Pathway4_7 Flashcards

Question

**baptism of/by fire**

Answer 1

a difficult or painful first experience of something: ## Footnote *The campaign has been a baptism of fire.*

Answer 2

*a baptismal font* (= container for holding the water used at baptism)

Answer 3

to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown **SYN** **raise:** ## Footnote * It’s a good place to rear young children.* * The birds have been successfully reared in captivity (اسارت). | Child rearing*

Answer 4

if an animal rears, it rises up to stand on its back legs **رو پاهای عقبش واستاد** ## Footnote *The horse reared and threw me off.*

Answer 5

if something rears up, it appears in front of you and often seems to be leaning over you in a threatening way: ## Footnote *A large rock, almost 200 feet high, reared up in front of them.*

Answer 6

to be given a particular kind of food, books, entertainment etc. regularly while you are a child: ## Footnote *children reared on TV and video games*

Answer 7

**1** a long search for something that is difficult to find تحقیق ## Footnote **quest for** * his long quest for truth* * the quest for human happiness* * World leaders are now united in their quest for peace.*

Answer 8

trying to find or get something: ## Footnote *They journeyed to the distant Molucca islands in quest of spices.*

Answer 9

a particular type of character which makes someone likely to behave or react in a certain way **SYN** **temperament خلق و خو، طبیعت** *The film is not suitable for people of a nervous disposition.* **have a cheerful/sunny etc. disposition** (= have a happy character)

Answer 10

a tendency or willingness to behave in a particular way **SYN** **inclination (تمایلات)** ## Footnote *Neither side shows the slightest (کوچکترین) disposition to compromise.* **disposition towards** *Most children have a disposition towards obedience (اطاعت).*

Answer 11

the act of formally giving property to someone (انحصاروراثت): ## Footnote *the disposition of assets on death*

Answer 12

a very large number of something, usually more than you need: ازدیاد ## Footnote *a plethora of suggestions*

Answer 13

a plethora of something formal a very large number of something, usually more than you need : ## Footnote a plethora of suggestions

Answer 14

census (pl: censuses)

Answer 15

archeology

Answer 16

inspiration: *He **draws inspiration from** ordinary scenes*

Answer 17

barter: *We used cigarrets for barter.*

Answer 18

warrent: *The magistrate (دادرس) **issued** a **warrent** for his arrest.*

Answer 19

not dull shiny black shoes

Answer 20

راه پله تو خونه

Answer 21

relating to or from the eastern part of the world, especially China and Japan : ## Footnote a beautiful oriental rug oriental art

Answer 22

giving a lot of time, effort, or attention to one particular thing : A lot of the younger students don’t seem to be politically oriented at all. She’s very career orientated. The country’s economy is export oriented.

Answer 23

چشمه اب گرم

Answer 24

a musical instrument such as a violin , that produces sound from a set of strings سیمی

Answer 25

comedian: someone whose job is to tell jokes and make people laugh: He started as a stand-up comedian (= someone who tells jokes to an audience). humorist: someone, especially a writer, who tells funny stories

Answer 26

the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens: مداخله government intervention to regulate prices

Answer 27

repeating the actual words that were spoken or written SYN word-for-word verbatim account/quote/report etc کلمه به کلمه * a verbatim account of our conversation* * Their stories were taped and transcribed verbatim.*

Answer 28

مثل سوسکه

Answer 29

a small creature such as a fly or ant, that has six legs, and sometimes wings : *Head lice (شپش) are tiny insects that live in the hair.*

Answer 30

a small insect : *What are those little bugs in my roses?*

Answer 31

an insect, especially one that you are frightened of: *The mattress was covered in creepy-crawlies.*

Answer 32

to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone, especially when this is difficult : جواب گرفتن ## Footnote *When her knock **elicited** no **response**, she opened the door and peeped in(نگاه دزدکی به جایی انداختن مخصوصا از لای در یا یه روزنه ای).* **elicit something from somebody** *The test uses pictures to elicit words from the child.*

Answer 33

استنتاج کردن، حدس زدن to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have **infer something from something** *A lot can be inferred from these statistics.* **infer that** *From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer.*

Answer 34

to make someone feel very shocked and upset **SYN** **horrify**: باعث وحشت شدن ## Footnote * The way we kill animals appals a lot of people.* * The decision to execute the two men has appalled many politicians.*

Answer 35

**1** to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skillfully deceiving or influencing them: اداره کردن (مثبت یا منفی) * He was one of those men who manipulated people.* * You have the constant feeling you are being manipulated.* **manipulate somebody into (doing) something** *The thought that any parent would manipulate their child into seeking fame (**شهرت**) just appalled (**وحشت زده شدن**) me.* **2** to work skillfully with information, systems etc. to achieve the result that you want: * software designed to store and manipulate data* * You can integrate text with graphics and manipulate graphic images.* **3** *medical* to move and press bones or muscles to remove pain in them **4** to use skill in moving or handling something: *The workmen manipulated some knobs (دستگیره) and levers (اهرم).*

Answer 36

* allegations (اتهامات) of political manipulation دستکاری* * manipulation of photographic images*

Answer 37

**1** **admit something is true** [intransitive and transitive] to admit that something is true or correct, although you wish it were not true تصدیق کردن *‘That’s the only possible solution.’ ‘Yes, I suppose so,’ Charles conceded.* **concede (that)** *I conceded that I had made a number of errors.* **2** **admit defeat** [intransitive and transitive] to admit that you are not going to win a game, argument, battle etc. تسلیم شدن * The Georgian forces defended the capital but were finally obliged to concede.* * In May 1949, Stalin **conceded defeat** and reopened land access to Berlin.* **3 concede a goal/point/penalty** to not be able to stop your opponent from getting a goal etc. during a game: *The team has conceded only 19 goals in 28 games.* **4** **give something as a right** [transitive] to give something to someone as a right or privilege, often unwillingly واگذار کردن **concede something to somebody** * The King finally agreed to concede further powers to Parliament.* * Finally the company conceded wage increases to their workers.*

Answer 38

**point something** **↔** **out** *phrasal verb* **1** to tell someone something that they did not already know or had not thought about: مطلب جدیدی رو گفتن * He was always very keen to point out my mistakes.* * The murder was obviously well planned, as the inspector had pointed out.* **point out that** *Some economists have pointed out that low inflation is not necessarily a good thing.* **point something out to somebody** *Thank you for pointing this out to me.* **2** to show something to someone by pointing at it: *Luke pointed out two large birds by the water’s edge.* **point somebody/something out to somebody** *I’ll point him out to you if we see him.*

Answer 39

**1** [intransitive usually progressive] to offer to have sex with someone in exchange for money: *She was arrested for soliciting.* **2** [intransitive and transitive] *formal* to ask someone for money, help, or information: خواستن پول، کمک یا اطلاعات *Morgan is accused of illegally soliciting campaign contributions.* **solicit something from somebody** *The governor sent two officials to Mexico City to solicit aid from the President.* **3** [intransitive and transitive] to try to sell a product or service by taking it to homes or businesses and showing it to the people there: فروش درب منزل کردن *No soliciting on company premises is allowed.*

Answer 40

a tree with small yellow or white flowers that grows in warm countries

Answer 41

one of the groups into which scientists divide animals or plants, in which the animals or plants are closely related but cannot produce babies together. A genus includes fewer members than a family and more members than a species. *طبقه و دسته*

Answer 42

a small bush with several woody stems

Answer 43

**plant** a living thing that has leaves and roots and grows in earth, especially one that is smaller than a tree: گیاه *Don’t forget to water the plants.* | *Plants grow towards the sun.* | *Botanists examined plant species from around the world.* **herb** a small plant that is used to improve the taste of food, or to make medicine: *Sprinkle the dish with chopped fresh herbs.* | *medicinal herbs* (= used as medicine ) | *The shop sells an interesting range of herbs and spices.* **weed** a wild plant growing where it is not wanted that prevents crops or garden flowers from growing properly: علف هرز *She was pulling up weeds in her garden.* | *Herbicides can be used to prevent and control weeds.* **bulb** a root shaped like a ball that grows into a flower or plant: پیاز گیاهان *She planted hundreds of daffodil bulbs.* **shrub** a small bush with several woody stems: بوته *flowering shrubs* | *Rosemary is an evergreen shrub.*

Answer 44

**1** a metal bar in a car that you move to control the gear دسته دنده **2** a car that uses a stick shift system to control the gear s → **automatic**

Answer 45

**1** [uncountable] a frame made from sticks woven together: * a wattle fence مثل حصیر که می بافند* * walls made of **wattle and daub*** (= this frame covered with clay ) **2** [countable] the red flesh that grows on the head or neck of some birds, such as chickens تاج مرغ و خروس

Answer 46

**1** [countable] a small amount of a soft or sticky substance **daub of** *a daub of paint شره رنگ* **2** [uncountable] *technical* mud or clay used for making walls

Answer 47

[uncountable] earth and straw (نی، کاه) that are made into bricks for building houses خشت

Answer 48

a plant such as a bean plant that has seeds in a pod (= a long thin case) *حبوبات*

Answer 49

**1** a long narrow seed container that grows on various plants, especially peas and beans: *a pea pod* غلاف حبوباتی مثل لوبیا **2** a part of a space vehicle that can be separated from the main part: *a space pod* **3** a long narrow container for petrol or other substances, especially one carried under an aircraft wing **4** a group of sea animals, such as whale s or dolphins, that swim together **5** a container which holds the eggs of some types of insects

Answer 50

something that is edible can be eaten *خوردنی* ## Footnote **PP inedible:** *These berries are edible, but those are poisonous.*

Answer 51

**1** [countable] the sharp loud sound made by a dog **2** [uncountable] the outer covering of a tree **3** [countable] a loud sound or voice: *Amy’s voice was a hoarse (صدای گرفته) bark.* **4 sb’s bark is worse than their bite** used to say that someone who seems unpleasant or difficult to deal with is not really too bad

Answer 52

**2** an animal’s skin, especially when it has been removed to be used for leather: پوست حیوان *ox hide gloves* **3 have/tan sb’s hide** *spoken* to punish someone severely – used humorously **4 sb’s hide** *spoken* used to talk about someone when they are in a difficult situation: *He would say anything in court to try and **save** his own **hide*** (= save himself ). **5 not see hide nor hair of somebody** *spoken* to not see someone anywhere for a fairly long time: *I haven’t seen hide nor hair of him for ages.*

Answer 53

**1** arid land or an arid climate is very dry because it has very little rain: *خشک، بایر* *Water from the Great Lakes is pumped to **arid regions.*** **2** not having any new, interesting, or exciting features or qualities: *My mind was arid, all inspiration gone.*

Answer 54

**dry** having very little moisture, or no longer wet: *How do plants survive in hot dry conditions?* | *My mouth feels dry.* | *The clothes should be dry.* | *The ground was **bone dry*** (= completely dry). **parched** completely dry – used about land, or about someone’s lips, throat, skin etc: *The earth was so parched that there were huge cracks in it.* | *parched lips خشک* **arid** extremely dry because of lack or rain and therefore difficult for growing crops: *the arid landscape of the Danakil desert* | *an arid mountain region*

Answer 55

a type of plant with green leaves shaped like large feathers, but no flowers سرخس

Answer 56

**1** a group of things of the same kind that are very close together **cluster of** *a cluster of low farm buildings; a cluster of red berries; a diamond cluster ring* **2** a group of people all in the same place **cluster of** *A cluster of children stood around the ice cream van.* **3** *technical* a group of sectors on one or more computer disks

Answer 57

**bunch** a group of things held or tied together, especially flowers or keys: *He handed me a bunch of daffodils.* **bundle** several papers, clothes, or sticks held or tied together in an untidy pile: *Bundles of papers and files filled the shelves.* **cluster** a group of things of the same kind that are close together in a place: *a cluster of stars* | *Our road ended at a cluster of cottages.*

Answer 58

**1** [uncountable and countable] a flower or the flowers on a tree or bush: شکوفه و گل * pale pink blossoms* * The cherry tree was covered in blossom.* **2 in (full) blossom** with the flowers fully open

Answer 59

the leaves of a plant: برگ درختان ## Footnote *dark green foliage*

Answer 60

**1** [countable] a small object that you keep in your house because it is beautiful rather than useful: * a shelf covered with books and ornaments* * china ornaments* **2** [uncountable] decoration that is added to something: *The building style is plain, with very little ornament.* **for ornament** *The coins were only ever used for ornament, not as currency.*

Answer 61

designed to make something look attractive rather than to be used for a particular purpose: برای قشنگی ## Footnote * ornamental gardens* * The pillars in the centre are purely ornamental.*

Answer 62

**1** someone who had your job before you started doing it پیشکسوت، اسبق **OPP** **successor:** *Kennedy’s predecessor as President was the war hero Dwight Eisenhower.* **2** a machine, system etc. that existed before another one in a process of development **OPP** **successor:** *The new BMW has a more powerful engine than its predecessor.*

Answer 63

**1** a science studied in the Middle Ages, that involved trying to change ordinary metals into gold کیمیاگری **2** *literary* magic

Answer 64

a set of firm beliefs held by a group of people who expect other people to accept these beliefs without thinking about them تعصب ## Footnote **religious/political/ideological etc. dogma** *the rejection of political dogma*

Answer 65

**1** done or made in the traditional or original way **SYN** **genuine:** اصل *authentic French food* **2** a painting, document, book etc. that is authentic has been proved to be by a particular person **SYN** **genuine:** *an authentic work by Picasso* **Register** In everyday English, people usually say that something is **real** or **the real thing** rather than **authentic:** * This is **real** Indian cooking.* * How do you know if the picture is **the real thing**?* **3** based on facts: صحیح *an authentic account* **4** used to describe a copy that is the same as, or as good as, the original: *Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle.*

Answer 66

**genuine** used about a feeling, thing, or person that really is what they seem to be: *genuine concern* | *Experts believe that the painting is genuine.* | *genuine refugees* | *a genuine reason for taking time off work* | *If a student has genuine religious objections (اعتراض، مخالفت) to a school activity, they do not have to participate.* **real** not false or artificial: *real wood* | *His real name is Reginald.* | *It looks just like **the real thing.*** | *Are those flowers real or artificial?* **authentic** authentic food, music, clothes etc. are correct for the place or the period in history that they are supposed to be from: *It’s a friendly restaurant offering authentic Greek food.* | *authentic medieval instruments* | *The dancers wore authentic Native American designs.* **true** [only before noun] having all the qualities you would expect a particular type of person or thing to have: *a true friend* | *She is a true professional.* | *Being a true Red Sox fan, he never missed a game.* | *True Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God.* **bona fide** / ˌbəʊnə ˈfaɪdi $ ˈbəʊnə faɪd / [usually before noun] bona fide people or things are really what they say they are, especially when this can be checked by looking at official documents: *a bona fide medical qualification* | *a bona fide company* | *This club is only open to bona fide members.* **hard evidence/facts** evidence or facts that are genuine and can be proved: *There was no hard evidence to support the theory.*

Answer 67

a serious book or article about a particular subject ## Footnote **treatise on** *a treatise on medical ethics*

Answer 68

کیمیاگری کردن، تبدیل کردن *formal* to change one substance or type of thing into another

Answer 69

صنعت گر someone who does skilled work, making things with their hands **SYN** **craftsman**

Pathway4_7 Flashcards

(96 cards)