400Word_3 Flashcards

Question

**strategic** **W3 AC** / strəˈtiːdʒɪk / (*also* **strategical** / -dʒɪk *ə* l /) *adjective* — **strategically** / -kli / *adverb:* ***Strategically placed*** *video cameras can alert police to any trouble.*

Answer 1

**1** done as part of a plan, especially in a military, business, or political situation: *(*برنامه ریزی شده*)* *UN forces made a strategic withdrawal.* ***strategic planning*** *meetings* *a strategic decision to move production to Hungary* **2** useful or right for a particular purpose: مناسب *Marksmen (تیراندازان ماهر) were placed at strategic points along the president’**s route.* **3** relating to fighting wars → **tactical:** *Marseilles (دومی شهر یزرگ فرانسه) was of great **strategic importance.*** **strategic arms/weapons** (= weapons designed to reach an enemy country from your own) *strategic nuclear missiles*

Answer 2

to take control of a country or area next to your own, especially by using force: به اشغال در آوردن ## Footnote *The Baltic republics were annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940.*

Answer 3

**1** *technical* the top or highest part of sth pointed or curved: * the apex of the roof* * the apex of a pyramid* **2** *formal* the most important position in an organization or society: راس *The king was at the apex of society.* **3** *formal* The highest point **SYN** **peak:** * He was at the apex of his career.* * Apex* is often used to describe the high point of someone’s abilities

Answer 4

**1** [singular, uncountable] the act of getting control of a country by fighting: تسخیر *the Norman Conquest* (= the conquest of England by the Normans) **conquest of** *the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire;* The first recorded **conquest** of Mt. Everest was by Tensing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hilary **2** [countable] land that is won in a war: سرزمین اشغالی *French conquests in Asia* **3** [countable] someone that you have persuaded to love you or to have sex with you – often used humorously: *He boasts (به رخ کشیدن) about his many conquests.* **4** [countable] when you gain control of or deal successfully with sth that is difficult or dangerous **conquest of** *the conquest of space*

Answer 5

**victory** *noun* [uncountable and countable] a situation in which you win a battle, game, election, or dispute: *The crowds celebrated Italy’s victory against England.* | *The party won a comfortable victory in the general election.* | *We**’re very confident of victory.* **win** *noun* [countable] a victory in a sports game or in a competition: *It was an important win for the Yankees.* | *A couple from London are celebrating a big lottery win.* **triumph** *noun* [countable] *written* an important victory, especially in war or politics: پیروزی و فتح *Thatcher’s greatest triumph was becoming the UK’s first female Prime Minister.* **conquest** *noun* [countable] a situation in which one country wins a war against another country and takes control of it: *the Spanish conquest of Mexico* | *Caesar is well-known for his military conquests.* **landslide** *noun* [countable] an election victory in which one party or candidate gets far more votes than their opponents: *In 1945, there was a Labour landslide.* **cakewalk** *noun* [countable] *informal* a very easy victory: *The match was expected to be a cakewalk for Brazil.* **upset** *noun* [countable] a situation in which the person, team, party etc. that was expected to win is defeated: *Truman pulled off the greatest election upset in United States history.*

Answer 6

to plan or invent a new way of doing sth: ابداع کردن ## Footnote *She **devised a method** for quicker communications between offices. The soldiers **devised** a way to cross the river into enemy territory without being seen*

Answer 7

**devise a method/way** *Our aim is to devise a way to improve quality and reduce costs.* **devise a means** (= think of a way) *We must devise a means of transport that does not pollute the atmosphere.* **devise a system** *How do you devise a system of testing students that is completely fair?* **devise a plan/scheme** *Together they devised a clever plan to escape.* **devise a strategy** *The region is keen to devise a strategy to develop tourism.* **devise a solution** *Representatives met to discuss the crisis and devise solutions.* **devise a programme** *Your trainer will devise an exercise programme for you to follow.* **devise an experiment/test** *He devised a series of experiments to test his theory.*

Answer 8

**invent** to think of an idea for a new product, machine etc, and design it or make it: *The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.* | *Who invented the Internet?* **create** to make or design sth new and original: *We decided to create the software ourselves.* | *For her latest book, she has created a whole new group of characters.* **think of sth/think up sth** to produce a new idea, plan, method, excuse etc. by thinking: *I’ve thought of an idea.* | *They’re always trying to think up new ways to improve efficiency.* **come up with sth** to produce a new idea, a way of dealing with sth etc, especially a good one: *How did you come up with that idea?* | *Ellis came up with the solution to the problem immediately.* **make sth up** to invent a story, song, game, excuse etc.: *My mother used to make up bedtime stories for us.* | *I didn’t want to go to the class, so I decided to make up an excuse.* **dream sth up** to think of an idea or plan, especially one that seems unusual or even crazy: *It can’t be easy dreaming up new advertisements all the time.* | *I wonder who dreamt up that idea!* **devise** *formal* to invent a way of doing sth, especially one that is clever or complicated: *This system was devised as a way of measuring students’ progress.* **conceive** *formal* to think of a new idea, plan etc. and develop it in your mind: *The project was originally conceived by a Dutch businessman two years ago.*

Answer 9

**1** existing or accepted in a particular place or at a particular time **SYN** **current:** موجود * The **prevailing** attitude among our neighbors is to be friendly but not too friendly.* * The **prevailing mood** of public opinion remained hostile.* * the **prevailing*** *economic* ***conditions*** *in Northern Ireland* **2 prevailing wind** a wind that blows over a particular area most of the time

Answer 10

**1** an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle etc.: نقض *human rights violations* **violation of** *a violation of international law; The army’s testing of new weapons was a **violation** of the cease-fire agreement. The sculptures at Mt. Rushmore may be a **violation** of sacred Indian land.* **in violation of sth** *Troops crossed the border in violation of the agreement.* **2** an action that causes harm or damage by treating someone or their possessions without respect

Answer 11

**a serious violation** *The committee said there had been serious violations of Senate rules.* **a gross violation** (= a very serious violation) *They had committed gross violations of the law.* **a clear violation** *This is a clear violation of privacy rights.* **a flagrant/blatant violation** (= a very clear violation) *The act of shooting down a civilian aircraft was a flagrant violation of international law.* **human rights violations** (= violations of every person's right to be treated fairly and without cruelty) *There have been protests about human rights violations at the prison.* **a traffic violation** *Speeding is one of the most common traffic violations.* **a ceasefire violation** *Each side accused the other of ceasefire violations.* **safety violations** *One oil rig worker blew the whistle on safety violations by his drilling company.*

Answer 12

**commit a violation** *Several soliders were suspected of committing human rights violations.* **constitute a violation** *formal* (= be a violation) *The actions may constitute a violation of the treaty.*

Answer 13

**1** arranged according to when things happened or were made: به ترتیب تاریخ *We arranged the documents* ***in chronological order.*** **2 chronological age** a person’s chronological age is how old they actually are, rather than how old their mind or body seems * The paintings are displayed chronologically.* * Chronologically* is often used with *arranged, organized, listed,* or some other word for order.

Answer 14

**1** to happen at the same time as sth else, especially by chance **coincide with مصادف شدن با** * His entry to the party coincided with his marriage.* * When our vacations coincided, we often holidayed together.* **planned/timed/arranged to coincide** *The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book.* **2** [not in progressive] if two people’s ideas, opinions etc. coincide, they are the same → **coincidence:** *The interests of the US and those of the islanders may not coincide.* **coincide with** *The cloth had a natural look which coincided perfectly with the image Laura sought.* **3** to meet or be in the same place: *The journey coincides in part with the Pennine Way.*

Answer 15

**1** [uncountable and countable] when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual تصادف → **coincide,** **coincidental:** *‘I’m going to Appleby tomorrow.’ ‘ **What a coincidence*** *! I**’m going there too.’* **by coincidence تصادفاًً** *By coincidence, John and I both ended up at Yale.* **sheer/pure coincidence تصادف محض**(= completely by chance) *It was sheer coincidence that we were staying in the same hotel.* **not a coincidence/more than coincidence** (= not chance, but deliberate) *I think it is more than coincidence that all the complaints have come from the same group of people.* **2** [singular] *formal* when two ideas, opinions etc. are the same **coincidence of** *a coincidence of interest between the mining companies and certain politicians*

Answer 16

**it is a coincidence that** *It was a remarkable coincidence that two people with the same name were staying at the hotel.* **it is not a/no coincidence that** (= it is deliberate) *It is no coincidence that the Government made the announcement today.* **be more than (a) coincidence** (= there is some other explanation) *When I saw him a third time, I realized it was more than just coincidence.* **a string/series/set of coincidences** *The accident happened because of a string of unfortunate coincidences.*

Answer 17

**1** [countable] sth that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions نتیجه، دست آورد **consequence of** *Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.* **consequence for** *Our findings have far-reaching consequences for researchers.* **with... consequences** *He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.* **2 as a consequence (of sth)/in consequence (of sth)** *formal* as a result of sth: * Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical.* * She was over the age limit and, in consequence, her application was rejected.* **3 of little/no/any etc. consequence** *formal* not very important or valuable **of little/no/any etc. consequence to** * Your opinion is of little consequence to me.* * I don’t suppose it is of any consequence now.*

Answer 18

**result** sth that happens because of sth else: *The fire at the house was the result of a dropped cigarette.* | *Many people find that herbal remedies produce a good result.* **consequence** sth important that happens as the result of a decision or action: *Global warming will have serious consequences for the environment.* | *Rising prices are the inevitable consequence of the grain shortage.* **repercussions** the bad effects that happen later as a result of an event, often a long time afterwards: *The economic crisis in the US is likely to have serious repercussions for the rest of the world.* | *The scandal could have major repercussions for his career.* **outcome** the final result of a meeting, election, war etc.: *The final outcome of the election remained in doubt for several days.* | *So, what is the likely outcome for Spain?* **the upshot** the final result of a situation, especially when this was unexpected: *The upshot of all this was that the trial had to be delayed.* **the fruits of sth** *literary* the things that have been achieved as a result of someone’s efforts – used especially in the following phrases: *He did not live to see **the fruits of his labours.*** | *They can now enjoy **the fruits of their success.***

Answer 19

**1** [intransitive and transitive] to become or make sth become smaller or less **SYN** **reduce: کم کردن** * The party’s share of the electorate has diminished steadily.* * These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.* **2** [transitive] to deliberately make someone or sth appear less important or valuable than they really are: ضعیف جلوه دادن * Don**’t let him diminish your achievements.* * But that’s not to diminish the importance of his discoveries.* **3 diminishing returns** when the profits or advantages you are getting from sth stop increasing in relation to the effort you are making

Answer 20

**decrease** to become less in number or amount: *The average rainfall has decreased by around 30 percent.* **go down** to decrease. **Go down** is less formal than **decrease** and is the usual word to use in conversation: *Unemployment has gone down in the past few months.* **decline** *formal* to decrease – used with numbers or amounts, or about the level or standard of sth: *The standard of living has declined.* | *Support for the government is steadily declining.* | *Salaries have declined by around 4.5%.* **diminish** to become smaller or less important: *Union membership diminished from 30,000 at its height to just 2,000 today.* **fall/drop** to decrease, especially by a large amount. **Fall** and **drop** are less formal than **decrease:** *The number of tigers in the wild has fallen to just over 10,000.* | *At night, the temperature drops to minus 20 degrees.* **plunge** / plʌndʒ / **/plummet** / ˈplʌmət, ˈplʌmɪt / to suddenly decrease very quickly and by a very large amount: *Share prices have plummeted 29% in the last four months.* | *Climate change could cause global temperatures to plummet.* **slide** if a price or value slides, it gradually decreases in a way that causes problems – used especially in news reports: *The dollar fell in late trading in New York yesterday and slid further this morning.* **dwindle** / ˈdwɪndl / to gradually decrease until there is very little left of sth, especially numbers or amounts, popularity, or importance: *Support for the theory is dwindling.* **taper off** / ˈteɪpə $ -ər / if a number or the amount of an activity that is happening tapers off, it gradually decreases, especially so that it stops completely: *Political violence tapered off after the elections.*

Answer 21

A system of imaginary lines running from north to south along the Earth’s surface, where each line is numbered from 0º to 180° west or east; The prime meridian, a line running through Greenwich, England, is marked as 0° **longitude.**

Answer 22

**1** [uncountable and countable] the distance north or south of the equator (= the imaginary line around the middle of the world), measured in degrees → **longitude** **2 latitudes** [plural] an area at a particular latitude: * The birds breed in northern latitudes.* * the planet's southernmost latitudes* **3** [uncountable] *formal* freedom to choose what you do or say **considerable/greater latitude** (= a lot of freedom to choose) *Pupils enjoy considerable latitude in deciding what they want to study.* **latitude in/for** *Employees should have some latitude in organizing their work.*

Answer 23

the things and people that surround you and influence the way you live and think: *(*محیط اطراف*)* * Proust’s work reflected his own social and cultural milieu. Many Vietnam veterans did not feel comfortable in the antiwar social **milieu** of the 1970s* * She never felt happy in a student milieu.*

Answer 24

**1** a situation in which two people, countries etc. become friendly with each other again after quarrelling: مصالحه *Her ex-husband had always hoped for a reconciliation.* South Africa avoided a bloodbath (قتل عام) after apartheid by setting up a Truth and **Reconciliation** Commission **reconciliation between/with** * The meeting achieved a reconciliation between the groups.* * his reconciliation with his brother* * The treaty has brought a new spirit of reconciliation on both sides.* * The leadership announced a programme of national reconciliation* (= an attempt by all sides to end a war or trouble in a country). **2** the process of finding a way that two beliefs, facts etc. that are opposed to each other can both be true or successful **reconciliation between** *a reconciliation between environment and development*

Answer 25

to use sth for a particular purpose, give sth to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made اختصاص دادن **allocate sth to sb/sth** * the importance of **allocating resources** to local communities* * You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.* The budget **allocates** $58 billion to the military and only about $2 billion to education; Things that can be *allocated* are things that can be “spent”—money, time, energy, etc **sth is allocated for sth** *One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.* **allocate sb/sth sth** *Several patients were waiting to be allocated a bed.*

Answer 26

**1** a product that is bought and sold: کالا، متاع * agricultural commodities* * Commodity prices fell sharply.* **2** *formal* a useful quality or thing: *Time is a precious commodity.*

Answer 27

**an important commodity** *Crude oil is the world’s most important commodity.* **an expensive commodity** *Consumers began to find that they could afford more expensive commodities.* **a valuable/precious commodity** *Land is an extremely valuable commodity.* **a rare/scarce commodity** *Soap was a scarce commodity during the war.* **a hot commodity** (= one that a lot of people want to buy) *Web domains ending in.com became hot commodities.* **a saleable/tradeable commodity** (= one that can be sold or traded) *Land is a freely saleable commodity.* **agricultural commodities** *The falling prices of agricultural commodities such as coffee have severely affected the economy.* **industrial commodities** *Sales of the old industrial commodities of iron and coal are still important.* **commodity prices** *Commodity prices are very high in the UK.* **a commodity market** *Coffee is facing the deepest crisis in a global commodity market since the great depression of the 30s.*

Answer 28

**product** *noun* [countable] sth that is made or produced in large quantities, usually in order to be sold: *consumer products such as mobile phones* | *dairy products* **goods** *noun* [plural] things that are produced in order to be sold, especially for use in the home: *They sell furniture and other **household goods.*** | ***electrical goods*** | ***white goods*** (= large electrical goods used in the home such as washing machines and refrigerators) **commodity** *noun* [countable] *formal* a type of product or raw material that can be bought and sold – used especially about basic food products, metals, and fuels: *The decline in prices for agricultural commodities made the economic situation worse.* | *All metal was a valuable commodity and was rarely wasted.* **merchandise** *noun* [uncountable] *formal* things that are being sold, especially in shops: *Customers are not allowed to handle the merchandise.* | *Sales of books, videos, and other merchandise have increased.* **wares** *noun* [plural] *written* things that are offered for sale, especially in a market or on the street: *In the market, the traders began selling their wares.* | *Merchants brought their wares from all over the world.* **export** *noun* [countable often plural] a product that is sent to a foreign country in order to be sold: *US exports rose to $11.935 billion.* | *At the moment, oil is their biggest export.* **import** *noun* [countable often plural] goods that are brought from one country into another to be sold there: *The UK clothing industry cannot compete with foreign imports on price.*

Answer 29

a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of sth کاهش **decline in** *There has been a decline in the size of families.* **decline of** *the decline of manufacturing* **rapid/sharp/steep/dramatic decline** *a rapid decline in unemployment* **steady/gradual/long-term decline** * The island’s population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual decline until only 40 people were left.* * the **economic decline** faced by many cities* **in decline/on the decline** (= falling) *the widely held belief that educational standards are in decline* **fall/go etc. into decline** (= become less important, successful etc.) *The port fell into decline in the 1950s.*

Answer 30

**sharp/steep decline** (= by a large amount) *The higher prices caused a sharp decline in sales.* **rapid decline** (= fast) *We noticed a rapid decline in his health.* **dramatic decline** (= extremely fast, and by a large amount) *The last three years have seen a dramatic decline in the number of tigers in the area.* **marked decline** (= very noticeable) *Hunting led to a marked decline in bird numbers.* **gradual decline** *After 1870, there was a gradual decline of the disease.* **steady/progresssive decline** (= gradual but continuous) *There has been a steady decline in club membership.* **a long-term decline** (= happening for a long time) *The long-term decline in the manufacturing industry is still continuing.* **economic/industrial etc. decline** *This area has been severely affected by long-term industrial decline.*

Answer 31

**cause/lead to a decline** *The use of agricultural chemicals has led to a decline in water quality.* **go/fall into decline** (= become less important, successful etc.) *At the beginning of the century the cloth trade was going into decline.* **suffer a decline** *The firm suffered a sharp decline in its profits.* **stop/halt a decline** (= stop it from continuing) *These measures are intended to halt the decline in fish populations.* **reverse a decline** (= make sth start to improve again) *The main aim is to reverse the decline of the world’s environment.* **see a decline** (= used to say that a decline happens at a particular time or in a particular place) *The 20th century saw a steady decline in the rural population.*

Answer 32

**decrease** used when the number, amount, or level of sth becomes less than it used to be: *There has been a significant decrease in the number of deaths from lung cancer.* | *a 5% decrease in housing prices* **reduction** used when the price, amount, or level of sth is made lower: *There will be further price reductions in the sales.* | *A small reduction in costs can mean a large increase in profits.* **cut** used when a government or company reduces the price, amount, or level of sth: *a 1% cut in interest rates* | *tax cuts* | *It is possible that there will be further job cuts.* **drop/fall** used when the number, amount, or level of sth goes down, especially by a large amount: *The figures showed a sharp fall in industrial output.* | *There was a dramatic drop in temperature.* **decline** used when the number, amount, level, or standard of sth goes down, especially gradually: *During the 1970s, there was a gradual decline in the birthrate.* | *a decline in educational standards*

Answer 33

**1** [uncountable] *formal* a situation in which all people are treated equally and no one has an unfair advantage انصاف، برابری **OPP** **inequity:** *a society run on the principles of equity and justice* **2** [uncountable] *technical* the amount of money that you would have left if you sold your house and paid off the money you borrowed to buy the house; In this meaning, *equity* is always singular and usually followed by an *in* phrase: *Barnard’s **equity** in the business was one-third, or about $350,000* **3 equities** [plural] *technical* share s in a company from which the owner of the shares receives some of the company’s profits rather than a fixed regular payment **4** [uncountable] *law* the principle that a fair judgment must be made in a situation where the existing laws do not provide an answer

Answer 34

used to describe the average amount of sth in a particular place, calculated according to the number of people who live there: سرانه * the country’**s per capita income;* Research shows we’re likely to sell 15 light bulbs**per capita** per year in medium-sized cities * the number of crimes that occur per capita*

Answer 35

money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods etc. یارانه **trade/agricultural subsidies etc.** *international disagreement over trade subsidies; Federal **subsidies** to grain farmers have helped them stay in business despite three years of bad weather*

Answer 36

**1** clear enough or definite enough to be easily seen or noticed محسوس و ملموس **OPP intangible:** *The scheme must have **tangible benefits** for the unemployed. One **tangible benefit** of putting electrical cables underground is a clearer view of the sky.* **tangible evidence/proof** *He has no tangible evidence of John’s guilt.* **2 tangible assets/property** property such as buildings, equipment etc. **3** *technical* if sth is tangible, you can touch or feel it: *The silence of the countryside was **almost tangible.***

Answer 37

having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc. **SYN** **wealthy: ثروتمند** *affluent families* **an affluent society/area etc.** *the affluent Cô**te d'Azur*

Answer 38

**rich** having a lot of money – used about people and places: *She married a rich Greek shipowner.* | *one of the world’**s richest nations* **wealthy** rich – used about people and places, especially when they have been rich for a long time: *wealthy landowners* | *Orange County is a very wealthy area.* | *a wealthy Arab businessman* **affluent** *formal* rich – used about societies, groups of people, or areas where people live, where people have nice houses and a lot of expensive possessions: *today’s affluent society* | *affluent young professionals* | *an affluent suburb of Boston* **prosperous** *formal* rich – used about places and groups of people, especially when their money is related to success in business: *Sales have grown fastest in the more prosperous areas of the south.* | *prosperous merchants and bankers* **well-off** fairly rich compared to other people, so that you can live very comfortably: *Her parents are pretty well-off.* | *children from well-off families* **well-to-do** *written* rich – used especially in the past about families and people who had a fairly high position in society: *Only well-to-do families could afford to send their children to university.* | *The Westons were now well-to-do and there was no necessity for work.* **privileged** having special advantages because your family have a lot of money and a high position in society: *He comes from a privileged background.* | *The sport was only played by **a privileged few.*** **comfortably off** [not before noun] having enough money to have a nice life without having to worry about money: *I wouldn’t say that we were rich – just comfortably off.* **be rolling in it/be loaded** *informal* to be extremely rich: *They’ve got two houses and a boat – they must be rolling in it.* | *Her books were so successful that she’s loaded now.*

Answer 39

a group of people who have a lot of power and influence because they have money, knowledge, or special skills نخبه، گلچین **political/social/economic etc. elite** * the domination of power by a small political elite* * a struggle for power within the **ruling elite***

Answer 40

**1** to make someone very poor: فقیر کردن * Falling coffee prices have impoverished many Third World economies.* * families impoverished by debt* **2** to make sth worse in quality: *Fast-growing trees remove nutrients and impoverish the soil.*

Answer 41

**1 the nobility** the group of people in some countries who belong to the highest social class and have titles such as “Duke” or “Count” (for men) and “Duchess” or “Countess” (for women) **SYN the aristocracy** نجیب زادگان **2** [uncountable] the quality of being noble: *the nobility of his intentions*

Answer 42

the respect and admiration that someone or sth gets because of their success or important position in society **prestige of** * the prestige of having your work shown at a top London gallery* * The king wanted to* ***enhance*** *his* ***prestige*** *through war.* * This little-known British firm has now **gained*** *considerable* ***prestige.*** * the personal prestige attached to owning a large property*

Answer 43

**reputation** *noun* [countable] the opinion that people have about a person, organization etc. because of what has happened in the past: *She was a good lawyer with a reputation for honesty and diligence.* | *The school had an excellent reputation.* | *The lawsuit has damaged the company’**s reputation.* **image** *noun* [countable] the idea that people have about what sth is like, especially when this is created through newspaper stories, advertising etc.: *A PR campaign was launched in an effort to improve the company’**s image.* | *Boxing has rather a**negative image.***| *The princess tried to**project**an****image*** *of herself as serious and hard-working* (= she tried to give people the idea that she was serious and hard-working). **name** *noun* [singular] the reputation that a person, organization etc. has – used especially in the following phrases: *The company is anxious to protect its **good name.*** | *Cyclists who ignore traffic rules give other cyclists **a bad name.*** | *Electrolux* ***has a name for*** *making top quality vacuum cleaners.* | *He went to court in order to try to **clear his name*** (= prove that he is innocent). **standing** *noun* [uncountable] someone’s reputation and position compared to other people in a group or society, based on other peoples’ opinion of them: *The class system in Great Britain encourages people to be very aware of their **social standing.*** | *He needs to improve his standing among female voters.* | *Jacques Tati was a man of international standing in the world of screen comedy.* **prestige** *noun* [uncountable] the good reputation that a company, organization, group etc. has, which makes people respect and admire them: *the prestige of a carmaker such as Rolls-Royce* | *Does Stanford University **carry** the same* ***prestige*** *as Harvard orYale?* | *Hosting the Olympic Games would enhance our country’s international prestige.* | *The teaching profession has lost the prestige it had in the past.* **stature** *noun* [uncountable] *formal* the importance and respect that a person or organization has, because of their achievements or their influence: *As he got older, Picasso’s stature as an artist increased.* | *Their work is **equal in stature.*** | *an actor* ***of international stature*** | *The party’s stature has increased in recent years.*

Answer 44

if people or businesses prosper, they grow and develop in a successful way, especially by becoming rich or making a large profit: رونق یافتن *Businesses across the state are prospering.* Vargas **prospered** after finally patenting his new inventions

Answer 45

**1** to make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it **SYN** **judge قضاوت کردن** **assess the impact/extent/effectiveness etc. of sth** *a report to assess the impact of advertising on children* **assess what/how etc.** *The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have.* **be assessed as sth** *Many of the adults were assessed as having learning difficulties.* **2** to calculate the value or cost of sth **be assessed at sth** *The value of the business was assessed at £1.25 million.*

Answer 46

**1** [usually plural] the things that a company owns, that can be sold to pay debts دارایی ها **in assets** * a corporation with $9 billion in assets* * the value of a company’s assets* **2** [usually singular] sth or someone that is useful because they help you succeed or deal with problems چیز باارزش و مفید **OPP** **liability:** *A sense of humor is a great asset in this business.* **be an asset to sb/sth** *I think Rachel would be an asset to the department.* → fixed assets, liquid assets

Answer 47

land, buildings, or equipment that a business owns and uses اموال غیرمنقول

Answer 48

the money that a company or person has, and the property they can exchange for money اموال منقول

Answer 49

**1** a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc. for a period of time, in return for rent قرارداد اجاره **take out a lease on قرارداد اجاره بستن** * They **took out a lease** on a seven-acre field.* * The landlord refused to **renew** his **lease.*** * The 99-year **lease expired** in 1999.* * Do you understand all **the terms of** the **lease*** *?* **2 a new lease on life عمر دوباره** **a)** if sth has a new lease on life, it is changed or repaired so that it can continue: *Historic buildings can have a new lease on life through conversion.* **b)** if someone has a new lease on life, they become healthy, active, or happy again after being weak, ill, or tired: *an operation to give her a new lease on life*

Answer 50

**have/hold a lease** *Who has the lease on the flat?* **take (out) a lease** (= start having a lease) *He took a seven-year lease on the place.* **renew a lease** (= keep a lease for a longer period of time) *The company decided not to renew the lease on the office.* **grant sb a lease** (= let someone have a lease) *The landlord may grant a lease for a short or long period.* **sign a lease** (= agree to the legal details of a lease by signing it) *He refused to sign the new lease because the rent was too high.* **a lease runs** (= continues for a period of time) *The lease will run for 21 years.* **a lease runs out** (*also* **a lease expires** *formal)* (= it stops) *Their lease runs out in June.*

Answer 51

**a short/short-term lease** *These flats are let on short leases to students.* **a long/long-term lease** *We**’re negotiating a long-term lease on the building.* **a 20/30/40 etc. year lease** *The company has acquired the building on a 30-year lease.* **the current/existing lease** *The current lease still has 12 years to run.* **a lease agreement** *The organization has signed a lease agreement on a 50-acre site.* **a lease payment** *He is struggling to afford the lease payments on the office.*

Answer 52

(= the legal details of it) *Under the terms of the lease, the tenants have to pay for any repairs.*

Answer 53

**1** [uncountable] legal responsibility for sth, especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury مسولیت **liability for** *Tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause.* **liability to** *your liability to capital gains tax* **liability to do sth** *The court ruled there was no liability to pay any refund.* **2 liabilities** [plural] *technical* the amount of debt that must be paid بدهیها **OPP** **assets** **3** [singular] someone or sth that is likely to cause problems for someone: آدم مشکل ساز *A kid like Tom would be a liability in any classroom.* **liability to** *The outspoken minister has become a liability to the government.* **4 liability to sth** *law* the amount by which sth is likely to be affected by a particular kind of problem, illness etc.

Answer 54

**full liability** (= complete responsibility) *The driver of the other car accepted full liability for the accident.* **limited liability** (= when someone is responsible for damages or debts for a limited amount of money) *Limited liability encourages managers to take more risks with shareholder funds than they would otherwise.* **unlimited liability** (= when someone is responsible for damages or debts for the full amount of money) *Under the agreement, the insurance company has unlimited liability.* **legal liability** (= responsibility for sth that is covered by laws) *What is the legal liability of an employer in the event of an accident at work?* **criminal liability** (= responsiblity for injury or damage covered by criminal law) *A child under the age of ten cannot face criminal liability for its acts.* **civil liability** (= responsiblity for injury or damage covered by civil law) *A company operating a ship which spills oil into the sea will face civil liability.* **tax liability** (= a legal responsibility to pay tax) *The government is planning to increase the tax liability on company cars.* **personal liability** (= when an individual person is legally responsible) *Directors can incur personal liability for errors made by their companies.*

Answer 55

**have liability** *The parents of these children may have some liability.* **accept/admit liability** *The company accepts no liability for any loss, inconvenience, or delay caused by a cancellation of train services.* **assume liability** (= take the responsibility for sth, which you did not have before) *You would then assume the tax liability for the account.* **incur liability** (= be in a situation in which you must take responsibility for sth) *The transfer of property will not incur a liability to inheritance tax.* **deny liability** (= say you are not responsible for sth) *The defendants continued to deny liability for Peck's death.* **escape/avoid liability** *The defendant escaped liability by proving that he had taken all possible measures to avoid the accident.*

Answer 56

**a liability claim** (= a claim that someone is legally responsible) *A liability claim was made by a consumer injured by the product.* **liability insurance/cover** (= insurance that protects you against a liability claim) *Many house and contents insurance policies have provision for liability insurance for claims of negligence against you.*

Answer 57

an owner of a business مالک **proprietor of** *the proprietor of a small hotel and restaurant* **newspaper/garage/cafe etc. proprietor**

Answer 58

to protect sth from harm or damage حراست کردن، حفاظت کردن **safeguard sb****’s interests/rights/welfare etc.** * The industry has a duty to safeguard consumers.* * technology that will safeguard the environment* **safeguard sth against sth** *a program for safeguarding the computer system against viruses*

Answer 59

**protect** to keep someone or sth safe from harm, damage, or illness: *Don**’t worry, I’ll protect you.* | *The government wants to protect the environment.* | *Eating healthily helps to protect against many diseases.* **give/offer/provide protection** to protect someone from sth harmful: *Wearing a hat offers some protection from the sun.* | *The drug can give protection against cancer.* | *The law provides no protection.* **guard** to protect a person, place, or object by staying near them and watching them: *Police officers guarded the entrance to the building.* | *He is guarded by armed men.* **save** to protect someone or sth when they are in danger of being harmed or destroyed: *Local people are fighting to save the theatre from demolition.* | *Emergency aid could save millions of people who are threatened with starvation.* **preserve** to keep sth, especially buildings or the environment, from being harmed, destroyed, or changed too much: *The organization works to preserve forests.* | *There is little money for preserving historic buildings.* **safeguard** to protect sth important, such as people’s rights, interests, jobs, health etc.: *The deal will safeguard 200 jobs at the factory.* | *Laws should do more to safeguard the rights of victims.* **shield** to put sth in front of sth else to protect it. Also used to talk about protecting people from unpleasant situations: *He lifted his hand to shield his eyes from the light.* | *They thought the public should be shielded from the truth.* **shelter** to provide a place where someone or sth is protected from the weather or from danger: *The village is sheltered by a belt of trees.* | *His family had sheltered Jews during the war.* **harbor** to help and protect someone who has done sth illegal, and prevent the police from finding them: *He is accused of harbouring suspected terrorists.*

Answer 60

**1** the sole person, thing etc. is the only one **SYN** **only:** * the sole American in the room* * Griffiths is the* ***sole survivor*** *of the crash.* * The story was published **with the sole purpose of** selling newspapers.* **2** not shared with anyone else: * Derek **has sole responsibility** for sales in Dublin.* * The company has the **sole rights** to market Elton John’**s records.*

Answer 61

**sb’s sole purpose/aim** *Their sole purpose was to kill.* **the sole reason** *His sole reason for calling was to shower abuse upon me.* **the sole cause** *I’m not saying that TV violence is the sole cause of violence in society.* **the sole candidate** *He was the sole candidate for the post.* **the sole occupant** *The library’s sole occupant was a thin, elderly man.* **the sole survivor** *Jack was the sole survivor of the crew.*

Answer 62

**the sole surviving/remaining member/child etc.** *His sole surviving child, Mary, succeeded to the throne at the age of one week.* **sole responsibility** *She has the sole responsibility for a large family.* **sole rights** *The company now has the sole rights to the process.* **sole ownership/proprietorship** *He now has sole ownership of the company.* **sole control/charge** *The school was no longer under their sole control.*

Answer 63

**1** [intransitive] to replace or balance the effect of sth bad: جبران کردن *Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate.* **compensate for** *Her intelligence more than compensates for her lack of experience.* **Register** In everyday English, people usually say **make up for** sth rather than **compensate for** sth: *What she lacks in patience she **makes up for*** *in determination.* **2** [transitive] to pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage: *the government’s promise to compensate victims of the flood* **compensate sb for sth** *The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings.*

Answer 64

**1** full of energy and new ideas, and determined to succeed: پویا *dynamic and ambitious people* **2** continuously moving or changing: *a dynamic and unstable process* **3** *technical* relating to a force or power that causes movement

Answer 65

**energetic** having a lot of energy: *If you’re feeling energetic, we could go out for a run.* **full of energy/bursting with energy** energetic and ready to work hard or do a lot of things: *I admire her because she’s so full of energy and enthusiasm.* | *When she first started at the college she was bursting with energy and full of new ideas.* **dynamic** very energetic and always wanting to do new things: *What this country needs is a dynamic new leader.* **hyperactive** having more energy than is normal or good, because you cannot keep still or quiet for very long – used especially about children: *Our youngest daughter was hyperactive, and it had a damaging effect on the whole family.* **tireless** working with a lot of energy in a determined way, especially to achieve a particular thing: *She was a tireless campaigner against apartheid in South Africa.* **full of beans** *informal* feeling energetic and happy and showing this in the way you behave: *He’s one of those people who leap out of bed full of beans every morning.*

Answer 66

having the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work and make money: ## Footnote * Some enterprising students are designing software.* * an enterprising scheme to provide interest-free loans*

Answer 67

**1** to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval: (بهره برداری کردن) *Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.* **2** to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly: *The violence was blamed on thugs (*گردن کلفت*) (a violent man) exploiting the situation.* **3** to use sth fully and effectively: *The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.* **4** to develop and use minerals, forests, oil etc. for business or industry: *the urgent need to exploit the resources of the Irish Sea*

Answer 68

**use** *Do you mind if I use your phone?* | *They rebuilt the church using local stone.* | *We use a range of different methods.* **make use of sth** to use sth that is available to you: *Staff can make use of a wide range of facilities.* | *She made full use of her contacts within the organization.* **employ** *formal* to use a particular method or skill in order to achieve sth: *The surgeons employed a new technique.* | *They employed every means at their disposal* (= every available method). **utilize** *formal* to use sth that is available to you, for a practical purpose: *The company has developed a new way to utilize solar energy.* | *a better way of utilizing the space* **exploit** to use sth as fully and effectively as possible, or to use sth that will give you an advantage over your opponent: *The country’s natural resources have not yet been fully exploited.* | *He was quick to exploit any weakness in his opponent’**s argument.* **apply** to use sth such as a method, idea, or system in a particular situation: *New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.* | *I wanted to apply the things that I had learned on the course.* **draw on sth** to use information, knowledge, or experience that you have learned in the past: *He was able to draw on his own experience as a diplomat when he was writing the book.* | *Journalists draw on information from many different sources.* **resort to sth** to use violence, force, threats etc. as a way of achieving sth: *Extremists on both sides resort to violence.* | *We are prepared to resort to force if necessary.*

Answer 69

sth that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc. → **motivation:** (انگیزه و مشوق) ## Footnote *As an **added incentive,** there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.* **create/provide/give sb an incentive** *Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.* **incentive to do sth** *Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.* **economic/financial/tax etc. incentives** *a recycling drive backed with financial incentives*

Answer 70

**have an incentive** *Companies have an incentive to maximize efficiency.* **give/offer sb an incentive** *If you want people to change their behavior, it's a good idea to offer them some kind of incentive.* **provide sb with an incentive** *Good teachers provide their students with incentives to learn.* **create an incentive** *We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their rubbish.* **act as an incentive** (= be an incentive) *The chance of promotion acts as an incentive for many employees.*

Answer 71

**a strong/powerful incentive** *The possibility of acquiring wealth acts as a strong incentive in many people's lives.* **a significant incentive** *The high financial rewards provide a significant incentive.* **a greater incentive** *The scheme gives industry a greater incentive to tackle pollution.* **the main incentive** *What is the main incentive for people to join the army?* **an extra/added incentive** *The cash prize gives contestants an added incentive to do well.* **economic/financial incentives** (= money that is offered to someone as an incentive) *Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas.*

Answer 72

**cash incentives** *The scheme gives farmers cash incentives to manage the countryside for wildlife.* **tax incentives** (= a reduction in tax, offered to people as an incentive) *Tax incentives are provided for employees to buy shares in their own companies.* **price incentives** (= lower prices, offered to people as an incentive) *The strong December sales were attributed to attractive price incentives.* **an incentive scheme/system** *The incentive scheme was introduced to encourage companies to use renewable energy sources.* **have little/no incentive to do sth** *Poor farmers have little incentive to grow crops for export.*

Answer 73

**1** [uncountable] eagerness and willingness to do sth without needing to be told or forced to do it محرک، انگیزه **sb’****s motivation** * efforts to improve employees’* *motivation* * Jack is an intelligent pupil, but he lacks motivation.* * a high level of motivation* **2** [countable] the reason why you want to do sth **motivation for (doing) sth** * What was your motivation for becoming a teacher?* * Escape can be a strong motivation for travel.* **motivation behind** *There is suspicion about the motivation behind the changes we are debating.*

Answer 74

someone who is industrious works hard **SYN** **hard-working; سخت کوش** *Usage tips* Only people can be *industrious;* companies cannot

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