400Word_5 Flashcards

Question

**descendant** / dɪˈsendənt / *noun* [countable]

Answer 1

**1** someone who is related to a person who lived a long time ago, or to a family, group of people etc. that existed in the past → **ancestor نسل** **sb’s descendants/the descendants of sb** * The coastal areas were occupied by the descendants of Greek colonists.* * He was a* ***direct descendant*** *of Napoleon Bonaparte.* **2** sth that has developed from sth else **descendant of** *Quechua is a descendant of the Inca language.*

Answer 2

**relative** a member of your family, especially one who does not live with you: *Most of her relatives were able to come to the wedding.* | *We have some* ***distant relatives*** *in Australia.* **relation** a member of your family. **Relation** means the same as **relative.** It is often used when talking about whether someone is in the same family as another person: *Big cities can be lonely places if you have no friends or relations there.* | *‘ **What relation is she to you*** *?**’ ‘She’s my half sister.’* | *He’s no relation to the singer.* **descendant** someone who is a family member of a person who lived and died a long time ago, for example the great-grandchild of that person: *The people are the descendants of slaves who were brought over from Africa.* **ancestor** a member of your family who lived a long time ago, especially hundreds of years ago: *My ancestors originally came from Ireland.* **forefathers** *especially written* people in your family who lived a long time ago - often used in historical descriptions: *His forefathers came to America over a century ago.* **extended family** a family group that consists not only of parents and children, but also includes grandparents, aunts etc.: *Extended families rarely live together in Britain, but they are still important.* **folks** *especially American English informal* your family, especially your parents: *Are you going to see your folks at Christmas?* **next of kin** the person or people who are most closely related to you, for example your husband or mother, and who need to be told if sth serious happens to you: *The next of kin must be notified of his death before his name is released to the press.*

Answer 3

**1** if there is cohesion among a group of people, a set of ideas etc, all the parts or members of it are connected or related in a reasonable way to form a whole: هم بستگی *a sense of community and social cohesion* **2** *technical* a close relationship, based on grammar or meaning, between two parts of a sentence or a larger piece of writing معنی پیوند مولکولی هم میده

Answer 4

**1** *informal* (*also* **kinsfolk,** **kinfolk** *American English old-fashioned)* your family قوم و خویش **2 next of kin** *formal* your most closely related family: *We**’ll have to notify the next of kin of his death.*

Answer 5

*old-fashioned* family and friends قوم و خویش

Answer 6

**1** fair or reasonable: درست و منطقی * That’s a **perfectly legitimate*** *question.* * Most scientists believe **it is legitimate** to use animals in medical research.* **2** acceptable or allowed by law: قانونی *Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.* **3** a legitimate child is born to parents who are legally married to each other **OPP** **illegitimate** *Harcourt had two legitimate children with his wife Hannah and one **illegitimate** son with a woman whom he met while traveling* — **legitimately** *adverb:* * a legitimately elected government* * He complained quite legitimately about his treatment.* — **legitimacy** *noun* [uncountable]: *Opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling.*

Answer 7

**1** paternal feelings or behavior are like those of a kind father towards his children: پدری *Dan took a paternal interest in my work.* **2 paternal grandmother/uncle etc.** your father’s mother, brother etc.

Answer 8

**1** typical of the way a good mother behaves or feels → **paternal: مادری** * Annie was wonderfully warm and maternal.* * She seems to have a strong **maternal instinct*** (= desire to have babies and take care of them). **2** [only before noun] relating to a mother or to being a mother → **paternal:** *the relationship between maternal age and infant mortality* **3 maternal grandfather/aunt etc.** your mother’s father, sister etc.

Answer 9

nearness in distance or time نزدیکی، مجاورت **proximity to** *We chose the house for its proximity to the school.* **proximity of** * the proximity of the Bahamas to the States* * Here the rich and the poor live **in close proximity*** (= very near to each other).

Answer 10

**1** [uncountable and countable] *formal* an opinion or feeling you have about sth: احساس، نظر در مورد چیزی *Similar sentiments were expressed by many politicians.* **popular/public sentiment** (= what most people think) *He was more in touch with public sentiment than many of his critics.* **anti-American/anti-nationalistic/anti-religious etc. sentiments** * the anti-immigrant sentiments expressed by some Americans* * ‘After all, it’s her decision.’ ‘ **My sentiments exactly*** (= I agree).*’* **Register** In everyday English, people usually say **feeling** rather than **sentiment:** *They all expressed similar **feelings.*** **2** [uncountable] feelings of pity, love, sadness etc. that are often considered to be too strong or not suitable for a particular situation **SYN** **emotion:** *There’s no place for sentiment in business!*

Answer 11

**1** *formal* a brother or sister: *Most young smokers are influenced by their friends’ and older siblings’ smoking habits.* **2 sibling rivalry** competition between brothers and sisters for their parents’ attention or love ri‧val‧ry / ˈraɪv ə lri / noun ( plural rivalries ) [uncountable and countable]

Answer 12

**1** a feeling of liking or love and caring **SYN** **fondness محبت و عاطفه** **affection for** * Bart **had** a **deep affection** for the old man.* I show **affection** for my girlfriend by spending time with her, not by spending money on her * She looked back on (think about sth happened in the past) those days **with affection.*** * Their father never **showed** them much* ***affection.*** * The church was **held in great affection*** (= loved and cared about a lot) *by the local residents.* **2 sb****’****s affections** the feelings of love and caring that someone has: *Africa has always had a special place in my affections.*

Answer 13

a strong feeling of love for someone or interest in something, especially a feeling that is unreasonable and does not continue for a long time شیفتگی و شیدایی ## Footnote **infatuation with** * the current infatuation with seventies style* * Shaw’s infatuation with the actress is evident in his writing.*

Answer 14

an extreme unhealthy interest in something or worry about something, which stops you from thinking about anything else: علاقه بیش از حد غیرمنطقی ## Footnote *Gambling **became an obsession**, and he eventually lost everything.* **obsession with** * an **unhealthy obsession** with being thin* * The current obsession with exam results is actually harming children’s education.* * The game pachinko became a **national obsession**.* * He has an enthusiasm for art, **to the point of obsession** in my opinion.* * She looked after him with a devotion **bordering on obsession**.*

Answer 15

**love** *noun* [uncountable] a feeling of liking someone very much and caring a lot about them – used about people in your family, or someone you feel sexually attracted to: *All children need love, attention, and encouragement.* | *We don’t need words to express our love for each other.* **affection** *noun* [uncountable] a gentle feeling of love which makes you want to be kind to someone and show them that you love them – used especially about friends and members of your family: *My mother never showed us us any affection.* | *Alison and I had been at school together, and I felt great affection for her.* **devotion** *noun* [uncountable] very strong love for someone in which you want to give them a lot of attention and look after them – used especially about strong feelings of love for your wife, husband, children etc.: *His recovery is largely due to the devotion of his wife and family* **passion** *noun* [uncountable] a strong and exciting feeling of love for someone you are extremely sexually attracted to: *He loved her still, with just the same passion as he always had.* | *There was no passion in their relationship.* **infatuation** *noun* [uncountable and countable] a strong feeling of love for someone, in which you cannot stop thinking about them, and which seems silly because you do not know them very well: *She hoped that his ridiculous infatuation would soon wear off.* | *His infatuation with Diane seemed to be growing.* | *a childhood infatuation* **romance** *noun* [uncountable] the feeling of loving someone and the nice things you do to show this – used about someone you are sexually attracted to: داستان عاشقانه *The romance had gone out of their relationship.* | *In the UK, one in ten people have found romance over the Internet.* **crush** *noun* [countable] a very strong feeling of love and sexual attraction for someone such as a teacher or a famous person, especially when there is no chance of you having a relationship with that person because you are much younger than them: *She had a teenage crush on one of her teachers.* | *I had a big crush on Tom Cruise when I was growing up.* | *a schoolgirl crush*

Answer 16

**1** [transitive] to make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another ارتباط دادن **associate sb/sth with sth** *I don’t associate him with energetic sports.* **2 be associated (with sb/sth)** **a)** to be related to a particular subject, activity etc.: *problems associated with cancer treatment* **b)** (*also* **associate yourself with sb/sth)** to show that you support someone or sth: مربوط دونستن *He did not associate himself with the pro-democracy movement.* **Register** In everyday English, people usually say sth **comes with** or **goes with** sth rather than **is associated with** it: *There are some problems that **go with** this way of doing things.* **3 associate with sb** to spend time with someone, especially someone that other people disapprove of: *I don’t like these layabouts you’re associating with.*

Answer 17

someone who you work or do business with **SYN** **colleague: همکار** ## Footnote *one of his business associates*

Answer 18

**colleague** someone who you work with in a company or organization, for example someone working in the same office, or someone teaching in the same school: *Friends and former colleagues described him as a kind and caring man.* | *She discovered that her male colleagues were earning more than she was.* **Workmate** is more informal than **colleague:** *He went out for a drink with his workmates.* **coworker** *American English* someone who you work with: *I was sad to say goodbye to all of my coworkers.* **associate** someone who you work with, especially another businessman or businesswoman: *They are close friends and business associates.* **staff** all the people who work for an organization: *The company employs a total of 520 staff.* | *a staff meeting*

Answer 19

someone who is a member etc. of sth, but who is at a lower level and has fewer rights

Answer 20

a professor at an American university whose job is above the level of assistant professor and below the level of professor

Answer 21

**1** [countable] an organization that consists of a group of people who have the same aims, do the same kind of work etc.: انجمن *the Association of Master Builders* **2** [uncountable and countable] a relationship with a particular person, organization, group etc. ارتباط **association with** *his **close association** with the Green Party* **3 in association with sb/sth** made or done with another person, organization etc.: *concerts sponsored by the Arts Council in association with local businesses* **4** [countable] a connection or relationship between two events, ideas, situations etc. **association between** *the **strong association** between the disease and middle-aged women* **5** [countable] a feeling or memory that is related to a particular place, event, word etc.: خاطره *Scotland has all kinds of happy associations for me.*

Answer 22

**organization** a group of people, companies, or countries, which is set up for a particular purpose: *Greenpeace is an international organization that protects the environment.* | *the World Health Organization* **institution** a large important organization such as a bank, church, or university: *The University is an important academic institution.* | *financial institutions such as banks* **association** an organization for people in a particular profession, sport, or activity, which officially represents its members – often used in names: *I met a representative of the National Association of Teachers.* | *the Football Association* **party** an organization of people with the same political aims which you can vote for in elections: *Which political party do you support?* | *He voted for the Republican Party’**s candidate.* **body** an important group of people who make the rules and advise people about what should be allowed: *the sport’s **governing body*** | *The government has set up an **advisory body.*** **club/society** an organization for people who share an interest, for example a sport: *We belong to a tennis club.* | *I joined the university film society.* **union** an organization formed by workers in order to protect their rights: *The union ordered its members out on strike.* **charity** an organization which collects money to help people who are poor, sick etc. and does not make any profit for itself: *She has raised a lot of money for local charities.*

Answer 23

**1** **money** an official document promising that a government or company will pay back money that it has borrowed, often with interest: اوراق قرضه * My father put all his money into stock market bonds.* * furious trading on the bond market* → junk bond, premium bond, savings bond **2** **relationship** sth that unites two or more people or groups, such as love, or a shared interest or idea → **tie رابطه** **bond between** *the emotional bond between mother and child* **bond with** *the United States’ special bond with Britain* **bond of** *lifelong bonds of friendship* **3 bonds** [plural] *literary* sth that limits your freedom and prevents you from doing what you want بند و زنجیر **bonds of** *the bonds of fear and guilt* **4** **with glue** the way in which two surfaces become attached to each other using glue: چسبندگی *Use a glue gun to form a strong bond on wood or china.* **5** **chemistry** *technical* the chemical force that holds atoms together in a molecule: پیوستگی مولکولی *In each methane molecule there are four CH bonds.* **6** **written agreement** a written agreement to do sth, that makes you legally responsible for doing it ضمانت **7 my word is my bond** *formal* used to say that you will definitely do what you have promised **8 in/out of bond** *technical* in or out of a bonded warehouse

Answer 24

**a close/strong bond** *A strong bond had developed between them.* **a common bond** (= one that people share) *They shared a common bond – a love of literature.* **a special bond** *There was a special bond between him and his mother.* **an emotional bond** *As soon as we met we felt an emotional bond.*

Answer 25

**form/forge a bond** (= make a bond) *Frequently horses form a strong bond with their riders.* **have a bond** *Twins often have a very close bond.* **feel a bond** *The people of the island feel a strong bond with each other.* **strengthen a bond** *Sharing experiences strengthens bonds with friends.* **break/destroy a bond** *He didn’t want to do anything to break the bond between them.* **a bond develops** (= a bond of friendship developed between them) *Over six months of working together, a close bond developed.*

Answer 26

a small group of people who are unfriendly and think they are special and do not want other people to join them – used to show disapproval دار و دسته **clique of** * a ruling clique of officials* * the cliques formed by high school students;* High-schoolers form **cliques** to gain security and acceptance

Answer 27

**1** to tell someone you trust about personal things that you do not want other people to know حرف دلش رو به کسی گفتن **confide to sb that** *He confided to his friends that he didn’t have much hope for his marriage.* **2** *formal* to give sth you value to someone you trust so they look after it for you امانت دادن، سپردن **confide sth to sb** *He confided his money to his brother’s safekeeping.* **confide in sb** *phrasal verb راز دل رو به کسی گفتن* to tell someone about sth very private or secret, especially a personal problem, because you feel you can trust them: *I’ve never felt able to confide in my sister.* Teenagers are more willing to **confide** in a friend than in a parent.

Answer 28

**1** available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared انحصاری **exclusive access/rights/use etc.** *Our figure skating club has exclusive use of the rink on Mondays.* **exclusive report/interview/coverage etc.** *Tune in to our exclusive coverage of Wimbledon.* **exclusive to** *This offer is exclusive to readers of ‘The Sun’.* **2** exclusive places, organizations, clothes etc. are so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy them: گران و مخصوص عده ای خاص * Bel Air is an exclusive suburb of Los Angeles.* * an exclusive girls’ school* **3** deliberately not allowing someone to do sth or be part of a group: *a racially exclusive hiring policy* **4 mutually exclusive** if two things are mutually exclusive, you cannot have or do both of them: *Lesbianism and motherhood are not mutually exclusive.* **5 exclusive of sth** not including sth **OPP** **inclusive of sth: بدون چیزی بودن** *Our prices are exclusive of sales tax.* **6** concerned with only one thing **OPP** **inclusive:** *The committee’s exclusive focus will be to improve public transportation.*

Answer 29

**the exclusive rights to sth** *BSkyB had exclusive rights to all the live matches.* **exclusive access to sth** *Regulations prohibit anyone having exclusive access to the data.* **the exclusive use of sth** *We had exclusive use of the house while he was away.* **an exclusive report/interview/picture** (= appearing in only one newspaper or magazine) *The newspaper featured exclusive pictures of the couple’s new baby.* **exclusive coverage** (= by only one newspaper or TV channel) *You can watch exclusive coverage of all the matches on BBC1.* **an exclusive deal/contract** (= one that says that no other person or company can do the same job) *Our firm has an exclusive contract to handle the company’**s legal affairs.* **an exclusive club** (= only open to particular people) *Unfortunately, I’m not a member of the exclusive club of millionaires.*

Answer 30

**an exclusive suburb/area** *They live in an exclusive suburb on the north side of the city.* **an exclusive neighbourhood** *British English,* **an exclusive neighborhood** *AmE:* *Some of these kids are from the most exclusive neighbourhoods.* **an exclusive hotel** *With its marble columns and crystal chandeliers, the Crillon is one of the most exclusive hotels in Paris.* **an exclusive school** *Marjorie went to an exclusive girls’ school.* **an exclusive shop** (*also* **an exclusive store** *American English)* *I walked along Bond Street, past all the exclusive shops.*

Answer 31

loyalty and general agreement between all the people in a group, or between different groups, because they all have a shared aim: هم بستگی و اتحاد * a gesture of solidarity* * an appeal for worker solidarity* **show/express/demonstrate your solidarity (with sb)** *I come before you today to express my solidarity with the people of New York.*

Answer 32

**1** [transitive] to try to make sth happen by thinking about it very hard آرزو کردن **will sb to do sth** *She was willing herself not to cry.* **2** [transitive + to] to officially give sth that you own to someone else after you die

Answer 33

extremely unhappy and without hope: محزون، افسرده ## Footnote *Gill had been out of work for a year and was getting very despondent. After his girlfriend left him, Johnson was **despondent** and wouldn’t talk to anyone.* **despondent about** *He was becoming increasingly despondent about the way things were going.*

Answer 34

**1** [uncountable] the strong love that you show when you pay a lot of attention to someone or sth **devotion to** *Alanna has always shown intense devotion to her children.* **2** [uncountable] the loyalty that you show towards a person, job etc, especially by working hard → **dedication** **devotion to** * the soldier’s courage and **devotion to duty*** * his integrity and devotion to his patients* **3** [uncountable] strong religious feeling **4 devotions** [plural] prayers and other religious acts

Answer 35

a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do, because all the choices seem equally good or equally bad: دوراهی، وضع دشوار *a moral dilemma* **in a dilemma** * I’m in a dilemma about this job offer.* * This **placed** Robert Kennedy* ***in a dilemma.*** * Many women are **faced with** the **dilemma** of choosing between work and family commitments.*

Answer 36

**be in a dilemma** *After years of recession, the company was in a dilemma over its future.* **face a dilemma/be faced with a dilemma** *Women may still be faced with the dilemma of choosing between jobs and families.* **pose/create a dilemma** *The difficult economic situation poses a dilemma for investors.* **put/place sb in a dilemma** *His divided loyalties placed him in a dilemma.* **resolve/solve a dilemma** *People often need help with resolving their dilemmas.* **explain your dilemma** (= talk about it) *He explained his dilemma to me.*

Answer 37

**a difficult/serious dilemma** *He was in a serious dilemma because neither option seemed very desirable.* **a terrible dilemma** *She was in a terrible dilemma because she loved both men.* **a moral/ethical/political etc. dilemma** *Doctors face a moral dilemma over how long to prolong someone's life.* **a personal dilemma** *The men who were on strike faced a personal dilemma over whether to return to work.* **a painful dilemma** (= a very difficult one) *She faced the painful dilemma of having to decide whether to tell the police about her son's crimes.* **a common/familiar dilemma** (= one that a lot of people have) *Deciding whether to put an elderly parent in a nursing home is a common dilemma.* **the central dilemma** (= the main one) *The Prime Minister's central dilemma was whether war was justified.*

Answer 38

**a way out of a dilemma** (= a way to solve it) *There seemed to be no way out of the dilemma.* **a solution to a dilemma** (= a way to solve it) *One possible solution to the dilemma may be to divide the money equally betweeen the brothers.*

Answer 39

to be the cause of a situation or feeling: ایجاد کردن *the changes in society engendered by the war; The government’s warnings about terrorism **engendered** fear throughout the nation* **engender sth in sb** *relationships that engender trust in children*

Answer 40

faithful; always supporting your friends, principles, country etc. وفادار، صادق **OPP** **disloyal** **loyal to** * The army has **remained loyal** to the government.* * a **loyal supporter** of the team* * her many years of **loyal service** to the company* * loyal customers* — **loyally** *adverb:* *He has always loyally defended the president.*

Answer 41

**1** [uncountable and countable] a very strong feeling of sexual love شهوت *His eyes were burning with passion.* **passion for** *her passion for a married man* **2** [uncountable and countable] a very strong belief or feeling about sth شور و عشق **with passion** * He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature.* * The issue arouses **strong passions.*** **3** [countable] a very strong liking for sth **passion for** * his passion for football* * Gardening was her great passion.* **4 fly into a passion** *literary* to suddenly become very angry

Answer 42

**great passion** *The orchestra plays with great passion.* **strong passions** *In this area, the issue has already stirred strong passions.* **arouse/stir passions** (= cause strong feelings in people) *The case aroused passions throughout the country.* **passions run high** (= people are very excited, angry, or upset) *The judge's decision is expected today and passions are running high.* **a great passion** *Birds were my great passion.*

Answer 43

**a lifelong passion** *His lifelong passion for natural history began in childhood.* **a consuming passion** (= a very strong interest, or sth you are very interested in) *The young Wordsworth had a consuming passion for poetry.* | *For years, acting and the stage had been his consuming passion.* **have a passion for sth** *She had a passion for music.* **indulge your passion for sth** (= do sth that you enjoy doing very much) دنبال علاقه خود رفتن *The money enabled him to indulge his passion for horses.*

Answer 44

a situation in which two people, groups, or countries give each other similar kinds of help or special rights عمل متقابل

Answer 45

a feeling of strong dislike towards someone or sth **SYN** **hostility انزجار** ## Footnote **antipathy to/towards** *a growing antipathy towards the government* **antipathy between** *There’s always been a certain amount of antipathy between the two doctors.*

Answer 46

**opposition** *noun* [uncountable] strong disagreement with or protest against sth: مخالفت *Opposition to the proposed scheme was widespread.* | *The plan met with stiff opposition* (= strong opposition). **objection** *noun* [countable] a reason you give for opposing an idea or plan: اعتراض *My main objection is that it will cost too much money.* | *A number of objections were raised.* **antagonism** *noun* [uncountable] a strong feeling of opposition to sth, or dislike for someone, which is shown in your behavior, and has often existed for a long time: خصومت *his own antagonism to any form of authority* | *There is no antagonism towards tourists on the island.* | *people’s antagonism to communism* **hostility** *noun* [uncountable] angry remarks or behavior that show someone opposes sth very strongly, or dislikes someone very much: ضدیت و مخالفت *The announcement was greeted with hostility from some employees.* | *There is a certain amount of hostility towards the police among local people.* **antipathy** *noun* [uncountable] *formal* a strong feeling of opposition and dislike for someone or sth: انزجار *his fundamental antipathy to capitalism* | *Her long-standing antipathy to Herr Kohl was well-known.* | *Darwin shared Lyell's antipathy to the idea that the same species could appear independently in different areas.*

Answer 47

behaving in an unpleasant or rude way because you think you are more important than other people: متکبر ## Footnote * He was unbearably (غیر قابل تحمل) arrogant.* * an arrogant attitude*

Answer 48

**proud** very pleased with what you, your family, or your country have achieved, or of sth you own: *I felt so proud when my son graduated from college.* | *Judith’s very proud of her new Ferrari.* **pleased with yourself** feeling pleased because sth good has happened, especially because you think you have been very clever, skillful etc.: *He was smoking a big cigar and was obviously pleased with himself.* | *I’d made a big profit and was feeling pretty pleased with myself.* **arrogant** *disapproving* behaving in an unpleasant and annoying way, because you think you are better or know more than other people, and that your opinions are always right: *He was arrogant and regarded people who disagreed with him as fools.* | *his arrogant attitude to women* **vain** *disapproving* too proud of your appearance, in a way that annoys other people: مغرور بخاطر ظاهر آدم *He’s so vain – he thinks all the girls fancy him.* **conceited/big-headed** *disapproving* proud of yourself because you think you are very intelligent, skillful, beautiful etc, especially without good reason and in a way that annoys people: مغرور بخاطر هوش، زیبایی یا توانایی های دیگر *Stewart’s the most arrogant conceited person I’ve ever known.* | *She was offered a brilliant job and became incredibly big-headed overnight.* **pompous** *disapproving* thinking that you are much more important than you really are, and using very long and formal words to try to sound important: برای فردی هست که کلمات قلمبه سلمبه استفاده میکنه و فکر میکنه خیلی مهمه *The clerk was a pompous little man with glasses.* | *a pompous speech* **smug** *disapproving* pleased with yourself in a quiet but annoying way because you think you are in a better position than other people: جو گیر *Milly was looking very smug about coming top of the class.* | *a smug expression* **self-satisfied** *disapproving* pleased with what you have achieved and showing it clearly in an annoying way: *She glared angrily into his self-satisfied face.* | *a self-satisfied grin*

Answer 49

to speak angrily to someone because they have done sth wrong با عصبانیت سرزنش کردن

Answer 50

**reprimand** *formal* to tell someone that they have done sth wrong or illegal and are being punished for it – used especially in official contexts: سرزنش کردن که تنبیه هم داشته باشه *The police officers were officially reprimanded for their behavior.* | *The Swiss authorities severely reprimanded the banks for accepting $660million from the former Nigerian dictator Sani Abacha.* | *Debra remembered as a very young child being reprimanded by her father.* **scold** *formal* if a parent, teacher, or other adult scolds a child, they talk to them angrily because they have done sth wrong. **Scold** sounds rather formal and old-fashioned. In everyday English people usually say **tell sb off: سرزنش کردن بچه هاست** *I dreaded the thought of going home and being scolded by my father.* **give sb a talking-to** *informal* to talk angrily to a child because they have done sth wrong: *The boy was giving a good talking-to and sent home.* **lecture** to talk angrily to someone for a long time about sth they have done wrong, especially in a way that they think is not necessary or fair: *Stop lecturing me, will you!* | *He began to lecture her about her duties as a citizen.* **rebuke** *formal* to tell someone that they should not have done sth: *She rebuked him for being late.* | *Sheerman rebuked his colleague for suggesting that he was too stupid to understand what he was saying.* **reproach** *formal* to talk to someone in a way that shows you are disappointed at what they have done. **Reproach** sounds much gentler than criticizing someone or reprimanding them: از انتقاد کردن ملایمتر هست *He felt he had to reproach his friend for his excessive drinking.* **berate** *formal* to publicly criticize someone for a long time, in a way that shows you strongly disapprove of what they have done: سرزنش کردن در زمان طولانی *She berated the paper for its 'misleading front-page story.'* | *Kennedy berated the Eisenhower administration and its vice president Richard Nixon, during the 1960 campaign.*

Answer 51

showing that you think someone or sth deserves no respect **SYN** **scornful:** ## Footnote *a contemptuous glance* **be contemptuous of احترام نذاشتن** *He was **openly contemptuous** of his father.*

Answer 52

**1** the feeling that someone or sth is stupid or does not deserve respect **SYN** **contempt تمسخر، تحقیر** **scorn for** *He felt scorn for his working-class parents.* **with scorn** *Rachel looked at me with scorn.* **2 pour scorn on sb/sth** (*also* **heap scorn on sb/sth** *American English)* to strongly criticize someone or sth because you think they do not deserve respect: heap means: خرمن کردن *Labour poured scorn on the Tory claim to be the party of law and order.*

Answer 53

Hate very much; to dislike and have a low opinion of someone or sth: خار شمردن، نفرت بیش از حد داشتن ## Footnote *She despised her neighbours.*

Answer 54

**hate** *verb* [transitive not in progressive] to dislike someone or sth very much: *Billy hated his stepfather.* | *He hated the fact that his wife was more successful than he was.* | *She hates people being late.* **can’t stand/can’t bear** to hate someone or sth. **Can’t stand** is less formal than **hate,** and is very common in everyday English: *She’s OK, but I can’t stand her husband.* | *He couldn’t bear the thought of life without Nicole.* | *She can’t stand being on her own.* **loathe** / ləʊð $ loʊð / **/detest** *verb* [transitive not in progressive] to hate sth or someone very much. **Loathe** and **detest** are a little more formal than **hate:** *He loathed housework.* | *Greg had detested his brother for as long as he could remember.* | *She evidently loathes her ex-husband.* **despise** *verb* [transitive not in progressive] to hate someone or sth very much and have no respect for them: *He despised the man and could never forgive him for what he had done.* | *They despised the wealth and consumerism of the West.* **abhor** / əbˈhɔː $ əbˈhɔːr, æb- / *verb* [transitive not in progressive] *formal* to hate sth because you think it is morally wrong: *He abhorred violence.* | *We abhor racism in any form.*

Answer 55

**1** [uncountable] a feeling of shame and great embarrassment, because you have been made to look stupid or weak: احساس حقارت و شرمندگی *the humiliation of having to ask her parents for money* **2** [countable] a situation that makes you feel humiliated: An event that causes someone to feel that she or he has lost the respect of others; Losing the chess tournament was a great **humiliation** for Marie, and she never played chess again. *The government suffered a series of political humiliations.*

Answer 56

**shame** the feeling you have when you feel guilty and embarrassed because you, or someone who is close to you, have done sth wrong: *She never overcame the shame of having abandoned her children.* | *He remembered his angry words with a deep sense of shame.* | *Following the scandal, Garrison resigned in shame.* **humiliation** a feeling of shame and embarrassment because you have been made to look weak or stupid in front of other people: *What really upset me was the humiliation of having to ask her for money.* | *He suffered the humiliation of defeat in the first round of the competition.* **dishonour** *British English,* **dishonor** *American English formal* the loss of other people’s respect because you have done sth bad, or you have been unsuccessful: *His comments have **brought** shame and **dishonor on** him and his profession.* | *There is no dishonor in failure when you have done everything you possibly can to succeed.* **stigma** the feeling that other people in society disapprove of you because of sth that has happened to you, or because you feel different from most other people in some way – used especially when this seems unfair and unreasonable: *Even when someone has been found innocent of a crime, the stigma often remains.* | *At first I found the stigma of being unemployed very difficult to cope with.* | *In many countries there is still a strong social stigma attached to homosexuality.*

Answer 57

very offensive, unpleasant, or rude: خیلی بی ادب، منفور * She’s really obnoxious.* My **obnoxious** neighbor keeps talking to me while I’m trying to read in my backyard * an obnoxious idea* * obnoxious odours*

Answer 58

**1 it’s a shame/what a shame etc.** *spoken* used when you wish a situation was different, and you feel sad or disappointed: *‘She’s failed her test again.’ ‘What a shame!’* ***It’s a shame that*** *you have to leave so soon.* ***What a shame*** *we missed the wedding.* ***It's a shame about*** *the weather.* **it is a shame to do sth** * It’s a shame to cover this beautiful table with a tablecloth.* * I can’t imagine why they canceled your show, Tracy. **That’s such a shame.*** **a crying/great/terrible shame** *It was a crying shame that they lost the game.* **Register** In written English, people usually say sth is **unfortunate** rather than **a shame:** ***It’s unfortunate that*** *these warnings were not taken seriously.* **2** [uncountable] the feeling you have when you feel guilty and embarrassed because you, or someone who is close to you, have done sth wrong: * He felt a deep sense of shame.* * Maria blushed with shame.* ***To her shame*** (= it made her feel ashamed), *she gained back all the weight she’d lost.* *He’s **brought shame on** the whole family.* **hang/bow your head in shame** (= look down, or feel like you should look down, because you feel so ashamed) *I bow my head in shame when I think of how I treated her.* ***There’s no shame in*** (= it should not make you feel ashamed) *saying ‘I don’t know.’* **3** [uncountable] the ability to feel shame: *How could you do such a thing? **Have you no shame*** *?* **4 shame on you/him/them etc.** *spoken* used to say that someone should feel guilty or embarrassed because of sth they have done: *Shame on you, Fred. I thought you were my friend!* **5 put sb/sth to shame** to be so much better than someone or sth else that it makes the other thing seem very bad or ordinary: *His cooking puts mine to shame.*

Answer 59

**disgrace** a complete loss of people’s respect because you have done sth very bad and shocking: رسوایی و بی آبرویی *His actions **brought disgrace on** the family.* | *The players were sent home* ***in disgrace*** *after admitting taking drugs.* | *Garton killed himself because he could not bear the disgrace of being charged with corruption.* **ignominy** *formal* a feeling of great shame and embarrassment because you have been made to look weak or stupid – a very formal use: شرمندگی *The team suffered the ignominy of losing five games in a row.* | *She hoped to avoid the ignominy of having to appear in court.*

Answer 60

**be stigmatized** to be treated by society as if you should feel ashamed of your situation or behavior: داغ ننگ زده شده *Single mothers often feel that they are stigmatized by society.* Cadbury’s beard and tattoos **stigmatized** him as a bad match for Wall Street, so he couldn’t find work as a financial analyst

Answer 61

vitriolic language, writing etc. is very cruel and angry towards someone: تند و نیش دار *vitriolic remarks;* The mayor’s **vitriolic** attacks against the city council only made him sound unreasonable.

Answer 62

to look at someone in an angry way → **frown: اخم کردن** *Patrick scowled, but did as he was told.* **scowl at** *Mum scowled at him and refused to say anything.*

Answer 63

an angry or disapproving expression on someone’s face اخم ## Footnote *She looked at me with a scowl.*

Answer 64

**frown** the expression on your face when you move your eyebrows together because you are angry, unhappy, or confused: اخم *With a frown, she asked, ‘So what’s wrong with that?’* **smile** an expression in which your mouth curves upwards, when you are being friendly or are happy or amused: *She gave him a quick smile.* **scowl** an angry or disapproving expression: اخم *There was a scowl of irritation on his face.* **glare** a long angry look: نگاه عصبانی طولانی *He gave her a furious glare, but said nothing.* **grimace** an expression you make by twisting your face because you do not like sth or because you are feeling pain: *His face twisted into a grimace of anguish (غم و اندوه).* **sneer** an expression that shows you have no respect for sth or someone: نیش خند *‘That’s what you said last time,’ she said with a sneer.* **smirk** an expression in which you smile in an unpleasant way that shows you are pleased by someone else’s bad luck or that you think you are better than other people: *He had a self-satisfied smirk on his face.* **pout** an expression in which you push out your lower lip because you are unhappy that you did not get what you want: لب و لوچه آویزون کردن *‘You’re going away?’ she said with a pout.*

Answer 65

a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult نوجوان — **adolescent** *adjective:* *adolescent girls;* In policy meetings, George refuses to reason with anyone and just scowls in an **adolescent** way

Answer 66

**1** [uncountable and countable] a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc; تضاد A teenager’s need for security can **conflict** with his desire for independence from his family. **conflict over** *conflicts over wage settlements* **conflict between** *the conflict between tradition and innovation* **in conflict (with sb)** *normal kids who are in conflict with their parents* **political/social/industrial conflict** * social and political conflict in the 1930s* * the threat of industrial conflict in the coalfields* * Marx points out the potential conflicts below the surface of society.* * His views on the literal truth of the Bible **brought** him **into conflict with** other Christian leaders.* * Doctors exercise considerable power and often **come into conflict** with politicians.* * a lawyer specializing in **conflict resolution*** **2** [uncountable and countable] fighting or a war جنگ یا دعوا **armed/military/violent conflict** * For years the region has been torn apart by armed conflicts.* * UN troops intervened to avert a threat of violent conflict.* * efforts to **resolve the conflict*** **3** [uncountable and countable] a situation in which you have to choose between two or more opposite needs, influences etc.: *As women increasingly went out to work, the possibility of a **conflict of loyalties** became stronger.* **conflict between** *a conflict between the demands of one’s work and one’s family* **in conflict (with sth)** *The principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality.* **4** [uncountable and countable] a situation in which you have two opposite feelings about sth: *a state of inner conflict* **5** [countable] *American English* sth that you have to do at the same time that someone wants you to do sth else: *I’ve got a conflict on Friday. Can we make it Monday?* **6 conflict of interest/interests** **a)** a situation in which you cannot do your job fairly because you will be affected by the decision you make: *There is a growing conflict of interest between her position as a politician and her business activities.* **b)** a situation in which different people want different things

Answer 67

**come into conflict with sb** *Local people have often come into conflict with planning officials.* **bring sb into conflict with sb** *Some of her actions have brought her into conflict with her managers.* **cause/create/provoke conflict** *Sometimes very small disagreements can cause conflict within a family.* **resolve a conflict** *You may need a lawyer to resolve a serious conflict between neighbours.* **avoid conflict** *The Prime Minister wants to avoid a conflict over the issue.*

Answer 68

**political/social conflict** *Widespread unemployment often leads to social conflict.* **industrial conflict** (= between workers and their employers) *The industrial conflict resulted in a series of strikes.* **ethnic/racial conflict** (= between people of different races) *The ethnic conflict in the region has become violent.* **family conflict** *There are various techniques you can use to try and avoid family conflict.* **bitter conflict** (= very angry) *The new law provoked bitter conflict.*

Answer 69

**a source of conflict** *Lack of money is often a source of conflict between spouses.* **an area of conflict** (= a subject or matter that causes conflict) *There may be many areas of conflict between parents and teenagers.* **conflict resolution** (= finding a way to end a conflict) *The children are learning methods of conflict resolution to use on the playground.*

Answer 70

**war** *noun* [uncountable and countable] a situation in which there is fighting between countries or opposing groups within a country, with large numbers of soldiers and weapons: *He fought in World War II.* | *the horrors of war* **conflict** *noun* [uncountable and countable] a situation in which there is fighting or a war – used especially in news reports: *the conflict in the Middle East* | *There is increasing danger of armed conflict.* **fighting** *noun* [uncountable] a situation in which people or groups fight each other and try to kill each other: *The fighting went on for months.* | *Fighting in the north has resulted in hundreds of deaths.* **hostilities** *noun* [plural] *formal* fighting in a war: *The agreement called on the guerrillas to **cease hostilities*** (= stop fighting) *and begin peace talks.* **warfare** *noun* [uncountable] the activity of fighting in a war – used especially to talk about a method of fighting: *new and more advanced methods of warfare* | *chemical warfare* **battle** *noun* [uncountable and countable] an occasion when two armies, groups of ships etc. fight each other in one place during a war: *the great naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars* | *the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805* | *He died in battle.* **skirmish** / ˈskɜːmɪʃ $ ˈskɜːr- / *noun* [countable] a short fight between small groups of soldiers, ships etc, especially one that happens away from the main part of a war or battle: زد و خورد *There were minor skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani troops across the border.* **combat** *noun* [uncountable] the act of fighting, especially during a war: *Few of them had any experience of combat.* | *hand-to-hand combat* **action** *noun* [uncountable] military actions carried out by the army, navy etc. of a country during a war – used especially in the following phrases: *He was **killed in action** in 1944.* | *Her son went **missing in action.*** | *Her grandfather **saw action*** (= fought) *in two world wars.*

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