400Word_4 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
marginal AC / ˈmɑːdʒən ə l, ˈmɑːdʒɪn ə l $ ˈmɑːr- / adjective
A
1 a marginal change or difference is too small to be important OPP significant: جزیی
- a marginal increase in the unemployment figures*
- a marginal improvement in profits*
2 technical relating to a change in cost, value etc. when one more thing is produced, one more dollar is earned etc.:
marginal revenue
3 marginal people or groups are not considered powerful or important معمولی
OPP mainstream:
The album contains too many songs by marginal bands.
4 [only before noun] written in a margin:
marginal notes
2
Q
merit 1 / ˈmerət, ˈmerɪt / noun
A
1 [countable] an advantage or good feature of sth مزیت، پوئن مثبت
merit of
- The film has the merit of being short.*
- The merit of the report is its realistic assessment of the changes required.*
- The great merit of the project is its flexibility and low cost.*
- Each of these approaches to teaching has its merits.*
- Tonight’s meeting will weigh up the relative merits of the two candidates.*
Register
Merit is used especially in formal contexts. In everyday English, people usually talk about the good points of sth:
The book does have its good points.
2 [uncountable] formal a good quality that makes someone or sth deserve praise:
There is never any merit in being second best.
have (some) merit/be of merit (= be good)
The suggestion has some merit.
on merit
Students are selected solely on merit (= because they are good).
artistic/literary merit
a film lacking any artistic merit
3 judge/consider etc. sth on its (own) merits to judge sth only on what you see when you look at it rather than on what you know from other people or things:
It’s important to judge each case on its merits.
3
Q
have merit
discuss/debate the merits of sth
consider/judge the merits of sth
assess/evaluate the merits of sth
question the merits of sth
see little/no merit in sth
have its merits
A
have merit Both suggestions had some merit.
discuss/debate the merits of sth (= discuss whether or not sth is a good idea) They were discussing the merits of sending soldiers to the area.
consider/judge the merits of sth (= think about whether or not sth is a good idea) The committee is considering the merits of the proposal.
assess/evaluate the merits of sth (= to decide what is good about sth using careful methods) Has any study assessed the merits of the two schools?
question the merits of sth (= not be sure if sth is a good idea) People began to question the merits of nuclear energy.
see little/no merit in sth (= think that sth is not a good idea) I can see no merit in violence.
have its merits (= have some good qualities) Each idea has its merits.
4
Q
artistic merit
literary merit
great merit
outstanding merit
considerable merit
the relative/comparative merits of sth
A
artistic merit (= the qualities that make sth good as a piece of art) What are the artistic merits of this statue?
literary merit (= the qualities that make sth good as a book, play, or poem) There was no literary merit in his poems.
great merit It seems to me that the idea has great merit.
outstanding merit (= very great merit) The prize is given to students of outstanding merit.
considerable merit (= a lot of merit) There is considerable merit in using this kind of approach.
the relative/comparative merits of sth (= the good qualities of sth as compared to sth else) She is an expert in the relative merits of spa waters.
5
Q
advantage
benefit
merit
virtue
the good/great/best thing about sth especially spoken
the beauty of sth is that
A
advantage a good feature that sth has, which makes it better, more useful etc. than other things:
The great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process.
benefit a feature of sth that has a good effect on people’s lives:
Regular exercise has many benefits, including reducing the risk of heart disease.
merit a good feature that sth has, which you consider when you are deciding whether it is the best choice:
The committee will consider the merits of the proposals. | The merits and demerits of (= the good and bad features of) alternative funding systems were widely discussed in the newspapers. | The chairman saw no great merit in this suggestion (= he did not think that it was a good idea).
virtue an advantage that makes you believe that sth is a good thing:
They believed in the virtues of culture, civilization, and reason. | He’s always extolling the virtues of hard work (= saying that hard work is a good thing).
the good/great/best thing about sth especially spoken used when mentioning a good feature of sth. This phrase is rather informal and you should not use it in formal essays:
The good thing about cycling is that you don’t have to worry about getting stuck in a traffic jam.
the beauty of sth is that used when you want to emphasize that sth has a very good or useful feature:
The beauty of the plan is that it is so simple.
6
Q
resign W3 / rɪˈzaɪn / verb [intransitive and transitive]
A
1 to officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization → quit استعفا دادن
resign from
She resigned from the government last week.
resign as
He resigned as Governor of Punjab in August.
resign your post/seat/position etc.
Tom has since resigned his membership of the golf club.
2 resign yourself to (doing) sth to make yourself accept sth that is bad but cannot be changed → resigned:
- Josh resigned himself to the long walk home.*
- At sixteen, I resigned myself to the fact that I’d never be a dancer.*
7
Q
resign your post/position/office
resign your seat
resign the presidency
resign your chairmanship
resign your membership
A
resign your post/position/office He later resigned his post as Minister of Energy.
resign your seat (= announce that you will no longer be a member of a parliament, be on a committee etc.) A majority of voters think he should resign his seat in Congress.
resign the presidency Richard Nixon resigned the presidency in 1974.
resign your chairmanship Mr Hunt announced that he has resigned his chairmanship of the committee.
resign your membership He recently resigned his membership of the National Rifle Association.
8
Q
leave
quit
resign
hand in your notice/resignation
retire
A
leave I left my last job because the salary was so low. | Why don’t you just leave?
quit to leave your job permanently because you are not happy with it:
After enduring months of harassment, Mrs Collins decided to quit her job. | I’ve told them I’**m quitting.
resign to officially announce that you have decided to leave your job:
The company director was forced to resign over the scandal.
hand in your notice/resignation to write an official letter to your employer saying that you are going to leave your job on a particular date:
You have to hand in your notice at least four weeks before you leave.
retire to leave your job in order to stop working permanently, usually because you have reached the age when most people stop working:
After forty years of working for the bank, Karl retired in May. | He had to retire because of ill health.
9
Q
resignation W3 / ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃ ə n / noun
A
1 [uncountable and countable] an occasion when you officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization, or a written statement that says you will be leaving استعفا
- Illness forced his resignation.*
- Further resignations are expected later this week.*
2 [uncountable] when someone calmly accepts a situation that cannot be changed, even though it is bad: تسلیم نرم
She gave a sigh of resignation.
with resignation
He accepted her decision with resignation.
10
Q
call for sb’s resignation
demand sb’s resignation
hand in your resignation
offer your resignation (also tender/submit your resignation formal)
accept sb’s resignation
reject/turn down sb’s resignation
withdraw your resignation
a letter of resignation
A
call for sb’s resignation (= publicly ask for it) After the defeat, there were calls for the coach’s resignation.
demand sb’s resignation (= ask for it forcefully) His political opponents demanded his resignation.
hand in your resignation (= say that you are going to leave an organization) I’m thinking of handing in my resignation.
offer your resignation (also tender/submit your resignation formal) Claire apologized and offered her resignation. | On the Monday afternoon, Sir John tendered his resignation to the Queen.
accept sb’s resignation The Prime Minister reluctantly accepted his resignation.
reject/turn down sb’s resignation Initially, his resignation was rejected. | He offered his resignation but it was turned down by the Prime Minister.
withdraw your resignation (= say that you will not leave, after having said you would) The President persuaded him to withdraw his resignation.
a letter of resignation He immediately wrote a letter of resignation.
11
Q
distill, distil / dɪˈstɪl / verb (past tense and past participle distilled, present participle distilling) [transitive]
— distillation / ˌdɪstəˈleɪʃ ə n, ˌdɪstɪˈleɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]
A
1 to make a liquid such as water or alcohol more pure by heating it so that it becomes a gas and then letting it cool. Drinks such as whisky are made this way: تقطیر کردن
distilled water
2 to remove a chemical substance from a plant, for example by heating or pressing it عرق گرفتن از
3 to get the main ideas or facts from a much larger amount of information گرفتن نکته اصلی
distill sth into sth
The notes I had brought back were waiting to be distilled into a book. Most students are confused by her lectures, but Joe can always distill her main idea.
12
Q
entrepreneur / ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː $ ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr / noun [countable]
— entrepreneurial adjective
A
someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks موسس
13
Q
extract 1 AC / ɪkˈstrækt / verb [transitive]
A
1 formal to remove an object from somewhere, especially with difficulty SYN pull out: بیرون کشیدن
You’ll have to have that tooth extracted.
extract sth from sth
He extracted an envelope from his inside pocket.
2 to carefully remove a substance from sth which contains it, using a machine, chemical process etc.
extract sth from sth
Oils are extracted from the plants.
3 to get sth which you want from someone, such as information, money, help etc, especially when they do not want to give it to you
extract sth from sb
- She had extracted a promise from him.*
- They used torture to extract information about their families.*
4 to take information or a short piece of writing from a book:
We need to extract the relevant financial data. بیرون کشیدن
5 to get an advantage or good thing from a situation
extract sth from sth
They aim to extract the maximum political benefit from the Games.
14
Q
extract 2 AC / ˈekstrækt / noun
A
1 [countable] a short piece of writing, music etc. taken from a particular book, piece of music etc. SYN excerpt گلچین
extract from
I’ve only seen short extracts from the film.
2 [uncountable and countable] a substance obtained from sth by using a special process شیره
vanilla/malt/plant etc. extract
Add one teaspoon of vanilla extract.
15
Q
haggle / ˈhæɡ ə l / verb [intransitive]
— haggling noun [uncountable]
A
to argue when you are trying to agree about the price of sth (چانه زدن به صورتی که بگیم آقا مگه چه خبره، اینقدرا هم نمی ارزه. اگه تخفیف بخواهیم باید از کلمه بارگین استفاده کنیم)
haggle over
tourists haggling over the price of souvenirs
haggle with
Ted was haggling with the street vendors.
16
Q
proportional AC / prəˈpɔːʃ ə nəl $ -ˈpɔːr- / adjective
— proportionally adverb
A
sth that is proportional to sth else is in the correct or most suitable relationship to it in size, amount, importance etc.متناسب
OPP disproportionate
proportional to
- The punishment should be proportional to the crime.*
- The fee charged by the realtor is directly proportional to the price of the property.*
- a proportional increase in costs*
17
Q
proportionately adv.
A
In an amount appropriate to each of several recipients (به تناسب)
The food aid was distributed proportionately per family, with larger families receiving more.
18
Q
prototype / ˈprəʊtətaɪp $ ˈproʊ- / noun [countable]
A
1 the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc. has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced نمونه اولیه
prototype of/for
a working prototype of the new car
2 someone or sth that is one of the first and most typical examples of a group or situation
19
Q
stereotype 1 / ˈsteriətaɪp, ˈstɪər- $ ˈster-, ˈstɪr- / noun [countable]
A
a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. Stereotypes are often unfair or untrue نمونه کلیشه ای
racial/sexual/cultural etc. stereotype
racist stereotypes in the media
stereotype of
women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother
stereotype about
- stereotypes about the elderly*
- Charles quite plainly did not fit the stereotype of a successful, high powered businessman*
20
Q
reward 1 W3 / rɪˈwɔːd $ -ˈwɔːrd / noun
A
1 [uncountable and countable] sth that you get because you have done sth good or helpful or have worked hard → prize, benefit: جایزه
The school has a system of rewards and punishments to encourage good behavior.
reward for (doing) sth
Parents often give their children rewards for passing exams.
2 [uncountable and countable] money that is offered to people for helping the police to solve a crime or catch a criminal
reward of
A reward of $20,000 has been offered.
reward for
a reward for information leading to the capture of the murderers
21
Q
get/receive your reward
reap rewards
bring rewards
deserve a reward
offer a reward (also put up a reward informal)
claim a reward
a £10,000/$500 etc. reward
a large/substantial reward
reward money ’
A
get/receive your reward If you work hard, you will get your reward.
reap rewards (= get them) She is now reaping the rewards of all her hard work.
bring rewards (= cause someone to get rewards) Winning the title brings huge financial rewards.
deserve a reward The team have worked really hard and deserve some reward.
offer a reward (also put up a reward informal) The store has offered a £500 reward for information leading to a conviction.
claim a reward He contacted the police, hoping to claim the reward money offered by the bank.
a £10,000/$500 etc. reward The $100,000 reward Levitz’s family offered in the days after her disappearance still stands.
a large/substantial reward Despite a substantial reward being offered, the painting has never been found.
reward money ‘Anyone who gives me the information that leads to an arrest will get the reward money,’ he repeated.
22
Q
shuttle 2 verb
A
1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to travel frequently between two places SYN commute رفت و آمد کردن
shuttle between/back and forth
Susan shuttles between Rotterdam and London for her job.
2 [transitive] to move people from one place to another place that is fairly near SYN transport: جابجا کردن
The passengers were shuttled to the hotel by bus.
23
Q
shuttle 1 / ˈʃʌtl / noun [countable]
A
1 a space shuttle
2 a plane, bus, or train that makes regular short journeys between two places:
- He took the Washington – New York shuttle.*
- A* shuttle bus operates to and from the beach of San Benedetto.
- There’s a shuttle service from the city center to the airport.*
3 a pointed tool used in weaving, to pass a thread over and under the threads that form the cloth میل بافتنی
24
Q
advocate 1 AC / ˈædvəkeɪt / verb [I, T]
A
to publicly support a particular way of doing sth; To speak out in favor of sth: پشتیبانی کردن
Extremists were openly (بی پرده) advocating violence.
advocate for American English:
Those who advocate for doctor-assisted suicide say the terminally ill should not have to suffer.
25
**recommend**
**tell**
**urge**
**advocate**
**endorse**
**recommend** to advise someone to do sth, especially when you have special knowledge of a situation or subject:
*I would strongly recommend buying a good quality bicycle rather than a cheap one.* | *The report recommended stricter supervision of the trade in live animals.*
**tell** to tell someone that you think they should do sth, especially in order to avoid problems:
*We**’ve been told that we should start revising early.* | *I told you not to drink the water here.*
**urge** to strongly advise someone to do sth because you think it is very important: اصرار کردن
*Her doctor has urged her to see a specialist.* | *Police are urging drivers not to come into London this weekend.*
**advocate** to say publicly that sth should be done, often sth that a lot of people disagree about: مطرح کردن _ در عام برخلاف میل اکثریت
*In 1984, he advocated the use of force against Nicaragua.* | *I am surprised that dentists don’t advocate the use of fluoride tablets.*
**endorse** to say in an advertisement that you like a product and think that people should use it: گفتن تو تبلیغات
*A lot of companies use sports stars to endorse their products.*
26
**bitterly** / ˈbɪtəli $ -ər- / *adverb*
**1** in a way that produces or shows feelings of great sadness or anger: با تلخی
* He **complained bitterly** about his exam grades.*
* I was **bitterly disappointed.*** Senator Thomas **bitterly** opposed the movement to design a new state flag.
* The march was **bitterly opposed** by local residents.*
**2 bitterly cold** very cold
27
**coalition** / ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃ *ə* n $ ˌkoʊə- / *noun*
**1** [countable] a union of two or more political parties that allows them to form a government or fight an election together (ائتلاف)
**coalition of**
* a coalition of democratic forces*
* the center-right **coalition government***
* an emergency meeting of the three* ***coalition parties***
**2** [countable] a group of people who join together to achieve a particular purpose, usually a political one
**coalition of**
*a coalition of environmental groups*
**3** [uncountable] a process in which two or more political parties or groups join together:
*He hoped to convert his party members to a belief in coalition.*
**in coalition with sb**
*He was working in coalition with other Unionist leaders.*
28
**form a coalition**
**join a coalition**
**lead/head a coalition**
**a coalition collapses/breaks up**
**form a coalition** *The Social Democrats rejected their offer to form a coalition. Several local churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples formed a **coalition** to promote understanding among people of different religions*
**join a coalition** *The Greens of Slovenia agreed to join the coalition led by the Liberal Democratic party.*
**lead/head a coalition** *The coalition was led by the Christian Democrats and the Socialists.*
**a coalition collapses/breaks up** *Austria's ruling government coalition collapsed.*
29
**the ruling/governing coalition**
**the opposition coalition**
**a political coalition**
**a two-party/three-party etc. coalition**
**a left-wing/right-wing etc. coalition**
**the ruling/governing coalition** *The March elections may weaken the ruling coalition.*
**the opposition coalition** (= forming an opposition party to the government) *The opposition coalition's strength increased from 37 to 53 seats.*
**a political coalition** *a political coalition of center parties*
**a two-party/three-party etc. coalition** *The composition of the three-party coalition remains unchanged.*
**a left-wing/right-wing etc. coalition** *The left-wing coalition was led by the former guerrilla movement.*
30
**a coalition government**
**a coalition partner**
**a coalition member**
**a coalition party**
**a coalition government** *There is little enthusiasm among voters for a coalition government.*
**a coalition partner** *There were fundamental differences between the two main coalition partners.*
**a coalition member** *Some coalition members are unhappy with the proposal.*
**a coalition party** *The treaty required the backing of both governing coalition parties.*
31
**contest 1** **W3** / ˈkɒntest $ ˈkɑːn- / *noun* [countable]
**1** a competition or a situation in which two or more people or groups are competing with each other مسابقه، رقابت
**contest for**
* the bitter contest for the Republican presidential nomination*
* Stone decided to **hold a contest** to see who could write the best song.*
* I only **entered** the* ***contest*** *for fun.*
* It is clear that the election will be a **close contest.***
**contest between/against**
* the 1960 contest between Kennedy and Nixon*
* the 1975 Liberal **leadership contest***
**2 no contest** *informal* بهترین نفر، بدون رقایب
**a)** *spoken* used to say that someone or sth is the best of its kind:
*I think you’re the best rider here, no contest.*
**b)** if a victory is no contest, it is very easy to achieve
**3 plead no contest** *law* to state that you will not offer a defense in a court of law for sth wrong you have done
32
**enter a contest**
**take part in a contest**
**compete in a contest**
**win/lose a contest**
**withdraw from a contest**
**have/hold a contest**
**a contest takes place**
**enter a contest** (= take part in one) *Anyone over 18 years old can enter the contest.*
**take part in a contest** *Twenty-five countries took part in the contest.*
**compete in a contest** *The band has competed in many contests over the years.*
**win/lose a contest** *He won a public-speaking contest at his school.*
**withdraw from a contest** (= stop taking part in a contest) *Two candidates had withdrawn from the contest.*
**have/hold a contest** *My college holds an athletics contest once a year.*
**a contest takes place** *The contest took place in Berlin.*
33
**a leadership contest**
**a presidential contest**
**an electoral/election contest**
**a beauty contest**
**a talent contest**
**a popularity contest**
**close contest**
**fair contest**
**a leadership contest** (= in which two politicians compete to become leader of their party)
*The party did not want the turmoil of a leadership contest.*
**a presidential contest** *the 1987 U.S presidential contest*
**an electoral/election contest** *What will be the outcome of the electoral contest?*
**a beauty contest** (= to find the most beautiful person) *Miss Colombia won the beauty contest.*
**a talent contest** (= to find the best performer) *She's singing a song in the school talent contest.*
**a popularity contest** (= to decide which person people like the most) *The competition has turned into a popularity contest.*
**close** (= one which someone wins by a very small amount) *The race was a close contest between two evenly matched crews.*
**fair** (= one in which everyone has the same chance of winning) *Divide the class into groups in a way that will make it a fair contest.*
34
**competition**
**contest**
**championship**
**tournament**
**quiz**
**competition** an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other, especially in order to win a prize: *My sister entered a dance competition.* | *The winner of the competition will be announced in June.*
**contest** a competition in which people do an activity, and a group of judges decide the winner: *a beauty contest* | *a contest to find America’s strongest man*
**championship** an important sports competition to find the best player or team in the world or in a particular area: *the European Athletics Championship* | *Brazil went on to win the world championship.*
**tournament** a competition in a sport or game, in which many players or teams compete against each other until there is one winner: *a golf tournament*
**quiz** a competition in which people have to answer questions: *a TV quiz show*
35
**inaugurate** / ɪˈnɔːɡjəreɪt, ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt $ -ˈnɒː- / *verb* [transitive]
— **inauguration** / ɪˌnɔːɡjəˈreɪʃ *ə* n, ɪˌnɔːɡjʊˈreɪʃ *ə* n $ ɪˌnɒː- / *noun* [uncountable and countable]:
*President Hoover**’**s inauguration*
**1** to hold an official ceremony when someone starts doing an important job in government افتتاح کردن
**inaugurate sb as sth**
*On 8 January 1959 de Gaulle was inaugurated as First President of the Fifth Republic.*
**2** to open a building or start an organization, event etc. for the first time:
*The Turner Prize was inaugurated in 1984.*
**3** *formal* if an event inaugurates an important change or period of time, it comes at the beginning of it: شروع چیزی بودن
*The International Trade Agreement inaugurated a period of high economic growth.*
36
**establish**
**set up**
**open**
**found**
**inaugurate** / ɪˈnɔːɡjəreɪt, ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt $ -ˈnɒː- / *formal*
**establish** to start a company or organization, especially one that exists for a long time: *The company was established in 1899.* | *He established a new research center in Dublin.* | *Most of the money will be used to establish local industries and mobilize the work-force.*
**set up** to start a new company or organization. **Set up** is less formal than **establish,** and is the usual phrase to use in everyday English: *Kate and her partner are setting up their own printing business.* | *Dad set up as a builder in 1990 and now he employs over twenty men.*
**open** to start a business that provides services to the public, such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel: *He opened his first restaurant in 1995.* | *They just opened a new supermarket on Van Nuys Boulevard.*
**found** to start a company or an organization such as a school or a hospital, especially by providing the money for it – used about sth that was started a long time ago: *Who originally founded the college?* | *The bank was founded 60 years ago in Munich.*
**inaugurate** / ɪˈnɔːɡjəreɪt, ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt $ -ˈnɒː- / *formal* to start an organization with an official ceremony: *Twenty years after the airport was inaugurated, it introduced its first transatlantic flights.*
37
**poll 2** *verb* [transitive]
**1** to ask a lot of people the same questions in order to find out what they think about a subject: نظر سنجی کردن
*18% of the women we polled said their husbands had a drinking problem.*
**2** to get a particular number of votes in an election: رای آوردن
*Labor polled just 4% of the vote.*
38
**ask**
**inquire/enquire** / ɪnˈkwaɪə $ -ˈkwaɪr / *formal*
**demand** *especially written*
**interview**
**poll**
**ask** to speak or write to someone to get an answer:
*Did you ask about the price?* | *They asked me a lot of questions.*
**inquire/enquire** / ɪnˈkwaɪə $ -ˈkwaɪr / *formal* to ask someone for information about sth:
*I’m writing to inquire about the job that was advertised in yesterday’s ‘Times’.*
**demand** *especially written* to ask a question in a firm or angry way:
*‘Why didn’t you call me?’, she demanded.*
**interview** to ask someone questions, to find out if they are suitable for a job, or as part of a television or radio interview:
*When they interviewed me for the job, they didn’t mention the salary.* | *David Letterman has interviewed all the stars.*
**poll** to officially ask a lot of people in order to find out their opinion on sth:
*Over 1,000 people were polled for the report.* | *64% of the people we polled said that they approved of the way the government had handled the crisis.*
39
**allegedly** / əˈledʒədli, əˈledʒɪdli / *adverb* [sentence adverb] *formal*
used when reporting sth that people say is true, although it has not been proved: به گفته مردم
*a sports car, allegedly stolen in Manchester;* The chief financial officer of the company **allegedly** took company money for his personal use.
40
**civil** **S3 W2 AC** / ˈsɪv *ə* l / *adjective*
**1** [only before noun] relating to the people who live in a country کشوری
**civil war/disturbance/unrest etc.** (= fighting etc. between different groups of people living in the same country)
**2** [only before noun] relating to the ordinary people or things in a country that are not part of military, government, or religious organizations: شهروندی
*They were married in a civil ceremony in May.*
**3** [only before noun] relating to the laws about the private affairs of citizens, such as laws about business or property, rather than laws about crime → **civil law,** **criminal law (****قانون حقوقی و حقیقی****)**
*Many **civil cases** can be settled out of court.* **civil suit, civil action, civil court, civil proceedings, and civil penalties**
**4** polite in a formal but not very friendly way → **civility:**
*Try at least to be civil.*
41
**civil war**
**civil rights**
**civil liberties/liberty**
**civil disobedience/unrest**
**civil disturbances/strife**
**civil war** (= fighting between groups of people in the same country) *His family fled Spain during the Spanish civil war.*
**civil rights** (= the right to vote, be treated fairly etc. that everyone should have) *Black people marched in defense of their civil rights.*
**civil liberties/liberty** (= the right to be free to do what you want within the law) *Detention without trial threatens our civil liberties.*
**civil disobedience/unrest** (= when people protest or behave violently) *Unemployment has provoked widespread civil unrest.*
**civil disturbances/strife** (= civil unrest) *Troops have been called in to deal with civil disturbances.*
42
**polite**
**well-mannered**
**well-behaved**
**courteous** / ˈkɜːtiəs $ ˈkɜːr- /
**respectful**
**civil**
**deferential** *formal*
**polite** behaving or speaking in a way that is correct for the social situation you are in, and showing that you are careful to consider other people’s needs and feelings:
*He was too polite to ask how old she was.* | *‘Excuse me, sir,’ she said in a polite voice.*
**well-mannered** having good manners and knowing the correct way to behave in social situations:
*She was beautifully dressed and very well-mannered.*
**well-behaved** polite and not causing any trouble – used about children or animals:
*The children were very well-behaved.* | *Well-behaved dogs are welcome at the hotel.*
**courteous** / ˈkɜːtiəs $ ˈkɜːr- / polite and respectful, and behaving rather formally:
*The hotel staff were very courteous and helpful.* | *a courteous reply*
**respectful** polite and treating someone with respect:
*He was very respectful towards all my relatives.* | *‘Thank you,’ he said with a respectful bow.*
**civil** polite in a formal way, especially when you do not feel very friendly towards someone:
*She’d never liked her father-in-law, but she forced herself to be civil to him.* | *When you’ve stopped arguing, you might be able to have a civil conversation.*
**deferential** *formal* polite towards someone, especially because they are in a more important social position:
*In those days women were expected to be deferential to men.*
43
**acquit** / əˈkwɪt / *verb* (*past tense and past participle* **acquitted,** *present participle* **acquitting)**
**1** [transitive usually passive] to give a decision in a court of law that someone is not guilty of a crime: تبرئه کردن
*All the defendants were acquitted.*
**acquit sb of sth**
*The judge directed the jury to acquit Phillips of the murder.*
**2 acquit yourself well/honourably** to do sth well, especially sth difficult that you do for the first time in front of other people
44
**convict 1** / kənˈvɪkt / *verb* [transitive]
to prove or officially announce that someone is guilty of a crime after a trial in a law court محکوم کردن
**OPP** **acquit**
**convict sb of sth**
*She was convicted of shoplifting.*
**convict sb on sth**
* He was **convicted on*** *fraud* ***charges.***
* a convicted murderer*
45
**convict 2** / ˈkɒnvɪkt $ ˈkɑːn- / *noun* [countable]
someone who has been proved to be guilty of a crime and sent to prison: محکوم
## Footnote
*an escaped convict*
46
**prisoner**
**convict** *especially written*
**inmate**
**captive** *especially literary*
**prisoner of war**
**hostage**
**detainee/internee**
**prisoner** someone who is kept in a prison as a punishment for a crime, or while they are waiting for their trial:
*Prisoners may be locked in their cells for twenty-two hours a day.* | *a prisoner serving a life sentence for murder*
**convict** *especially written* someone who has been found guilty of a crime and sent to a prison. **Convict** is used especially about someone who is sent to prison for a long time. It is more commonly used in historical descriptions, or in the phrase **an escaped convict:**
*The convicts were sent from England to Australia.* | *Police were hunting for an escaped convict.* | *Low-risk convicts help to fight forest fires and clean up public lands.*
**inmate** someone who is kept in a prison or a mental hospital:
*Some inmates are allowed to have special privileges.* | *He was described by a fellow inmate as a quiet man.*
**captive** *especially literary* someone who is kept somewhere and not allowed to go free, especially in a war or fighting. **Captive** is a rather formal word which is used especially in literature:
*Their objective was to disarm the enemy and release the captives.* | *She **was held captive*** (= kept as a prisoner) *in the jungle for over three years.*
**prisoner of war** a soldier, member of the navy etc. who is caught by the enemy during a war and kept in the enemy’s country:
*My grandad was a prisoner of war in Germany.* | *They agreed to release two Iranian prisoners of war.*
**hostage** someone who is kept somewhere as a prisoner, in order to force people to agree to do sth, for example in order to get money or to achieve a political aim:
*Diplomats are continuing their efforts to secure the release of the hostages.* | *The US hostages were held in Tehran for over a year.*
**detainee/internee** someone who is kept in a prison, usually because of their political views and often without a trial:
*In some cases, political detainees have been beaten or mistreated.* | *23,531 people passed through the camps between 1944 and 1962, including 14,647 political internees.* | *the detainees at Guantanamo Bay*
47
**embezzle** / ɪmˈbez *ə* l / *verb* [intransitive and transitive]
— **embezzlement** *noun* [uncountable]
— **embezzler** *noun* [countable]
to steal money from the place where you work: اختلاس کردن
*Two managers were charged with embezzling $400,000.*
**embezzlement** اختلاس
48
**steal**
**take**
**burglarize** [usually passive]
**rob**
**mug**
**embezzle**
**shoplifting**
**phishing**
**steal** to illegally take sth that belongs to someone else:
*The thieves stole over £10,000 worth of computer equipment.* | *Thousands of cars get stolen every year.*
**take** to steal sth – used when it is clear from the situation that you mean that someone takes sth dishonestly:
*The boys broke into her house and took all her money.* | *They didn’t take much – just a few items of jewellery.*
**burglarize** [usually passive] to go into someone’s home and steal things, especially when the owners are not there:
*Their house was burglarized while they were away.* | *If you leave windows open, you are asking to be burgled.*
**rob** to steal money or other things from a bank, shop, or person:
*The gang were convicted of robbing a bank in Essex.* | *An elderly woman was robbed at gunpoint in her own home.* | *He’s serving a sentence for robbing a grocery store.*
**mug** to attack someone in the street and steal sth from them:
*People in this area are frightened of being mugged when they go out.* | *Someone tried to mug me outside the station.*
**embezzle** to steal money from the organization you work for, especially money that you are responsible for:
*Government officials embezzled more than $2.5 million from the department.*
**shoplifting** stealing things from a shop by taking them when you think no one is looking:
*Shoplifting costs stores millions of pounds every year.*
**phishing** the activity of dishonestly persuading people to give you their credit card details over the Internet, so that you can steal money from their bank account:
*Phishing is becoming very popular with computer criminals.*
49
**offense** / əˈfens / *noun*
**1** [countable] an illegal action or a crime: جرم
*His lawyer said he committed the offense because he was heavily in debt.*
**offense against**
*sexual offenses against children*
**2** [uncountable] when you offend or upset someone by sth you do or say توهینو عصبانی کردن
**cause/give offense**
* The problem was how to say ‘no’ to her without causing offense.*
* Don**’t be upset by what he said; he**meant no offense*** (= did not intend to offend anyone).
**3 no offense** *spoken* used to tell someone that you hope that what you are going to say or do will not offend them: بی احترامی نشه اما
*No offense, but this cheese tastes like rubber.*
**4 take offense (at sth)** to feel offended because of sth someone says or does: بی احترامی شدن
*I think he took offense at my lack of enthusiasm.*
**5** [uncountable] *formal* the act of attacking: حمله
*the weapon of offense used during the attack*
50
**commit an offence**
**charge sb with an offence**
**convict sb of an offence**
**admit an offence**
**commit an offence** (= do sth that is against the law) *He had committed the offence of dangerous driving.*
**charge sb with an offence** *In that year, 367 people were charged with terrorist offences.*
**convict sb of an offence** (= say officially that they are guilty) *The number of women convicted of serious offences is fairly small.*
**admit an offence** *He had admitted sex offences against children.*
51
**it is an offence to do sth**
**an offence punishable by/with sth**
**make sth an offence/make it an offence to do sth**
**it is an offence to do sth** *It is an offence to carry a weapon in a public place.*
**an offence punishable by/with sth** *Possession of the drug is an offence punishable by up to one year’s imprisonment.*
**make sth an offence/make it an offence to do sth** *The Act made it an offence to sell cigarettes to children under 16.*
52
**a criminal offence**
**a serious offence**
**a minor offence**
**a first offence**
**a lesser offence**
**a federal offense** *American English*
**a driving/parking/traffic offence**
**a sex/drug/terrorist etc. offence**
**a punishable offence**
**a capital offence**
**an arrestable/indictable offence**
**a criminal offence** *It is a criminal offence to sell alcohol to someone under the age of 18.*
**a serious offence** *serious offences such as murder or armed robbery*
**a minor offence** *The police cautioned him for a minor offence.*
**a first offence** *Because it was a first offence, she was not sent to prison.*
**a lesser offence** (= one that is not as serious as another offence) *For rioting you can receive ten years in prison, while for the lesser offence of violent disorder you can receive five years in prison.*
**a federal offense** *American English* (= a very serious offence against the law of the US, rather than against a state’s law) *The turtles are rare, and it is a federal offense to take them to another state.*
**a driving/parking/traffic offence** *Speeding is the most common traffic offence.*
**a sex/drug/terrorist etc. offence** *Thirty-three people were charged with drug offences.*
**a punishable offence** (= one that you can be punished for) *Lying in court is a punishable offense.*
**a capital offence** (= one for which death is the punishment) *Drug smuggling was made a capital offense in 1987.*
**an arrestable/indictable offence** (= one that you can be arrested for or must go to court for) *Indictable offences are tried by a jury in a Crown Court.*
53
**crime** *noun* [uncountable and countable]
**offence** *British English,* **offense** *American English* *noun* [countable]
**misdemeanor** *noun* [countable] *American English law*
**felony** *noun* [uncountable and countable] *especially American English law*
**crime** *noun* [uncountable and countable] an illegal action or activity, or these actions in general:
*The police need the public’s help to solve crimes.* | *Crime is on the increase.* | *It was a horrific crime.*
**offence** *British English,* **offense** *American English* *noun* [countable] a crime, especially one that has a particular description and name in law:
*It is an offence to drive while using a mobile phone.* | *a minor offence* (= one that is not serious) | *a serious offence* | *a parking offence*
**misdemeanor** *noun* [countable] *American English law* a crime that is not very serious:
*They pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and were fined.*
**felony** *noun* [uncountable and countable] *especially American English law* a serious crime:
*Fewer than 25 percent of the people arrested on felony charges are convicted.* | *He committed a series of violent felonies.*
54
**peer 2** *verb* [intransitive always + adverb/preposition]
to look very carefully at sth, especially because you are having difficulty seeing it: بدقت نگاه کردن مخصوصا وقتی مشکل دید باشه
## Footnote
* He was peering through the wet windscreen at the cars ahead.*
* Philippa peered into the darkness.*
55
**look**
**have/take a look** *especially spoken*
**glance**
**peek/peep** (*also* **take a peek/peep)**
**peer**
**glare**
**stare**
**gaze**
**gape**
**regard** *formal*
**look** to turn your eyes towards someone or sth, so that you can see them:
*You should never look directly at the sun.* | *After a while, he turned and looked at me.*
**have/take a look** *especially spoken* to look at sth quickly, especially in order to find or check sth:
*I’ll have a look in my desk.* | *Take a look at this!*
**glance** to look at someone or sth for a short time and then look quickly away: نگاه اجمالی انداختن
*Damien glanced nervously at his watch.*
**peek/peep** (*also* **take a peek/peep)** to look quickly at sth. Used especially when you are not supposed to look, or when you are looking through a small gap: دزدکی نگاه کردن
*The door was open so he peeked inside.* | *Katy peeped at her birthday present on the table.*
**peer** to look very carefully, especially because you cannot see well: به دقت نگریستن
*Kenji was peering at the screen.*
**glare** to look at someone in an angry way: با عصبانیت نگاه کردن
*She glared at me as I got up to leave.*
**stare** to look at someone or sth for a long time without moving your eyes: زل زدن به عمد
*It’s rude to stare.* | *She stared straight into the camera.*
**gaze** to look at someone or sth for a long time, often without realizing that you are doing it: زل زدن بدون اراده
*She gazed out of the window.* | *He lay on his bed gazing at the ceiling.*
**gape** to look at someone or sth for a long time, usually with your mouth open, because you are very shocked or surprised: با شگفتی نگاه کردن-معمولا دهان باز
*People gaped at him with wide-open mouths.*
**regard** *formal* to look at someone or sth, especially in a particular way:
*He regarded her steadily.*
56
**verdict** / ˈvɜːdɪkt $ ˈvɜːr- / *noun* [countable]
**1** an official decision made in a court of law, especially about whether someone is guilty of a crime or how a death happened: حکم دادگاه
*The verdict was ‘not guilty’.*
**2** an official decision made by a person or group with authority:
*The players anxiously awaited the verdict of the umpire (داور مسابقه).*
**3** someone’s opinion about sth: نظر
*The audience’s* ***final verdict*** *was encouraging.*
**verdict on**
*What’s your verdict on the movie?*
**give (sb) your verdict (on sth)**
*Trade unionists were quick to give their verdict on the proposals.*
57
**reach/arrive at a verdict**
**return/give/announce/deliver a verdict**
**record a verdict**
**consider your verdict**
**overturn a verdict**
**uphold a verdict**
**reach/arrive at a verdict** (= agree on a decision) *The jury failed to reach a verdict.*
**return/give/announce/deliver a verdict** (= officially say what a verdict is) *The inquest jury returned a verdict of 'unlawful killing'.*
**record a verdict** (= make it and write it in an official record) *The coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death on all four victims.*
**consider your verdict** (= think about what it should be) *The jury retired to consider their verdict.*
**overturn a verdict** (= officially say that it was wrong) *He was convicted of spying, but the verdict was later overturned.*
**uphold a verdict** (= officially say that it was right) *This verdict was upheld at appeal.*
58
**a unanimous verdict**
**a guilty/not guilty verdict**
**a verdict of guilty/not guilty**
**a unanimous verdict** (= when the whole jury agrees) *The jury found him guilty by a unanimous verdict.*
**a guilty/not guilty verdict** *The jury returned a unanimous guilty verdict.*
**a verdict of guilty/not guilty** *The jury took only twenty minutes to return a verdict of guilty.*
59
**defendant**
**the defense** *British English,* **the defense** *American English*
**the prosecution**
**judge**
**jury**
**witness**
**testimony**
**verdict**
**defendant** the person who is on trial for a crime
**the defense** *British English,* **the defense** *American English* the lawyers who are working for the defendant
**the prosecution** the lawyers who are trying to prove that the defendant is guilty
**judge** the official in charge of a court who decides how criminals should be punished
**jury** a group of people, usually 12 people, who listen to the facts and decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty
**witness** someone who describes in a court of law what he or she knows about a crime
**testimony** a formal statement made in a court of law about a particular situation or action
**verdict** the decision of the jury as to whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty
60
**appeal 2** **S3 W3** *verb*
**1** **ask** [intransitive] to make a serious public request for help, money, information etc. درخواست کردن
**appeal for**
*Church and community leaders have appealed for calm.*
**appeal to**
*Farmers have appealed to the government for help.*
**appeal to sb to do sth**
*The police have appealed to anyone with information to come forward and talk to them.*
**2** **ask to change decision** [intransitive and transitive] to make a formal request to a court or someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed: درخواست تجدید نظر کردن
*She is not happy with the decision and plans to appeal.*
**appeal against**
*Both men intend to appeal against their convictions.*
**appeal to**
*Appealing to the referee does not often result in a decision being changed.*
**3** **be attractive** [intransitive] if someone or sth appeals to you, they seem attractive and interesting
**appeal to** جذاب بودن برای
* The programme appeals to young children.*
* The idea of working abroad **really appeals*** *to me.*
**4 appeal to sb’s better nature/sense of justice etc.** to try to persuade someone to do sth by reminding them that it is a good or fair thing to do:
*You could always try appealing to his better nature.*
61
**apprehend** / ˌæprɪˈhend / *verb* [transitive]
**1** *formal* if the police apprehend a criminal, they catch him or her دستگیر کردن
**SYN** **arrest:**
*The police have failed to apprehend the culprits.* The police **apprehended** the robbery suspect as he tried to get on a bus to Chicago
**2** *old-fashioned* to understand sth: فهمیدن
*They were slow to apprehend the danger.*
62
**catch**
**arrest**
**apprehend** *formal*
**capture**
**take sb prisoner**
**trap**
**corner**
**catch** to stop someone who is trying to escape, especially by running after them and then holding them: *He raced after her, but he couldn’t catch her.* | *The police caught the bank robbers after a car chase through the city.*
**arrest** if the police arrest someone, they take him or her to a police station because they think that person has done sth illegal: *Wayne was arrested for dangerous driving.* | *The police arrested him and charged him with murder.*
**apprehend** *formal* if the police apprehend someone they think has done sth illegal, they catch him or her: *The two men were later apprehended after they robbed another store.* | *The killers were never apprehended.* | *All of the kidnappers were apprehended and convicted.*
**capture** to catch an enemy or a criminal in order to keep them as a prisoner: *The French king was captured by the English at the battle of Poitiers in 1356.* | *The gunmen were finally captured after a shoot-out with the police.*
**take sb prisoner** to catch someone, especially in a war, in order to keep them as a prisoner: *350 soldiers were killed and another 300 taken prisoner.* | *Ellison was taken prisoner by the Germans during the retreat to Dunkirk.*
**trap** to make someone go to a place from which they cannot escape, especially by using your skill and intelligence: *Police trapped the man inside a bar on the city’s southside.*
**corner** to force someone into a place from which they cannot escape: *He was cornered outside the school by three gang members.*
63
**ascertain** / ˌæsəˈteɪn $ ˌæsər- / *verb* [intransitive and transitive]
*formal* to find out sth; To make sure of **SYN** **establish: فهمیدن-دقیق**
A postmortem (کالبد شکافی) was ordered to try to ascertain the cause of death.
**ascertain whether/what/how etc.**
*Tests were conducted to ascertain whether pollution levels have dropped.*
**ascertain that**
*Police had ascertained that the dead man knew his killer.*
**ascertain sth from sb/sth**
*You should ascertain the level of insurance cover from the car rental company.*
— **ascertainable** *adjective*
**Register**
**Ascertain** is used mainly in formal or technical contexts. In everyday English, people usually say **find out:**
*We need to **find out** exactly what happened before we jump to any conclusions.*
64
**bureaucratic** / ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk◂ $ ˌbjʊr- / *adjective*
— **bureaucratically** / -kli / *adverb*
involving a lot of complicated official rules and processes;
*Before I could speak with the chief, I had to go through a **bureaucratic** runaround of identity checks and written requests*
run‧a‧round / ˈrʌnəˌraʊnd / noun
give somebody the runaround informal to deliberately avoid giving someone a definite answer, especially when they are asking you to do something: طفره
Every time we ask the landlord about fixing the roof, he gives us the runaround.
→ run around at run 1
65
**surveillance** / sərˈveɪləns / *noun* [uncountable]
**1** when the police, army etc. watch a person or place carefully because they may be connected with criminal activities نظارت
**surveillance of**
*24-hour surveillance of the building*
**under surveillance**
* They were under constant close surveillance day and night.*
* The suspects were **kept under surveillance.***
* electronic surveillance equipment*
**2** when one country watches the military activities of another country to see what they are planning to do:
* a surveillance mission*
* surveillance aircraft*
**3** when doctors, health departments etc. watch an ill person or watch the development of a disease in a population
**under surveillance**
*Diane was placed under psychiatric surveillance.*
66
**spying**
**espionage**
**surveillance**
**covert** **operations**
**spying** the action of secretly collecting information about a person, country, or organization:
*Several embassy officials had been arrested for spying.*
**espionage** spying. **Espionage** is more formal than **spying:**
*Zakharov was charged with espionage.* | *The company carried out a campaign of* ***industrial espionage*** *against its main rival.* | *Double agents are quite commonplace in the world of espionage.*
**surveillance** activity in which the police, army, etc. watch a person or place carefully because they may be connected with criminal activities:
*24-hour surveillance of the building* | *The police have **had him under surveillance*** (= have been watching him) *for months.*
**covert (****مخفی****) operations** secret military activities against an enemy:
*These planes are used by British Intelligence for covert operations.*
67
**implicate** **AC** / ˈɪmpləkeɪt, ˈɪmplɪkeɪt / *verb* [transitive]
**1** to show or suggest that someone is involved in a crime or dishonest act: اثبات کردن اینکه کسی شریک در جرمی است
*The allegations implicated Abe to such an extent he was forced to resign.*
**implicate sb in sth**
*Three police officers are implicated in the cover-up.* No group claimed responsibility for the bombing, but the type of explosive used **implicates** the Heartland Freedom Militia
**2** [usually passive] *formal* if sth is implicated in sth bad or harmful, it is shown to be its cause
**be implicated in sth عامل چیز مضرری بودن**
*Viruses are known to be implicated in the development of some cancers.*
68
**implication** **S3 W2 AC** / ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃ *ə* n, ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃ *ə* n / *noun*
**1** [countable usually plural] a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc.
**implications of نتایج**
* What are the implications of these proposals?*
* This election **has** profound **implications for** the future of U.S. democracy.*
**consider/discuss/examine the implications**
*His talk will examine the **wider implications** of the Internet revolution.*
**practical/financial/political etc. implications**
**2** [uncountable] a situation in which it is shown or suggested that someone or sth is involved in a crime or a dishonest act → **implicate -موقعیت ... - در یک بزه**
**the implication of sb (in sth)**
*the implication of the former Chief of Staff in a major scandal*
**3** [uncountable and countable] a suggestion that is not made directly but that people are expected to understand or accept → **imply: مفهوم**
*They are called ‘**Supertrams**’, **the implication being that*** (= which is meant to suggest that) *they are more advanced than earlier models.*
**by implication به این مفهوم که**
*The law bans organized protests and, by implication, any form of opposition.*
69
**important/serious implications**
**major implications**
**profound implications**
**far-reaching implications**
**the wider implications**
**the full implications**
**possible implications**
**practical implications**
**financial implications**
**political implications**
**legal implications**
**social implications**
**important/serious implications** *The results of the experiment could have important implications for scientists.*
**major implications** (= very important or serious) *The lack of affordable housing has major implications for families living in rural areas.*
**profound implications** (= extremely important or serious) *The transformation of Europe has profound implications for the defense industries.*
**far-reaching implications** (= causing things to change in an important way) *The cuts in social security benefits had far-reaching implications for ethnic minorities.*
**the wider implications** (= affecting more people or society in general) *What are the wider implications of this change in the law?*
**the full implications** (= all the different effects) *The full implications of the decision will become clear over the next few weeks.*
**possible implications** *We discussed the possible implications of oil price rises.*
**practical implications** *Academic research often has practical implications.*
**financial implications** *Managers must be aware of the financial implications of their decisions.*
**political implications** *The court’s decision could have far-reaching political implications.*
**legal implications** *We have taken advice on the legal implications of our activities.*
**social implications** *She’s studying the social implications of different patterns of work.*
70
**have implications**
**consider the implications**
**discuss the implications**
**study/examine the implications**
**realize/grasp the implications**
**have implications** *This is an environmental disaster which will have implications for more than one country.*
**consider the implications** *Have you considered the implications of your choice?*
**discuss the implications** *The paper discusses the implications of the agreement.*
**study/examine the implications** *He has studied the implications of recent technical innovations.*
**realize/grasp the implications** (= understand what they are) *The government has been slow to grasp the implications of the current teacher shortage.*
71
**inquiry** **W2,** **enquiry** / ɪnˈkwaɪəri $ ɪnˈkwaɪri, ˈɪŋkwəri / *noun* (*plural* **inquiries)**
**1** [countable] a question you ask in order to get information استعلام، سوال
**inquiry about**
*We**’re getting a lot of inquiries about our new London–**Rio service.*
**inquiry from**
* inquiries from potential applicants*
* I don’t know who sent the gift, but I’ll **make** some* ***inquiries.***
**help the police with their inquiries** *British English* (= to answer questions about a crime)
**2** [uncountable] the act or process of asking questions in order to get information:
* On further inquiry, it emerged that Malcolm had not been involved in the incident.*
* The local council set up a committee of inquiry to look into policing arrangements.*
**scientific/intellectual inquiry**
**3** [countable] an official process to find out about sth
**inquiry into جستجو و تحقیق اداری**
*a judicial inquiry into the deaths*
**launch/set up/hold an inquiry (into sth)**
* The Civil Aviation Authority has agreed to hold an inquiry into the accident.*
* The police have launched a **murder inquiry.***
* Parents have called for an **independent inquiry** into the accident.*
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**make an inquiry**
**get/have an inquiry**
**receive an inquiry** *formal*
**handle/deal with an inquiry**
**answer an inquiry** (*also* **respond to an inquiry** *formal)*
**make an inquiry** *The police are making inquiries to discover the cause of the accident.*
**get/have an inquiry** (= receive it) *We**’ve already had a lot of inquiries about membership of the new sports center.*
**receive an inquiry** *formal* *The television station has received several inquiries from viewers requesting a repeat of the programme.*
**handle/deal with an inquiry** *Staff will be available to deal with inquiries.*
**answer an inquiry** (*also* **respond to an inquiry** *formal)* *The government has not yet answered our inquiry.*
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**a general inquiry**
**a specific inquiry**
**a written inquiry**
**a flood/stream of inquiries**
**hold an inquiry**
**launch/set up an inquiry**
**a general inquiry** *There is a need for a general inquiry into the train company’s safety standards.*
**a specific inquiry** *His job is to answer specific inquiries by individuals or groups.*
**a written inquiry** *I submitted a written inquiry to the local council.*
**a flood/stream of inquiries** *The special offer has produced a flood of inquiries from interested customers.*
**hold an inquiry** *The government has refused to hold an inquiry into the incident.*
**launch/set up an inquiry** (= start it) *Police launched an inquiry yesterday after a man was killed by a patrol car.*
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**an official inquiry**
**a public inquiry**
**an independent inquiry**
**a police inquiry**
**a judicial inquiry**
**a government inquiry**
**a murder inquiry**
**an accident inquiry**
**a parliamentary/congressional inquiry**
**an official inquiry** *The outcome of the official inquiry will be eagerly awaited.*
**a public inquiry** (= one which is open to members of the public) *MPs are demanding a public inquiry into the explosion at the nuclear power station.*
**an independent inquiry** (= one that is organized by people who are not involved in a situation) *The Labour Party is calling for an independent inquiry into the conduct of the police.*
**a police inquiry** *The case has been reopened with a police inquiry.*
**a judicial inquiry** (= one involving a judge) *Calls for a judicial inquiry into the affair are growing louder.*
**a government inquiry** (= organized by the government) *A government inquiry was set up into discipline in schools.*
**a murder inquiry** *Police say they haven’t launched a murder inquiry at this stage.*
**an accident inquiry** *The accident inquiry revealed that the accident had been caused by human error.*
**a parliamentary/congressional inquiry** (= by Parliament/Congress) *The report of a parliamentary inquiry into the drugs trade is published today.*
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**intrusive** / ɪnˈtruːsɪv / *adjective*
affecting someone’s private life or interrupting them in an unwanted and annoying way:
*They found the television cameras too intrusive.* The new consultant from company headquarters appeared **intrusively** at meetings, staff parties, and other functions where he was not wanted.
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**seize** **W3** / siːz / *verb* [transitive]
**1** to take hold of sth suddenly and violently **SYN grab:یه دفعه گرفتن-با خشونت**
*Suddenly, he seized my hand.*
**seize sth from sb**
*Maggie seized the letter from her.*
**Register**
In everyday English, people usually say **grab** or **grab hold of** rather than **seize:**
*She **grabbed hold of** his hand.*
**2** to take control of a place suddenly and quickly, using military force **تصرف کردن**
**seize power/control (of sth)**
* The rebels have seized power.*
* A group of soldiers seized the airport.*
**3** if the police or government officers seize sth, for example illegal drugs, they take legal possession of it: ضبط کردن
* 160,000 CDs were seized from illegal factories.*
* All of my **assets** were* ***seized,*** *including my home.*
**4** to suddenly catch someone and make sure they cannot get away: یه دفعه دستگیر کردن
*The gunmen were seized at 1 am.*
**5 seize a chance/an opportunity/the initiative** to quickly and eagerly do sth when you have the chance to
**6 be seized with/by terror/desire etc.** to suddenly be affected by an extremely strong feeling:
*When she saw his face, she was seized by fear.*
**seize on/upon sth** *phrasal verb*
to suddenly become very interested in an idea, excuse, what someone says etc.:
*His every remark is seized upon by the press.*
**seize up** *phrasal verb*
**a)** if an engine or part of a machine seizes up, its moving parts stop working and can no longer move, for example because of lack of oil:
*The mechanism had seized up.*
**b)** if a part of your body, such as your back, seizes up, you suddenly cannot move it and it is very painful
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**hold**
**grip**
**clutch**
**clasp** *written*
**get/take hold of sth**
**grasp** *written*
**grab**
***hold of***
**seize** / siːz / *written*
**hang on (to sth)**
**keep hold of sth**
**hold** to have sth in your hand, hands, or arms:
*Maria came in holding a letter.* | *Can I hold the baby?*
**grip** to hold sth very tightly and not let it go:
*He gripped her arm so she couldn’t walk away.* | *Jenny gripped the side of the boat to steady herself.*
**clutch** to hold sth tightly, especially because you do not want to drop or lose it:
*A businessman hurried past, clutching his briefcase.* | *The little girl clutched onto his hand.*
**clasp** *written* to hold someone or sth tightly, closing your fingers or arms around them:
*She was clasping a bunch of small summer flowers.* | *He clasped her in his arms and kissed her.*
**get/take hold of sth** to take sth in your hand or hands and hold it:
*I took hold of the handle and pulled as hard as I could.* | *Quickly – try and get hold of that frog!*
**grasp** *written* to take hold of sth firmly, especially in a determined way:
*She grasped the lowest branch and pulled herself up into the tree.*
**grab** to take hold of sth suddenly and often violently:
* He grabbed my bag and ran off with it.* | *The other man **grabbed hold of*** (= suddenly took hold of)
* my arms and threatened me with a knife.*
**seize** / siːz / *written* to take hold of sth suddenly and often violently:
*A police officer ran after him and seized the gun.*
**hang on (to sth)** to hold on to sth or someone tightly to support yourself:
*He hung on to the rail at the back of the motorbike.* | *Hang on tight!*
**keep hold of sth** to continue to hold sth:
*Greg was struggling to keep hold of the dog.* | *She tried to take her hand away but he kept hold of it.*
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**assail** / əˈseɪl / *verb* [transitive] *formal*
**1** [usually passive] if you are assailed by unpleasant thoughts or feelings, they worry or upset you: حجوم آوردن
*Carla was suddenly assailed by doubts.*
**2** if a strong smell or loud sound assails you, you suddenly experience it:
The smell of rotten (فاسد) meat assailed her nostrils.
**3** to attack someone or sth violently; حمله کردن
*With DNA evidence from the crime scene, the defense lawyer **assailed** the police for falsely arresting his client.*
**4** to criticize someone or sth severely انتقاد کردن
**assail sb for sth**
He was assailed for gross misconduct (سو رفتار).
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**contrary 1** **AC** / ˈkɒntrəri $ ˈkɑːntreri / *noun*
**1 on the contrary/quite the contrary** اتفاقاً برعکس
used to add to a negative statement, to disagree with a negative statement by someone else, or to answer no to a question:
* It wasn’t a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.*
* ‘I suppose your wife doesn’t understand you.’ ‘On the contrary, she understands me very well.’*
* ‘Are they happy?’ ‘No, no, quite the contrary.’*
**2 evidence to the contrary / statements to the contrary** sth showing or saying the opposite: چیزهایی دال بر مغایرت
* Unless there is evidence to the contrary, we ought to believe them.*
* He continued to drink despite advice to the contrary.*
**3 the contrary** *formal* the opposite of what has been said or suggested
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**hypothesize** **AC** (*also* **hypothesise** *British English)* / haɪˈpɒθəsaɪz $ -ˈpɑː- / *verb* [intransitive and transitive]
to suggest a possible explanation that has not yet been proved to be true دلیل آوردن
**hypothesize that**
Scientists hypothesize that the dinosaurs were killed by a giant meteor (شهاب سنگ).
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me‧te‧or / ˈmiːtiə $ -ər / noun [countable]
a piece of rock or metal that travels through space, and makes a bright line in the night sky when it falls down towards the Earth: شهاب سنگ
Astronomers track large meteors using radar.
a **meteor shower** (= a lot of meteors that fall down towards the Earth at the same time )
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**hypothetical** **AC** / ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪk *ə* l◂ / *adjective*
— **hypothetically** / -kli / *adverb*
based on a situation that is not real, but that might happen فرضی
**hypothetical situation/example/question**
* Brennan brought up a hypothetical case to make his point.*
* The question is **purely hypothetical.***
→ **imaginary**
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**impair** / ɪmˈpeə $ -ˈper / *verb* [transitive]
to damage sth or make it not as good as it should be: خراب کردن
## Footnote
*The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate.*
84
**harm**
**damage**
**be bad for sb/sth**
**be detrimental to sth** *formal*
**impair** *formal*
**prejudice** / ˈpredʒədəs, ˈpredʒʊdəs /
**harm** to have a bad effect on someone or sth:
*Many women said parenthood harmed their careers.* | *A little hard work never harmed anyone.*
**damage** to harm sth badly. **Damage** is more serious than **harm:**
*His reputation was damaged and his career was in ruins.* | *The affair has damaged people’s confidence in the government.*
**be bad for sb/sth** to be likely to harm someone or sth:
*Too much fatty food is bad for you.* | *All this rain is bad for business.*
**be detrimental (مضر) to sth** *formal* to be bad for sth:
*The new housing development will be detrimental to the character of this small town.*
**impair** *formal* to harm sth, especially someone’s ability to do sth or the correct working of a system: *Any amount of alcohol that you drink will impair your ability to drive.* | *His vision was impaired.*
**prejudice** / ˈpredʒədəs, ˈpredʒʊdəs / to have a bad effect on the future success of sth: *Don**’t do anything to prejudice our chances of winning.*
85
**inference** **AC** / ˈɪnf *ə* rəns / *noun*
— **inferential** / ˌɪnfəˈrenʃ *ə* l◂ / *adjective:*
*inferential evidence*
— **inferentially** *adverb*
**1** [countable] sth that you think is true, based on information that you have فرض
**draw/make inferences (about/from sth)**
*What inferences have you drawn from this evidence?*
**2** [uncountable] when someone infers sth
**by inference**
*He was portrayed as a hero and, by inference, Thompson as the villain.*
86
**objectively** **AC** / əbˈdʒektɪvli / *adverb*
if you consider sth objectively, you try to think about the facts, and not be influenced by your own feelings or opinions: واقع بینانه
*Look at your skills objectively when deciding on a career change.* I don’t like Mr. Rowan, but looking **objectively** at his sales numbers, I saw that he was a very valuable employee
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**suspicious** **S3** / səˈspɪʃəs / *adjective*
**1** thinking that someone might be guilty of doing sth wrong or dishonest مشکوک
**suspicious of**
*Some of his colleagues at work became suspicious of his behavior.*
**suspicious about**
* They were suspicious about my past.*
* His reluctance to answer my questions **made** me **suspicious.***
* She gave him a suspicious glance.*
* You’ve got a very suspicious mind!*
**2** making you think that sth bad or illegal is happening:
* They found a suspicious package under the seat.*
* a suspicious death*
* He was behaving in a **highly suspicious** manner.*
* a suspicious-looking character*
**sth/anything/nothing suspicious**
* Call the police if you see anything suspicious.*
* Her mother had died **in suspicious circumstances.***
**3** feeling that you do not trust someone or sth **SYN** **wary محتاط**
**suspicious of**
* She was always suspicious of strangers.*
* He was **deeply suspicious** of the legal system.*
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**suspicious**
**dubious**
**shady**
**shifty**
**suspicious** if someone or sth seems suspicious, they make you think that sth dishonest or illegal is happening:
*The police are treating the boy’s death as suspicious.*
**dubious** if sth seems dubious, you think it may not be completely true, right, or honest:
*He has a rather dubious reputation.* | *It all sounds highly dubious to me.* | *the country’s dubious record on human rights*
**shady** shady business deals or people seem to be dishonest or connected with secret and illegal activities:
*Several senior members of the party had been involved in shady deals.* | *a shady character*
**shifty** someone who looks shifty looks as if they are doing or planning sth dishonest:
*The man on the market stall looked a bit shifty when he gave me my change.*
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**tolerate** / ˈtɒləreɪt $ ˈtɑː- / *verb* [transitive]
**1** to allow people to do, say, or believe sth without criticizing or punishing them → **tolerant,** **tolerance: تحمل کردن**
*We simply will not tolerate vigilante groups on our streets.*
**2** to be able to accept sth unpleasant or difficult, even though you do not like it → **tolerant,** **tolerance** **SYN** **stand,** **bear:**
*I couldn’t tolerate the long hours.*
**Register**
In everyday English, people usually say **stand** rather than **tolerate:**
*I don’t know how she can **stand** working there.*
**3** if a plant tolerates particular weather or soil conditions, it can exist in them:
*plants that tolerate drought*
**4** if a person or their body can tolerate a food or other substance, it can use it without becoming ill:
*Women’s bodies can tolerate less alcohol than men’**s.*
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**tolerate** *verb* [transitive]
**put up with sth**
**accept** *verb* [transitive]
**stand/bear** *verb* [transitive, not in progressive]
**take** *verb* [transitive] *informal*
**live with sth**
**endure** *verb* [transitive] *written*
**tolerate** *verb* [transitive] to accept unpleasant behavior or an unpleasant situation, even though you do not like it:
*We will not tolerate any kind of racism.* | *People tolerated corruption for years.*
**put up with sth** to accept unpleasant behavior or an unpleasant situation even though you do not like it. **Put up with** is less formal than **tolerate,** and is the usual word to use in everyday English: تحمل کردن
*I don’t see how you can put up with the constant noise.* | *Many people put up with poor pay and working conditions because they are afraid of losing their jobs.*
**accept** *verb* [transitive] to agree or deal with a situation you do not like but cannot change:
*She found it hard to accept his death.*
**stand/bear** *verb* [transitive, not in progressive] to accept or be forced to accept an unpleasant situation – used especially about things which cause you pain or make you feel upset. **Bear** is more formal than **stand:**
*I don’t know how you’ve stood it for so long.* | *Maisie couldn’t bear the pain any longer.* | *How do you stand living in such a mess?*
**take** *verb* [transitive] *informal* to accept an unpleasant situation or someone’s unpleasant behavior without becoming upset: قبول کردن کار و حرفهای زشت بدون اینکه عصبانی بشی
*She was shouting at him and he just stood there and took it.* | *I can’t take much more of this.*
**live with sth** to accept a bad situation as a permanent part of your life that you cannot change: تا آخر عمر سر کردن
*I’ve had back pain for many years and I’ve just learned to live with it.* | *The guilt I felt was very hard to live with.*
**endure** *verb* [transitive] *written* to accept an unpleasant or difficult situation for a long time: قبول کردن شرایط بد به مدت طولانی
*The victims of this war have endured tremendous pain and suffering.* | *The refugees endured cramped (محدود شده) and filthy (کثیف) conditions.*
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**cynical** / ˈsɪnɪk *ə* l / *adjective*
— **cynically** / -kli / *adverb* Employees of the Roadways Department **cynically** referred to their boss as “the banker” because he took so many bribes
**1** unwilling to believe that people have good, honest, or sincere reasons for doing sth: بدبین
*a cynical view of human nature*
**cynical about**
*The public is cynical about election promises.*
**2** not caring that sth might not be morally right, might hurt someone etc, when you are trying to get sth for yourself:
*a cynical disregard (بی تفاوتی) for international agreements*
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**cynic** / ˈsɪnɪk / *noun* [countable]
— **cynicism** / -sɪz *ə* m / *noun* [uncountable]
someone who is not willing to believe that people have good, honest, or sincere reasons for doing sth: آدم بدبین
## Footnote
*Even **hardened cynics** believe the meeting is a step towards peace.*
93
**evade** / ɪˈveɪd / *verb* [transitive]
**1** **not talk about sth** to avoid talking about sth, especially because you are trying to hide sth طفره رفتن
* I could tell that he was trying to* ***evade*** *the **issue.***
* The minister **evaded** the* ***question.***
**2** **not do sth** to not do or deal with sth that you should do → **evasion:**
* You can’t go on **evading** your **responsibilities** in this way.*
* You’re simply trying to **evade the problem.***
**3** **not pay** to avoid paying money that you ought to pay, for example tax → **evasion:**
*Employers will always try to find ways to evade tax.*
**4** **escape** to escape from someone who is trying to catch you:
* She managed to evade the police.*
* So far he has **evaded capture.***
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**avoid**
**get out of sth**
**wiggle out of sth**
**evade** *formal*
**avoid** to find a way of not doing sth that you should do:
*Some people will do anything to avoid work.*
**get out of sth اجتناب کردن، دوری کردن**
to avoid doing sth you should do or sth you promised to do. **Get out of** is more common than **avoid** in everyday spoken English:
*We promised we’d go – we can’t get out of it now.*
**wiggle out of sth انجام ندادن با بهونه آوردن**
to avoid doing sth you should do by making up excuses. Used to show disapproval:
*He always seems to wiggle out of helping with the kids.*
**evade** *formal انجام ندادن-کارهای قانونی یا اخلاقی*
to avoid doing sth that legally or morally you should do – used especially about taxes or responsibilities:
*It is an offence to evade taxes.* | *The US cannot evade its responsibility for the war.*
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**evasion** / ɪˈveɪʒ *ə* n / *noun*
**1** [uncountable] when you deliberately avoid doing sth that you should do, or paying an amount of money that you should pay گریز و طفره از کارهایی که وظیفه ماست مثل مسولیتها و مالیات
*He is in prison for* ***tax evasion.***
**evasion of**
*She accused him of evasion of his responsibilities.*
**2** [uncountable and countable] when you deliberately avoid talking about sth or answering a question طفره
*I’m tired of his lies and evasions.*
96
**patriotic** / ˌpætriˈɒtɪk◂, ˌpeɪ- $ ˌpeɪtriˈɑːtɪk◂ / *adjective*
— **patriotism** / ˈpætriətɪz *ə* m, ˈpeɪ- $ ˈpeɪ- / *noun* [uncountable]
having or expressing a great love of your country → **nationalistic: وطن پرست**
## Footnote
* patriotic songs*
* I’m not very patriotic.*
97
**faithful**
**loyal**
**devoted**
**staunch** [only before noun]
**steadfast** [usually before noun]
**true**
**patriotic**
**faithful** continuing to support a person, party, belief etc. for a long time: با وفا
*his long and faithful service to the party* | *his faithful servant* | *He remained faithful to his fatherland right to the end.* | *She was one of the party’s most faithful and hardworking members.*
**loyal** supporting a particular person, party, set of beliefs, etc. – used especially about someone you can can trust and depend on to support you:
*a loyal friend* | *loyal party members* | *The women have remained loyal to the goals of the Communist Party.* | *I am not blindly loyal. If I see sth that I think is a mistake which could be handled better, I will say so.*
**devoted** strongly supporting someone or sth because you admire them, love them, or enjoy what they do:
*the author’s devoted fans* | *her devoted husband*
**staunch** [only before noun] a staunch supporter, defender, or ally (دوست، متحد) is very loyal, in spite of problems or difficulties:
*He is a staunch supporter of the president.* | *a staunch defender of civil liberties* | *the US’s staunchest ally*
**steadfast** [usually before noun] a steadfast friend or supporter is very loyal. Also used about someone’s support or service:
*Lewis was a generous and steadfast friend.* | *the steadfast support of America's allies* | *The Queen has set a shining example of steadfast service to her country.*
**true** faithful and loyal to someone, or to your beliefs, principles etc, even if there are problems:
*In times like these you find out who your true friends are.* | *He remained true to his socialist priniciples.* | *She promised that she would always be true to him.*
**patriotic** feeling a lot of love and respect for your country:
*Americans are very patriotric.* | *His speech was full of patriotic rhetoric.*
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**grotesque 1** / ɡrəʊˈtesk $ ɡroʊ- / *adjective*
— **grotesquely** *adverb*
**1** unpleasant, shocking, and offensive: چیز عجیب و غریب بد
* It’s grotesque to portray peace campaigners as unpatriotic (not supporting your country).*
* By modern standards, the treatment of prisoners was grotesque.*
**2** extremely ugly in a strange or unnatural way: خیلی زشت
*a grotesque figure with a huge head*
99
**hideous**
**repulsive**
**grotesque**
**an eyesore** (*also* **a blot on the landscape)** *noun* [singular]
**hideous** extremely ugly:
*His hideous face twisted into a smile.* | *a hideous concrete shopping center* | *a hideous monster*
**repulsive** extremely ugly, especially in a way that makes you want to look away:
*His appearance was so repulsive he had to wear a mask.*
**grotesque** extremely ugly in a strange or unnatural way:
*A grotesque figure appeared out of the darkness.*
**an eyesore** (*also* **a blot on the landscape)** *noun* [singular] sth that is so ugly that it spoils the appearance of an area:
*Local residents regard the new office building as an eyesore.* | *I think wind turbines are a blot on the landscape - why can't people just use less electricity?*
