*

Answer 73

**customer** someone who buys goods or services from a shop or company: *Customers were waiting for the shop to open.* | *The bank is one of our biggest customers.* **client** someone who pays for a service from a professional person or company: *He has a meeting with one of his clients.* | *The company buys and sells shares on behalf of their clients* **shopper** someone who goes to the shops looking for things to buy: *The streets were full of Christmas shoppers.* **guest** someone who pays to stay in a hotel: *Guests must leave their rooms by 10 am.* **patron** / ˈpeɪtrən / *formal* a customer of a particular shop, restaurant or hotel – usually written on signs: *The notice said’Parking for Patrons Only’.* **patient** someone who is getting medical treatment from a doctor, or in a hospital: *He is a patient of Dr Williams.* **consumer** anyone who buys goods or uses services – used when considering these people as a group who have particular rights, needs, or behaviour: *Consumers are demanding more environmentally-friendly products.* | *the rights of the consumer* | *The law is designed to protect consumers who buy goods on the Internet.* **market** the number of people who want to buy a product, or the type of people who want to buy it: *The market for organic food is growing all the time.* | *a magazine aimed at the youth market* **clientele** / ˌkliːənˈtel $ ˌklaɪənˈtel, ˌkliː- / *formal* the type of customers that a particular shop, restaurant etc. gets: *The hotel has a very upmarket clientele.* | *They have a wealthy international clientele.*

Answer 74

**1** an involuntary movement, sound, reaction etc. is one that you make suddenly and without intending to because you cannot control yourself: *When Willie tapped on the window, Miguel gave an involuntary jump.* **2** happening to you although you do not want it to: *involuntary part-time workers*

Answer 75

to gradually make someone or something less strong or effective: تخریب کردن ## Footnote *economic policies that threaten to undermine the health care system* **undermine sb’s confidence/authority/position/credibility etc.** *The constant criticism was beginning to undermine her confidence.*

Answer 76

**spoil** to have a bad effect on something so that it is much less attractive, enjoyable etc: *New housing developments are spoiling the countryside.* | *The bad weather completely spoiled our holiday.* **ruin** to spoil something completely and permanently: *Using harsh soap to wash your face can ruin your skin.* | *The argument ruined the evening for me.* **mar** *written* to spoil something by making it less attractive or enjoyable: *His handsome Arab features were marred by a long scar across his face.* | *Outbreaks of fighting marred the New Year celebrations.* **detract from something** to slightly spoil something that is generally very good, beautiful, or impressive: *The huge number of tourists rather detracts from the city’s appeal.* | *There were a few minor irritations, but this did not detract from our enjoyment of the holiday.* **undermine** to spoil something that you have been trying to achieve: *The bombings undermined several months of careful negotiations.* **sour** to spoil a friendly relationship between people or countries: *The affair has soured relations between the UK and Russia.* **poison** to spoil a close relationship completely, so that people can no longer trust each other: *Their marriage was poisoned by a terrible dark secret.* **mess something up** *informal* to spoil something important or something that has been carefully planned: *If there’s any delay, it will mess up our whole schedule.*

Pathway4_5 Flashcards

(100 cards)