400Word_13 Flashcards

Question

**for****‧****tress/**ˈfɔːtrəs, ˈfɔːtrɪs $ ˈfɔːr-/*noun* [countable]

Answer 1

a large strong building used for defending an important place دژ

Answer 2

a flat blade that is moved by wind or water to produce power to drive a machine پرده توربینهای آبی یا بادی

Answer 3

**1** [uncountable and countable] the period of time during which a man and woman have a romantic relationship before marrying دوران عشق بازی قبل از ازدواج **2** [uncountable] special behavior used by animals to attract each other for sex: معاشقه حیوانات *courtship rituals*

Answer 4

**1 on an even keel** steady, without any sudden changes ثبات **keep something/get something back on an even keel به ثبات رسوندن، ثبات چیزی رو حفظ کردن** *Now that the crisis is over, we must try to get things back on an even keel.* **2** [countable] a bar along the bottom of a boat that keeps it steady in the water میله کف قایق که برای ثباتش بکار میره

Answer 5

**keel over** *phrasal verb به پهلو افتادن* to fall over sideways: *Several soldiers keeled over in the hot sun.*

Answer 6

high up in the air تو هوا ## Footnote *Bird flapped its wings continuously to stay aloft.* **hold/bear something aloft** *He emerged (سر و کلش پیدا شد), holding a baby aloft.*

Answer 7

**1** if an animal scavenges, it eats anything that it can find: تا تهش رو خوردن *Pigs scavenged among the rubbish.* **scavenge for** *rats scavenging for food* **2** if someone scavenges, they search through things that other people do not want, for food or useful objects: *There are people who live in the dump and scavenge garbage for a living.* **scavenge for** *Women were scavenging for old furniture.*

Answer 8

**1** [uncountable and countable] the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time هزینه **expenditure on** * expenditure on research and development* * huge cuts in **public expenditure*** (= the amount of money a government spends on services for the public) ***government expenditure*** *on education* ***capital expenditure*** (= spending by a company on buildings, machinery, equipment etc.) **expenditure of** *an expenditure of £1 million* **2** [uncountable] the action of spending or using time, money, energy etc: صرف *the expenditure of time and money on your house or garden*

Answer 9

**public/government/state expenditure** (= money a government spends on the services it provides for people) *The Conservatives want to maintain a firm control on public expenditure.* **national/local expenditure** (= money spent by national or local government) *There have been cuts in local expenditure on education.* **military/defence expenditure** (= money that a government spends on the armed forces) *Military expenditure has been growing year on year.* **health/welfare/education expenditure** (= money that a government spends on providing health services, welfare, or education) *There has been a steady rise in welfare expenditure.* **household expenditure** (= the amount of money the people in a house spend on food, heating etc.) *Sally cut her household expenditure and tried to save every penny she could.* **total/overall expenditure** *The company's total expenditure rose by 19%.* **additional/extra expenditure** *Businesses have been forced to pass on the additional expenditure to customers.* **capital expenditure** (= money that a company spends on buildings, machinery etc.) *Capital expenditure on IT equipment will come from a different budget.* **gross/net expenditure** (= the total amount a company spends before/after any tax or costs have been taken away) *Spending on research and development represents 13% of our gross expenditure.*

Answer 10

**increase expenditure** *The company plans to increase capital expenditure by 20% this financial year.* **cut/reduce expenditure** *Their policies are designed to cut public expenditure.* **expenditure rises** *As public expenditure has risen, so have taxes.* **expenditure falls** *Government expenditure on scientific research has fallen in the last few years.*

Answer 11

**an increase/rise in expenditure** *The government has announced a planned 4.4% increase in public expenditure.* **a cut/reduction in expenditure** *There has been a marked reduction in expenditure on some social and welfare services.* **an item of expenditure** (= something a government or person spends money on) *Housing is the biggest single item of expenditure in the budgets of most households.*

Answer 12

**spending** the amount of money that is spent, especially by a government or other organization: *Company spending on staff benefits has been cut dramatically in recent years.* | *There has been a huge increase in government spending.* | *military spending* **expenditure** *formal* the amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time – used especially in official documents or reports: *British defence expenditure was consistently high during this period.* | *military expenditure* | *Expenditure on advertising has gone down.* **costs** the money that a person or organization has to spend on heating, rent, wages etc: *What are your annual fuel costs?* | *Falling sales have forced companies to cut costs.* **expenses** the money that you spend on things that you need, for example on food, rent, and travel: *Living expenses are much higher in New York.* | *I kept a record of all my travel expenses so that I could claim them back.* **outgoings** the money that someone has to spend regularly on rent, bills, food etc. for their home or business: *The outgoings on a house this size are very high.* **outlay** the amount of money that someone must spend when they first start a new business or activity: *The intial outlay on machinery was quite high.* **overhead** the money that a business spends regularly on rent, insurance, and other things that are needed to keep the business operating: *In London, small businesses often have high overhead.*

Answer 13

**1** [countable] a place where large amounts of stone or sand are dug out of the ground: معدن *a slate (تخته سنگهایی که به راححتی لایه لایه میشند مثل اوشان) quarry* **2** [singular] the person or animal that you are hunting or chasing: صید *Briefly, the hunter and his quarry glared at each other.*

Answer 14

to dig stone or sand from a quarry استخراج کردن ## Footnote **quarry something for something** *The rock here is quarried for building stones.* **quarry something from something** *Chalk is quarried from the surrounding area.*

Answer 15

still existing in spite of being very old: موجود، هنوز زنده ## Footnote *Few of the manuscripts are still extant.*

Answer 16

**1 to... extent** used to say how true something is or how great an effect or change is **to a certain extent/to some extent/to an extent** (= partly) تا حدی * We all to some extent remember the good times and forget the bad.* * I do agree with him to an extent.* **to a great/large extent** *Its success will depend to a large extent on local attitudes.* **to a lesser/greater extent** (= less or more) * It will affect farmers in Spain and to a lesser extent in France.* * They examined **the extent to which*** (= how much) *age affected language-learning ability.* ***To what extent*** (= how much) *did she influence his decision?* **to such an extent that/to the extent that** (= so much that) *Violence increased to the extent that residents were afraid to leave their homes.* **2** [uncountable] how large, important, or serious something is, especially something such as a problem or injury اندازه **extent of** * Considering the extent of his injuries, he’s lucky to be alive.* * It’s too early to assess **the full extent of** the damage.* **3** [uncountable] the length or size of something: *They opened out the nets to their **full extent.*** **in extent** *The region is over 10,000 square kilometres in extent.*

Answer 17

**to some extent/to a certain extent** (= partly) *What you say is true to some extent, but it’s not the whole picture.* **to a large/great extent** (= a large amount) *The materials we use will depend to a large extent on what is available.* **to a small extent** (= a small amount) *The plan succeeded to a small extent.* **to a greater extent** (= more) *Children suffer the effects of poor diet to a greater extent than adults.* **to a lesser extent** (*also* **to less extent)** (= less) *The same is true for women, though to a lesser extent.* **to a considerable/significant extent** (= a considerable or significant amount) *The affair affected his popularity to a considerable extent.* **to a limited extent** (= not a very large amount) *In the USA, and to a limited extent in Britain, the housing market is in recession.* **to such an extent that/to the extent that** (= so much that) *He annoyed her to such an extent that she had to leave the room.* **to the same extent** (= to the same amount) *The roads were congested but not to the same extent as in London.* **to what extent?** (= how much?) *To what extent does cutting down trees contribute to climate change?* **the extent to which** (= how much) *The report focused on the use of speed cameras, particularly the extent to which they reduced accidents.*

Answer 18

**the full extent** *He refused to reveal the full extent of his debts.* **the actual/true extent** *Rescue workers still do not know the true extent of the disaster.* **know/realize the extent of something** *We do not yet know the extent of the damage.* **understand the extent of something** *Other people didn’t seem to understand the extent of his disability.* **discover/find out the extent of something** *We were shocked when we discovered the extent of the fraud.* **assess/establish/determine the extent of something** *We are still trying to assess the extent of the problem.* **show/reveal the extent of something** *These pictures show the extent of the devastation caused by the earthquake.* | *A report published by the government has revealed the extent of air pollution in the area.*

Answer 19

**size** *noun* [uncountable and countable] how big someone or something is: *What size is that shirt?* | *The price will depend on the size and quality of the carpet.* | *Your desk is exactly the same size as mine.* | *Fire has destroyed an area of forest the size of Luxembourg.* | *The seeds are very small, about half the size of a grain of salt.* | *There were several pieces of wood of different sizes.* | *Cover the dough and allow it to rise until it has doubled in size.* | *The black spots on her skin seemed to be slowly increasing in size.* | *The American states vary enormously in size, from very large to very small.* | *In a class this size, there will always be a few problems.* **dimensions** *noun* [plural] the length, width, and height of an object, room, building etc: *What are the dimensions of the table?* **measurements** *noun* [plural] the length, width, or height of something, or of someone’s body: *I need to check the measurements of the window.* | *your waist measurement is 31 inches* | *The nurse took my measurements.* **proportions** *noun* [plural] the relative sizes of the different parts of an object, room, building etc: *The proportions don’t look right to me.* | *You can sit in the Plaza and admire the proportions of the cathedral.* **area** *noun* [uncountable and countable] the amount of space that a flat surface such as a floor or field covers: *To measure the area of a room, you need to multiply the length by the width.* **extent** *noun* [uncountable] the size of a large area: *The extent of the ranch is enormous.* | *The island measured about 1,600 kilometres in extent.* **bulk** *noun* [uncountable] the very large size of something: *The statue’s massive bulk made it difficult to move.* | *his enormous bulk* | *The view was dominated by the huge bulk of the power station.* **capacity** *noun* [singular] the amount that a container will hold: *The capacity of the tank is around 500 gallons.* | *The computer’s memory has a capacity of over 200 megabytes.* | *All the storage units were filled to capacity.* **volume** *noun* [singular] the amount of space that a substance fills, or that an object contains: *The average domestic swimming pool has a volume of 45,000 litres.* | *This instrument measures the volume of air in your lungs.* | *Help me figure out the volume of this fish tank.* | *The shifting of continents has an impact on the volume of water the oceans can contain.*

Answer 20

**1** to go around searching for food or other supplies دنبال غذا گشتن **forage for** * People are being forced to forage for food and fuel.* * In the summer, the goats forage freely* (= in any place they want to go). **2** to search for something with your hands in a bag, drawer etc. **SYN ferret around با دستت تو چیزی رو بگردی** **forage around/through/among etc.** *She foraged around in her purse and produced (بیرون آوردن و نشون دادن) her ticket.*

Answer 21

[uncountable] food supplies for horses and cattle علف و علوفه

Answer 22

to use facts about the present or about one thing or group to make a guess about the future or about other things or groups ## Footnote **extrapolate (something) from something قیاس کردن** * It is possible to extrapolate future developments from current trends.* * You’re extrapolating from your own feelings to mine.* **extrapolate (something) to something** *These results cannot, however, be extrapolated to other patient groups.*

Answer 23

**1** [countable] a famous living person **SYN** **star: آدم مشهور** * a sporting celebrity* * He’s a national celebrity.* * We invited a number of **minor celebrities*** (= people who are not very famous). **celebrity chef/gardener etc.** **2** [uncountable] *formal* the state of being famous **SYN** **fame شهرت**

Answer 24

**star** a famous and successful actor, musician, or sports person: *She dreamed of becoming a movie star.* | *a talent show to find the stars of the future* **celebrity** someone who often appears in newspapers, on television etc. and is well-known to the public. **Celebrities** are often famous for being famous, not because they have any great talent: *The magazine is full of gossip about celebrities.* **name** a famous person whose name is known by many people – used especially in the following expressions: *All the **big names** in football were at the awards dinner.* | *Giorgio Armani is one of the most **famous names** in fashion.* | *He is yet to become a **household name*** (= someone who everyone has heard of). **personality** an entertainer or sports player who is famous and often appears in the newspapers, on television etc. – used especially in the following phrases: *Many advertisers use **TV personalities** to promote their products.* | *He was chosen as **sports personality** of the year.*

Answer 25

**1** *British English* if you are redundant, your employer no longer has a job for you: از کار معلق شده *Seventy factory workers were **made redundant** in the resulting cuts.* **make a job/position etc. redundant** *As the economy weakens, more and more jobs will be made redundant.* **2** not necessary because something else means or does the same thing: زائد و اضافی *the removal of redundant information*

Answer 26

**unemployed** someone who is unemployed does not have a job: *Fifty per cent of the men in this town are unemployed.* **out of work** unemployed, especially for a long period of time, when you had a job before: *I’ve been out of work for two years.* **redundant** *British English* if someone is redundant, they have been told that they no longer have a job: *He was made redundant earlier this year.* | *redundant miners* **be on the dole** *British English,* **be on welfare/on unemployment** *American English* to be receiving money from the government because you do not have a job: *I didn’t want to go back on the dole.* | *Many people on welfare don’t have anyone to take care of the kids while they train for a job.* **be looking for work** if someone is looking for work, they do not have a job and are trying to find one: *How long have you been looking for work?* **jobless** people who are jobless do not have jobs – used especially in news reports: *The jobless totals have risen by 6% in the last year.* | *jobless youths*

Answer 27

**1 in moderation** if you do something in moderation, such as drinking alcohol or eating certain foods, you do not do it too much میانه روی **OPP** **to excess:** *Some people think drinking in moderation can prevent heart disease.* **2** *formal* control of your behavior, so that you keep your actions, feelings, habits etc. within reasonable limits اعتدال **moderation in** * Moderation in diet is the way to good health.* * He encouraged moderation and toleration on religious issues.* **3** *formal* reduction in force, degree, speed etc.

Answer 28

to talk or write about something that is not your main subject: چیزی غیر از مبحث اصلی گفتن ## Footnote *Do you mind if I digress for a moment?*

Answer 29

**1** a narrow area of water that reaches from the sea or a lake into the land: ورودی کوچک *There are several sheltered inlets along the coast.* **2** the part of a machine through which liquid or gas flows in **OPP** **outlet:** *a fuel inlet*

Answer 30

**1** [intransitive and transitive] to break up, or make something break up, into very small pieces: از هم پاشیدن *The plane just disintegrated in mid-air.* **2** [intransitive] to become weaker or less united and be gradually destroyed:*a society disintegrating under economic pressures*

Answer 31

**1 be sporting something** to be wearing something or have something on your body and show it to people in a proud way: پوشیدن لباسهای گرون و به رخ کشیدن اون *Eric was sporting a new camelhair coat.* **2** [intransitive] *literary* to play together happily: *the sight of dolphins sporting amidst the waves*

Answer 32

**1 be confined to somebody/something** to exist in or affect only a particular place or group: محدود *The risk of infection is confined to medical personnel.* **2** a confined space or area is one that is very small **SYN** **restricted:** *It wasn’t easy to sleep in such a confined space.*

Answer 33

**1** the front of a building, especially a large and important one **facade of نمای خارجی** * the facade of the cathedral* * an impressive building with a red brick facade* **2** [usually singular] a way of behaving that hides your real feelings: ***Behind*** *her cheerful **facade,** she’s a really lonely person.* **facade of** *She managed to **maintain** a **facade** of bravery.*

Answer 34

**1** the area of floor around a fireplace in a house جلو شومینه **2 hearth and home** *literary* your home and family

Answer 35

to make something more interesting **SYN** **liven up: روح بخشیدن** ## Footnote *Humour can help enliven a dull subject.*

Answer 36

**1** if you cherish something, it is very important to you: گرامی داشتن، احترام گذاشتن * He cherished his privacy.* * I **cherish** the **memory** of that day.* **cherish a hope/an idea/a dream etc.** *willingness to re-examine cherished beliefs* **2** to love someone or something very much and take care of them well: عشق ورزیدن و مراقبه کامل کردن * In marriage, a man promises to cherish his wife.* * his most **cherished possession***

Answer 37

a house, apartment etc. where people live مسکن

Answer 38

if you amass money, knowledge, information etc, you gradually collect a large amount of it: جمع کردن پول، اطلاعات و علم ## Footnote * For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.* * He **amassed** a **fortune** after the war.*

Answer 39

**collect** to get things of the same type from different places and bring them together: *She collects stamps* (= as a hobby). | *They have collected 650 signatures for their petition.* **gather** to collect information from different places, or to collect crops, flowers, wood etc, especially from the ground: *Computers make it easier to gather information.* | *The men gathered firewood.* **assemble** *formal* to collect something such as information in an organized way: *When all the evidence is assembled, we will write our report.* **build up** to gradually collect more things of the same type over time: *He has built up one of the country’s finest collections of art.* **accumulate** to gradually get more and more of something such as money, possessions, or knowledge, over time. **Accumulate** is more formal than **build up:** *He is driven by the desire to accumulate wealth.* **amass** to collect a large amount of something such as money, information, or knowledge, over time: *Carnegie amassed a fortune in the steel industry.* **run up a bill/debt/loss** *informal* to allow a debt to increase quickly, especially by spending too much: *He ran up huge gambling debts.*

Answer 40

**1** to move away from someone or something because you are afraid: دور شدن از چیزی بخاطر ترس * A stray (ولگرد) dog was cringing by the door.* * She cringed away from him.* **2** to feel embarrassed by something you have said or done because you think it makes you seem silly **cringe at شرمنده شدن بخاطر** * She cringed at the sound of her own voice.* * It **makes** me **cringe** when I think how stupid I was.*

Answer 41

**1** an impressive show of special clothes, decorations etc, especially at an important ceremony نمایش کامل **panoply of** *a glorious panoply of colours* **2** a large number of people or things **panoply of** *a panoply of men in grey suits* **full/entire/whole panoply of something** (= the whole range of something)

Answer 42

**1** a weapon used for shooting arrows, made of a long thin piece of wood held in a curve by a tight string: کمان *a **bow and arrow*** **2** a knot of cloth or string, with a curved part on either side and two loose ends, worn in the hair as decoration or for tying shoelaces: پاپیون *Ella wore a bow in her hair.* **in a bow** *long chestnut hair tied back in a bow* **3** a long thin piece of wood with a tight string fastened along it, used to play musical instruments such as the violin or cello

Answer 43

**1** [countable] the act of bending the top part of your body forward to show respect for someone when you meet them, or as a way of thanking an audience تعظیم **take/give a bow** (= bow to the audience at the end of a performance) * The music ended and the girl took a bow.* * He gave a final bow just as the curtains came down.* * This is done with a **formal bow** to the king or queen.* **2** (*also* **bows** [plural]) [countable] the front part of a ship

Answer 44

**1** (*also* **whittle down)** [transitive] to gradually make something smaller by taking parts away: کم کردن *We need to whittle down the list of guests for the party.* **2** [intransitive and transitive] to cut a piece of wood into a particular shape by cutting off small pieces with a knife تراشیدن **whittle away** *phrasal verb* to gradually reduce the amount or effectiveness of something, especially something that you think should not be reduced **whittle something** **↔** **away** *The museum is worried that government funding will be whittled away.* **whittle away at** *Congress is whittling away at our freedom of speech.*

Answer 45

a pointed tool for making holes in leather درفش

Answer 46

a piece of earth or the layer of earth with grass and roots growing in it

Answer 47

a small hole in a wall, or between two things that join together, that lets light or air through **SYN** **crack شکاف** ## Footnote **chink in** *The sun came through a chink in the curtains.*

Answer 48

**1** [countable] the main dish of a meal, or a dish served before the main course – used in restaurants or on formal occasions: غذای اصلی *an entrée of roast duck* **2** [uncountable and countable] *formal* the right or freedom to enter a place or to join a social group اجازه ورود **entrée to/into** *My family name **gave** me an **entrée** into upper class Boston society.*

Answer 49

**1** a public celebration when musical bands, brightly decorated vehicles etc. move down the street: نمایش خیابانی * a victory parade* * the St Patrick’s Day parade* **2** a military ceremony in which soldiers stand or march together so that important people can examine them: رژه *a military parade* **on parade** (= be standing or marching in a parade) *troops on parade* **3** a line of people moving along so that other people can watch them: *a fashion parade* **4** a series of people, events etc. that seems to never end **parade of** *She had a constant parade of young men coming to visit her.*

Answer 50

relating to horse-riding: مربوط به اسب سواری ## Footnote *equestrian sports*

Answer 51

**1** [intransitive] to move slowly from one side to another: تکون خوردن *The trees swayed gently in the breeze.* **2** [transitive] to influence someone so that they change their opinion: **to be swayed تحت تاثیر قرار گرفتن** *Don’t allow yourself to be swayed by his promises.*

Answer 52

**move** to go to a different place, or change the position of your body: *Sarah moved away from the window.* | *Every time I move I get a pain in my left shoulder.* **sway** to move slowly from one side to the other: *The branches swayed in the wind.* | *Donny swayed drunkenly as he walked back to his car.* **rock** to move repeatedly from one side to another, with small gentle movements: *He rocked backward and forward in his chair.* | *The boat rocked from side to side with the waves.* **wobble** to move unsteadily from side to side: تلو تلو خوردن *The bike wobbled a bit, but she soon got it under control.* **fidget** to keep moving or playing with your fingers, hands, feet etc, because you are bored or nervous: بی قراری کردن *Diana fidgeted nervously with her pencil.* **squirm** / skwɜːrm / to make very small movements from side to side with your body, especially because you feel uncomfortable: لول خوردن بخاطر ناراحتی تو جایی *By the end of the hour, most of the children were squirming in their seats.* **wriggle** to make small movements from side to side, especially in order to get into or out of something: لول خوردن برای رفتن درون چیزی یا بیرون اومدن ازش *The dog wriggled under the fence and escaped into the street.* | *She managed to wriggle into the dress, but it was much too tight.* **twitch** if part of your body twitches, it makes small movements that you cannot control: پریدن دست و پا و عضلات *A muscle on Yang’s face twitched.* **stir** *written* to make a movement – used especially when describing a situation in which no one moves, or someone wakes up: تکون خوردن و بعدش بیدار شدن *In the village a dog barked but **no one stirred*** | *The sleeping child stirred and opened her eyes.* **budge** to move – used when you are trying hard to make something move, often without success: جم خوردن *The piano wouldn’t budge.*

Answer 53

**1** a formal dinner for many people on an important occasion: ضیافت *a state banquet* (= one attended by heads of government and other important people) **2** a large and impressive meal

Answer 54

**1** a woman who uses magic on people and things → **witch جادوگر** **2** a woman who men think is very attractive and interesting زن جذاب

Answer 55

**1** *formal* if something that you see or hear enchants you, you like it very much: محسور شدن * I was enchanted by the way she smiled.* * The garden enchanted her.* **2** *literary* to use magic on something or someone

Answer 56

**1** a group of people who live together and who share the work and their possessions: آدمهای یه کامیونیتی *a hippie commune* **2** the smallest unit of local government in countries such as France and Belgium **3** a group of people in a Communist country who work as a team on a farm, and give what they produce to the state

Answer 57

**commune with somebody/something** *phrasal verb* *formal* **1** to communicate with a person, god, or animal, especially in a mysterious spiritual way **2 commune with nature** to spend time outside in a natural place, enjoying it in a quiet peaceful way: *Take time to relax and commune with nature.*

Answer 58

**1** a precarious situation or state is one which may very easily or quickly become worse: متزلزل * Her health remained precarious, despite the treatment.* * the company’s **precarious** financial **position*** **2** likely to fall, or likely to cause someone to fall: *a precarious mountain trail*

Answer 59

**1** a situation in which an army or the police surround a place and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it: محاصره * The siege lasted almost four months.* * a three-day police siege at a remote country cottage* **siege of** *the siege of Leningrad* **end/lift/raise a siege** (= end a siege) **2 lay siege to somebody/something محاصره کردن** **a)** if the army or police lay siege to a place, they start a siege against it: *In June 1176, King Richard laid siege to Limoges.* **b)** if you lay siege to someone, you do everything you can to try and get them to talk to you: *Then he set to work laying siege to her with letters.* **3 be under siege** **a)** to be surrounded by an army in a siege **b)** to be being criticized, attacked, or threatened all the time: *The TV station has been under siege from irate viewers phoning in to complain.* **4 siege mentality** the feeling among a group of people that they are surrounded by enemies and must do everything they can to protect themselves

Answer 60

**1** to surround a city or castle with military force until the people inside let you take control محاصره کردن *In April 655, Osman’s palace was besieged by rebels.* **2** [usually passive] if people, worries, thoughts etc. besiege you, you are surrounded by them: *Miller was besieged by press photographers.* **3 be besieged with letters/demands/requests etc.** to receive a very large number of letters, requests etc. **SYN** **be inundated**

Answer 61

**attack** to use weapons to try to damage or take control of a place: *The village was attacked by enemy warplanes.* | *We will attack at dawn.* **invade** to enter a country and try to get control of it using force: *The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago.* **storm** to suddenly attack a city or building that is well defended by getting inside it and taking control: *Elite troops stormed the building and rescued the hostages.* **besiege/**bɪˈsiːdʒ/to surround a city or building with soldiers in order to stop the people inside from getting out or from receiving supplies: *In April 655, Osman’s palace was besieged by rebels.*

Answer 62

animals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm احشام، دام

Answer 63

a plant that lives for more than two years → **annual چندساله**

Answer 64

**1** continuing or existing for a long time, or happening again and again: چند ساله * Lack of resources has been a **perennial problem** since the beginning.* * Teddy bears are a **perennial favorite** with children.* **2** a plant that is perennial lives for more than two years → **annual**

Answer 65

to remove disease, bacteria, insects etc. from somewhere using chemicals, smoke, or gas ضدعفونی کردن با گاز

Answer 66

**1** the underground home of rabbits **2** a place with so many streets, rooms etc. that it is difficult to find the place that you want: *a warren of tiny streets*

Answer 67

**1 droves** [plural] crowds of people خیل، جمعیت **in droves** *Tourists come in droves to see the White House.* **2** a group of animals that are being moved together **drove of** *a drove of cattle*

Answer 68

a wide wall of earth or stones built to stop water from flooding an area, or to support a road or railway تپه خاک

Answer 69

actions that are futile are useless because they have no chance of being successful **SYN** **pointless بیهوده، بی خاصیت** **OPP** **worthwhile** **a futile attempt/effort** * a futile attempt to save the paintings from the flames* * My efforts to go back to sleep proved futile.* **it is futile to do something** *It was futile to continue the negotiations.*

Answer 70

**pointless** not likely to have a useful result: *She knew it would be pointless to argue with him.* | *The meeting was a pointless exercise.* **futile** completely pointless because there is no chance at all of being successful: *She shut the door in a futile attempt to keep the smell out.* | *Their efforts proved futile* (= did not have any success). **useless** not useful or effective in any way: *I knew it was useless to try to explain to him what had happened.* | *The map we had been given was useless.* **hopeless** having no hope of being successful or effective: *It was a hopeless task.* | *He was jumping up and down in a hopeless attempt to keep warm.* **be a waste of time/money/effort** to be not worth the time, money etc. that you use because you do not achieve anything: *The whole process was a complete waste of time.* | *The scheme was a waste of money.*

Answer 71

the act of keeping something under control, stopping it becoming more powerful etc: مهار ## Footnote * containment of public expenditure* * political containment of member states*

Answer 72

a large cave

Answer 73

**1** a small piece of thin wire that is pushed into sheets of paper and bent over to hold them together گیره کاغذ **2** a small U-shaped piece of metal with pointed ends, used to hold something in place **3** a food that is needed and used all the time: اقلام اصلی *staples like flour and rice* **4** the main product that is produced in a country: قلم اصلی تولیدی یک کشور *Bananas and sugar are the staples of Jamaica.*

Answer 74

a painting that is painted on a wall, either inside or outside a building → **fresco نقاشی دیواری**

Answer 75

a painting made on a wall while the plaster is still wet → **mural**

400Word_13 Flashcards

(99 cards)