400Word_8 Flashcards

Question

**mon****‧****e****‧****ta****‧****ry** / ˈmʌnət *ə* ri, ˈmʌnɪt *ə* ri $ ˈmɑːnəteri / *adjective* [only before noun]

Answer 1

relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country: ## Footnote * the government’s tight monetary policy* * objects of little monetary value*

Answer 2

**financial** relating to money or the management of money: *businesses that provide personal financial services* | *the financial problems of old age* **economic** relating to the money of a country, area, or society, and the way it is earned, spent, and controlled: *American voters were anxious for a change in economic policy.* | *an economic crisis* **fiscal** [only before noun] *formal* relating to the money, debts, tax etc. that are owned and managed by the government: مالی *fiscal control* | *The Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit.* **monetary** [only before noun] *formal* relating to money, especially all the money in a country, and how it is managed: *The Bank of Thailand has retained a tight monetary policy.* | *the European Monetary System* **budgetary** [only before noun] *formal* relating to the official plan of how the money of a country or organization is spent: مربوط به بودجه *City officials are facing tough budgetary decisions.* | *the process of budgetary control*

Answer 3

**1** [countable] the amount or share of something that has been allocated for a particular purpose: تخصیص *Twelve hours a week seemed a generous allocation of your time.* **2** [uncountable] the decision to allocate something, or the act of allocating it **allocation of اختصاص چیزی** *the allocation of funds to universities*

Answer 4

**1** strongly supporting a particular political party, plan, or leader, usually without considering the other choices carefully: طرفدار *British newspapers are **highly partisan.*** **2** relating to the fighting of an armed group against an enemy that has taken control of its country: پاتیزانی، چریکی *the nature of partisan warfare*

Answer 5

**1** to move away from the place you should be **stray into/onto/from** *Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.* **2** to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to **stray into/onto/from** * We’re straying into ethnic issues here.* * This meeting is beginning to **stray from the point.*** **3** if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to **stray to/back/over etc.** *Her eyes strayed to the clock.* **4** to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this

Answer 6

someone who conducts a military band, brass band etc. رهبر اکستر

Answer 7

**1** to say something which seems to mean something unpleasant without saying it openly, especially suggesting that someone is being dishonest **SYN** **imply اشاره کردن** **insinuate that** * Are you insinuating that the money was stolen?* * What are you trying to insinuate?* **2** *formal* to gradually gain someone’s love, trust etc. by pretending to be friendly and sincere: جلب نظر یا عشق کسی کردن *He managed to insinuate his way into her affections.* **insinuate yourself into something** *He insinuated himself into Mehmet’s confidence.* **3** *formal* to move yourself or a part of your body into a place: خودت رو به محلی بکشونی *a large cat insinuated itself through the gap*

Answer 8

**1** [transitive] if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they can both be true or acceptable: مصالحه و آشتی کردن *The possibility remains that the two theories may be reconciled.* **reconcile something with something** *Bevan tried to reconcile British socialism with a wider international vision.* **2 be reconciled (with somebody)** to have a good relationship again with someone after you have quarrelled with them: *Jonah and his youngest son were, on the surface at least, reconciled.* **Register** In everyday English, people usually say that two people **make up** rather than saying that they **are reconciled:** *They had a fight, but they seem to have **made up** now.* **reconcile somebody to something** *phrasal verb* to make someone able to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation: *He tried to reconcile his father to the idea of the wedding.* **reconcile yourself to something** *Henry had more or less reconciled himself to Don’s death.*

Answer 9

**1** [uncountable and countable] *technical* a combination of notes that sound strange because they are not in harmony **OPP** **consonance** **2** [uncountable] *formal* lack of agreement

Answer 10

expressing praise: تحسین و تمجید کننده ## Footnote *a laudatory biography*

Answer 11

**1** to say publicly or officially that something important is true or exists **اعلام کردن** → **proclamation: اعلامیه** *The President proclaimed the republic’s independence.* **proclaim that** *Protesters proclaimed that the girl was innocent.* **proclaim somebody something** *His son was immediately proclaimed King.* **2** to show something clearly or be a sign of something: *The stripes on her uniform proclaimed her seniority.*

Answer 12

**1** [countable usually singular, uncountable] when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future **provision of تدارک چیزی** *the provision of childcare facilities* **provision for** * provision for people with disabilities* * He **made provisions for** his wife and his children in his will.* **2 provisions** [plural] food, drink, and other supplies, especially for a journey: خواربار و خوراکی راه *We had enough provisions for two weeks.* **3** [countable] a condition in an agreement or law: شرایط قانونی *The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons.* **under the provisions of something** *Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment.*

Answer 13

**1** the condition of only just having enough money or food to stay alive: حداقل امکانات زندگی * Many of the families are forced to live at the subsistence level.* * The land provided subsistence and little more.* **2 subsistence farming/agriculture etc.** farming that produces just enough food for the farmer to live on, but does not produce enough food to sell to other people **3 subsistence allowance/payment etc.** money that is paid to someone so that they can buy meals, pay for a place to stay etc.

Answer 14

**fare well/badly/better etc.** to be successful, unsuccessful etc: یه چیزی بودن ## Footnote * Although Chicago has fared better than some cities, unemployment remains a problem.* * He wondered how Ed had fared in the interview.*

Answer 15

**1** [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to bring people together in a large group, especially roughly: جمع کردن آدمها با خشونت * The prisoners were **herded together.*** * I don’t want to be herded around with a lot of tourists.* **herd somebody into something** *The visitors were herded into two large halls.* **2** [transitive] to make animals move together in a group: *It was Tom’s duty to herd the cows.* **3 something is like herding cats** used to say that trying to control or organize a group of people is very difficult

Answer 16

**1** [intransitive and transitive] if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats grass that is growing چراندن، چریدن **graze on** * Groups of cattle were grazing on the rich grass.* * fields where they used to graze their sheep* **2** [transitive] to accidentally break the surface of your skin by rubbing it against something: خراشیدن پوست *I fell on the gravel, severely grazing my knee.* **3** [transitive] to touch something lightly while passing it, sometimes damaging it: *A bullet grazed his arm.* **4** [intransitive] *informal* to eat small amounts of food all through the day instead of having regular meals

Answer 17

**1** *medical* the process by which a child or young animal develops inside its mother’s body before birth, or the period of time when this happens بارداری *The **gestation period** of a horse is about 11 months.* **2** *formal* the process by which a new idea, piece of work etc. is developed, or the period of time when this happens **SYN** **development** **in gestation** *The report was a very long time in gestation.*

Answer 18

an animal such as a kangaroo which carries its babies in a pocket of skin on its body جانوران کیسه دار

Answer 19

**1** an animal that is nocturnal is active at night: شبانه *Hamsters are nocturnal creatures.* **2** *formal* happening at night: *Rebecca paid a nocturnal visit to the flat.*

Answer 20

**1** a natural spring that sends hot water and steam suddenly into the air from a hole in the ground چشمه آب گرم

Answer 21

**1** [uncountable and countable] a time when all the people in a play, concert etc. practise before a public performance تمرین نمایش **rehearsal for/of** *a rehearsal for ‘Romeo and Juliet’* **in rehearsal** *The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.* → dress rehearsal **2** [countable] a time when all the people involved in a big event practise it together before it happens: *a wedding rehearsal*

Answer 22

the study of fossils (= ancient bones, plants etc. that have been preserved in rock) دیرینه شناس

Answer 23

**1** when you guess about the possible causes or effects of something without knowing all the facts, or the guesses that you make خیال و حدس **speculation that** *There is speculation that the president is ill.* **speculation about/on** * speculation about the future* * The witness’s statement was **pure speculation*** (= not based on any knowledge). **wild/idle speculation** (= speculation that is unlikely to be true) **2** when you try to make a large profit by buying goods, property, shares etc. and then selling them: زمین خواری *property speculation*

Answer 24

**pure/mere speculation** (= not based on any knowledge) *A government official yesterday dismissed the reports as ‘pure speculation’.* **wild/idle speculation** (= unlikely to be true) *Such fears are wild speculation.* **intense speculation** *The reason for his resignation was the subject of intense speculation.* **widespread speculation** *There was widespread speculation about his political plans.* **renewed speculation** *The move has prompted renewed speculation that an election will be held in April.* **press/media speculation** *She appealed for an end to press speculation about her marriage.*

Answer 25

**lead to/prompt/give rise to speculation** (= result in it) *This development led to speculation that she was about to resign.* **fuel speculation** (= make it increase) *The announcement has fueled speculation that the company will be the target of a takeover bid.* **dismiss speculation** (= say that it is not true) *He dismissed speculation that he might run for president.* **end speculation** *Smith has ended speculation about his future by signing a new contract.*

Answer 26

**be a matter for speculation** (= be unknown) *The precise nature of the deal is a matter for speculation.* **be the subject of speculation** (= be thought and guessed about) *His role in the affair has been the subject of speculation in the press.*

Answer 27

**rumor** *noun* [uncountable and countable] information or a story that is passed from one person to another and which may or may not be true: *The band denied the rumors that they may be splitting up.* | *The truth finally came out after months of rumor.* | *I've heard rumors about a ghost in the building.* **speculation** *noun* [uncountable] a situation in which a lot of people are talking about something that is happening, especially something that is happening in politics or public life, and trying to guess what the truth is: *There was a great deal of speculation about a possible merger involving Belgium’s largest banks.* | *The report **fuelled speculation*** (= caused more speculation) *that he was about to resign.* | *His future as a player has been the subject of **intense speculation.*** **gossip** *noun* [uncountable] things that people say about what they think has happened in other people's private lives, which is usually not true: *She tells me all the latest gossip from the office.* | *The magazine was full of gossip about celebrities.* | *You shouldn't believe every **piece of gossip** you hear.* **talk** *noun* [uncountable] something that people talk about a lot but which is not official: *The government has dismissed talk of a military strike on the country.* | *There's been a lot of talk of him resigning.* **hearsay** *noun* [uncountable] something that you have heard from someone else, but cannot prove whether it is true or untrue – often used in legal contexts: *All the accounts were based on hearsay rather than eye-witness reports.* | *hearsay evidence*

Answer 28

**1** to make a process start, especially one relating to law or politics: شروع کردن *Charles instigated a program of reforms.* **2** to persuade someone to do something bad or violent: تحریک کردن *He accused union leaders of instigating the disturbances.*

Answer 29

the study of the rocks, soil etc. that make up the Earth, and of the way they have changed since the Earth was formed زمین شناسی

Answer 30

belonging to the period in the Earth’s history that started about five million years ago and continued until about three million years ago

Answer 31

a narrow passage of water between Asia and North America that connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean

Answer 32

**1** draft beer is served from a large container rather than a bottle **2** a draft animal is used for pulling heavy loads

Answer 33

**1** if day or morning dawns, it begins: سپیده دم *The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm.* **2** if a period of time or situation dawns, it begins: *The age of Darwin had dawned.* **3** if a feeling or idea dawns, you have it for the first time: ***It*** *began to **dawn that** something was wrong.* **dawn on somebody** *phrasal verb* if a fact dawns on you, you realize it for the first time: *The ghastly truth dawned on me.* ***It dawned on*** *me **that** Jo had been right all along.*

Answer 34

to produce young animals from parents of different breeds or groups اصلاح نژاد کردن → **crossbreed,** **inbreeding**

Answer 35

the continent which is the most southern area of land on the Earth and is mostly covered with ice. قطب جنوب → South Pole

Answer 36

**1** *American English* a law, usually of a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity: فرمان منع چیزی *a city ordinance that says parks must be closed at 11 p.m.* **2** an order given by a ruler or governing organization: *a Royal ordinance*

Answer 37

**rule** an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, school, or company: *the rules of baseball* | *He disobeyed the school rules.* **law** an official rule that everyone in a country, city, or state must obey: *It is against the law to carry a concealed weapon.* | *The law requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.* **regulation** an official rule or order, which is part of a set of rules made by a government or organization: *the regulations for applying for a passport* | *building regulations* | *environmental regulations on air pollution* **restriction** an official rule that limits what people can do: *new restrictions on immigration* | *The government is planning to impose regulations on the amount of alcohol you can bring into the country.* **guidelines** rules or instructions about the best way to do something: *the Department of Health’s guidelines for a healthy diet* | *guidelines for classroom teachers* **code** a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: *The school has a **dress code** for its students.* | *the company’s **code of conduct*** **statute** *formal* a law that has been officially approved by a parliament, council etc, and written down: *The statute banned corporal punishment.* **ordinance** *American English* a law, made by a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity: *A local ordinance limited speed in the parks to ten miles an hour.*

Answer 38

a type of environment that is described according to the typical weather conditions and plants that exist there

Answer 39

the practice or science of growing flowers, fruit, and vegetables خود باغبانی و علم باغبانی

Answer 40

relating to farming or farmers: کشاورزی *an agrarian economy* (= based on farming)

Answer 41

**1** a piece of farm equipment used to turn over the earth so that seeds can be planted گاو آهن - چه قدیمی و چه صنعتی

Answer 42

**1** old and no longer used **SYN** **outdated قدیمی و کهنه** **OPP** **modern:** *archaic words* **2** old-fashioned and needing to be replaced: *Many smaller radio stations broadcast on archaic equipment.* **3** from or relating to ancient times **SYN** **ancient: باستانی** *archaic civilizations*

Answer 43

**1** having no money: ورشکسته *I’m fed up with being broke all the time.* **flat/stony broke** (= completely broke) **2 go broke** if a company or business goes broke, it can no longer operate because it has no money: *A lot of small businesses went broke in the recession.* **3 go for broke** *informal* to take big risks when you try to achieve something: *At 2–0 down with ten minutes left, you have to go for broke.* **4 if it ain't broke, don't fix it** *informal* used to say that you should not try to improve a system, situation etc. that is satisfactory

Answer 44

**1** [countable] a strong desire to achieve something آرزو **an ambition to do something** *She had always had an ambition to be a pilot.* **sb’s ambitions of doing something** *An injury ended his ambitions of becoming a professional footballer.* **2** [uncountable] determination to be successful, rich, powerful etc: بلند همتی *He was young and full of ambition.* **3 have no ambition to do something** used when saying that you definitely do not want to do something: *I have no ambition to go back there again.*

Answer 45

**sb’s ambition is to be/do something** *My ambition was to be a journalist.* **have an ambition** *He had an ambition to be a top cello player.* **achieve/fulfil/realize your ambition** (= do what you wanted to do) *It took her ten years to achieve her ambition.* | *He was prepared to go to any lengths to fulfil his ambition.* | *I want to thank all those who made it possible for me to realize a lifetime 's ambition.* **lack ambition/have no ambition** *Many of the students lack ambition.* **nurse/harbour/cherish an ambition** (= have it for a long time, especially secretly) *He had nursed an ambition to become a writer for many years.* **frustrate/thwart sb’s ambitions** *formal* (= prevent someone from achieving them) *The weather threatened to frustrate their ambitions.* | *Her lifelong ambitions had been thwarted again and again.*

Answer 46

**sb’s main ambition** *What’s your main ambition in life?* **sb’s great ambition** *He didn’t achieve his greatest ambition – to be Wimbledon Champion.* **a lifelong/long-held ambition** (= one that you have had all your life) *It’s been her lifelong ambition to work with horses.* **a personal ambition** *Crossing the Sahara was a personal ambition of mine.* **a secret ambition** *His secret ambition was to become a pilot.* **a burning/driving ambition** (= a very strong ambition) *She had a burning ambition to become a racing car driver.* **career ambitions** *The course is designed to help you achieve your career ambitions.* **political/presidential ambitions** *His political ambitions were put on hold while he waited for a suitable opportunity.*

Answer 47

**sb’s dreams and ambitions** *He told her all about his dreams and ambitions.* **sb’s lack of ambition** *I was frustrated by their apparent lack of ambition.* **be full of ambition** *She was full of ambition when she joined the company.*

Answer 48

the act of deliberately making someone believe something that is not true → **deceive: فریب و نیرنگ** ## Footnote * She didn’t have the courage to admit to her deception.* * He was convicted of **obtaining money by deception.***

Answer 49

**1** having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way **SYN** **intricate: دارای جزییات زیاد** *pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns* **2** carefully planned and organized in great detail **SYN** **complex: خیلی حرفه ای و برنامه ریزی شده** *a very elaborate telecommunications network*

Answer 50

**complicated** consisting of a lot of different parts or details and therefore difficult to understand: *The rules of the game seemed very complicated.* | *I didn’t realize programming the VCR would be so complicated.* | *The brain is like a very powerful, very complicated computer.* | *a complicated issue* **complex** a complex process, relationship etc. is difficult to understand because it has a lot of parts that are all connected in different ways: *The chemical processes involved are extremely complex.* | *the complex relationship between government and the media* **elaborate** having a lot of parts or details and very carefully planned, but often more complicated than is necessary: *Mike had worked out an elaborate system for categorizing his collection of DVDs.* | *The plan to kidnap her had become even more elaborate.* | *Sociologists have been coming up with increasingly elaborate theories to explain unsafe sexual practices.* **involved** very long and complicated – use this especially about something that you think should be made simpler: *The system for choosing candidates is very involved, and I won’t go into it here.* | *Adopting a child can be a long involved process.* **convoluted** too complicated and difficult to understand – used especially about someone’s language or arguments, or about a system: *convoluted sentences* | *Procedures for government funding have become more convoluted.* | *James’s books are full of long paragraphs and convoluted sentences, which many people do not find appealing.* **intricate** having a lot of small parts or details – used especially about something that is cleverly designed or made: *Lasers are used to cut intricate designs in the metal.* | *The farmers use an intricate system of drainage canals.* | *the intricate workings of a watch* | *intricate patterns of coloured marble*

Answer 51

**attribute something to somebody/something** *phrasal verb نسبت دادن* **1** to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something: *The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.* **2** if people in general attribute a particular statement, painting, piece of music etc. to someone, they believe that person said it, painted it etc: *a saying usually attributed to Confucius* **3** to believe or say that someone or something has a particular quality: *One should not attribute human motives to animals.*

Answer 52

**1** to step heavily on something, so that you crush it with your feet پایمال کردن، زیر پا لگد مال کردن **trample on/over/through etc.** *There was a small fence to stop people trampling on the flowers.* **trample somebody/something underfoot** *The children were in danger of being trampled underfoot in the crowd.* **trample somebody to death** (= kill someone by stepping heavily on them) *Several people were nearly trampled to death in the rush to get out.* **2** to behave in a way that shows that you do not care about someone’s rights or feelings **trample on/over somebody/something** * Don’t let people trample all over you.* * Their interests and rights had been **trampled underfoot.***

Answer 53

**1** a long narrow piece of wooden board, used especially for making structures to walk on: تخته چوب که زمین رو باهاش فرش میکنند * a long **plank of wood*** * a bridge made of planks* **2** one of the main features or principles of an argument etc. قسمتی از بحث یا چیزهای دیگه مثل سیاست **plank of an argument/policy/campaign etc.** * the **main plank** of their argument* * a **central plank** of our policy* * a five-plank campaign including raising the minimum wage*

Answer 54

containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together ## Footnote *intricate patterns*

Answer 55

**1** in a way that is very easy to notice کاملاً **strikingly similar/different** *The two experiments produced strikingly different results.* **2** used to emphasize that someone or something is beautiful in a way that is easy to notice: *one of the most strikingly attractive regions in Britain*

Answer 56

a pattern, usually produced by a computer, that is made by repeating the same shape many times in smaller and smaller sizes فراکتال

Answer 57

**1** having or using the shapes and lines in geometry, such as circles or squares, especially when these are arranged in regular patterns: *هندسی* *a geometric design* **2** relating to geometry

Answer 58

(about 300 BC) a Greek mathematician who developed a system of geometry (= the study of the angles, shapes, lines etc. and their relationships with each other) called Euclidean geometry اقلیدس

Answer 59

a statement, especially in mathematics, that you can prove by showing that it has been correctly developed from facts قضیه

Answer 60

**allude to somebody/something** *phrasal verb* * formal* to mention something or someone indirectly: اشاره کردن * Rick didn’t want to discuss his past, though he alluded darkly to ‘some bad things that happened.’*

Answer 61

a triangle whose three sides are all the same length متساوی الاضلاع

Answer 62

**1** the place on the stem of a plant from which a leaf or branch grows **2** a place where lines in a network cross or join **3** a part of a computer network where messages can be received or sent **4** a lymph node

Answer 63

to become ripe or to make something ripe: رسیده شدن ## Footnote *The apples were ripening on the trees.*

Answer 64

**1** always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc. – usually used to show approval استوار و ثابت قدم **OPP** **inconsistent:** *She’s the team’s most consistent player.* **consistent in** *We need to be consistent in our approach.* **2** continuing to happen or develop in the same way: *a consistent improvement in the country’s economy* **3** a consistent argument or idea does not have any parts that do not match other parts **OPP** **inconsistent:** *The evidence is not consistent.* **4 be consistent with something** if a fact, idea etc. is consistent with another one, it seems to match it: * Her injuries are consistent with having fallen from the building.* * The results are consistent with earlier research.*

Answer 65

**1** to escape from someone or something, especially by tricking them **SYN** **avoid: اجتناب کردن، دوری کردن** *He eluded his pursuers by escaping into a river.* **2** if something that you want eludes you, you fail to find or achieve it: *She took the exam again, but again success eluded her.* **3** if a fact or the answer to a problem eludes you, you cannot remember or solve it **SYN** **escape:** *The exact terminology eludes me for the moment.*

Answer 66

**1** [always + adverb/preposition] to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction به سرعت به سمتی حرکت کردن **surge forward/through etc.** * The taxi surged forward.* * The crowd surged through the gates.* **2** (*also* **surge up)** if a feeling surges or surges up, you begin to feel it very strongly: فوران کردن احساسات *She could feel anger surging inside her.* **3** [usually + adverb/preposition] if a large amount of a liquid, electricity, chemical etc. surges, it moves very quickly and suddenly: * A wave surged up towards them.* * Adrenalin surged through her veins.* **4** to suddenly increase **SYN** **shoot up:** *Oil prices surged.*

Answer 67

the quality of being real or true صحت ## Footnote **authenticity of** *Archaeological evidence may help to establish the authenticity of the statue.*

Answer 68

very private and quiet منزوی ## Footnote **secluded garden/spot/beach etc.** * We sunbathed on a small secluded beach.* * He’s 80 years old now and lives a very secluded life.*

Answer 69

consisting of short stories based on someone’s personal experience: حکایتی ## Footnote *His findings are based on **anecdotal evidence** rather than serious research.*

Answer 70

the fact of being true or correct **SYN** **truth صحت و واقعیت** ## Footnote **veracity of** *Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations?*

Answer 71

to make it necessary for you to do something: ایجاب کردن ## Footnote *Lack of money necessitated a change of plan.* **necessitate doing something** *This would necessitate interviewing all the staff.*

Answer 72

to help and support other people or countries, especially in a war or disagreement متحد شدن ## Footnote **ally yourself to/with somebody** *Some of the northern cities allied themselves with the emperor.*

Answer 73

**1** an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups etc. agree to work together to try to change or achieve something **alliance with اتحاد بین** *Britain’s **military alliance** with her NATO partners* **alliance between** *the possibility of a **political alliance** between the two parties* **make/enter into/form/forge an alliance** (= agree to work together) *The companies have formed an alliance to market the product.* **2** a group of two or more countries, groups etc. who work together to achieve something: *independent organizations and alliances* **3 in alliance (with somebody/something)** if two groups, countries etc. are in alliance, they work together to achieve something or protect each another: *Relief workers in alliance with local charities are trying to help the victims.* **4** *formal* a close relationship, especially a marriage, between people

Answer 74

**a military alliance** *NATO has been the most successful military alliance in history.* **a political alliance** *They agreed not to make any political alliance with the East.* **a strategic alliance** (= arranged as part of a military, political, or business plan) *Strategic alliances are being forged with major European companies.* **an electoral alliance** (= made between parties before an election) *The weaker Liberal Democratic party was now considering an electoral alliance with Labour.* **shifting alliances** (= changing frequently) *the shifting alliances in the Middle East* **a strong/close alliance** *He forged a strong alliance between his state and the church.* **a loose alliance** (= not strong) *A loose alliance of opposition groups formed in 1990.*

Answer 75

**make/form an alliance** *In 1902, Japan made an alliance with Britain.* **go into/enter into an alliance with somebody** *Spain then entered into an alliance with France.* **forge an alliance** (= develop a new or strong alliance) *They won the election by forging an alliance with the Social Democrats.* **break (off) an alliance** (= end it) *The Athenians broke off the alliance with Sparta and made alliances with Argos and Thessaly.*

400Word_8 Flashcards

(99 cards)