AMINO ACID - MINERALS Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
It is the basic structural unit of protein
A
Amino acid
2
Q
All amino acid found in proteins are in what configuration?
A
L-configuration
3
Q
Proteins are bind together by?
A
PEPTIDE bonds
4
Q
Peptide bonds are chemical bond between what two molecules?
A
alpha-CARBOXYL group of one molecule reacts with alpha-AMINO group.
5
Q
What are the ESSENTIAL amino acids?
A
Phenylalanin Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine
6
Q
Amino acids that can be synthesized in the body are called?
A
Non-essential amino acids
7
Q
What are the Non-essential amino acids
A
Alanine Asparagine Aspartate Cysteine Tyrosine Glycine Glutamic acid Glutamin Proline Serine
8
Q
Amino acid used for ketogenesis are said to be? examples are
A
Ketogenic such as Leucine and Lysine
9
Q
Amino acid used for gluconeogenesis are said to be? examples are
A
Glucogenic such as Alanine Cysteine Glycine Serine Glutamate Glutamine Histidine Arginine Proline Aspartate Asparagine Methionine Valine
10
Q
Amino acids that are both ketogenic and glucogenic
A
Isoleucine Tryptophan Phenylalanine Tyrosine Threonine
11
Q
Non-polar amino acid divided into three
A
Aliphatic
Aromatic
Sulfur containing
12
Q
Polar amino acid divided into two
A
Basic
Acidic
13
Q
Aliphatic amino acids
A
Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine PROLINE (CYCLIC)
14
Q
Aromatic amino acids
A
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
15
Q
Sulfur containing amino acids
A
Methionine
Cysteine
Serine
Threonine
16
Q
Basic amino acid
A
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
17
Q
Acidic amino acid
A
Aspartate
Glutamate
18
Q
Amino acid produced by the body in sequence
A
Methionine Phenylalanine Glycine Serine Glycine Tryptophan Histidine Phenylalanine
19
Q
The 7th amino acid produced by the body
A
Histidine
20
Q
Amino acid that is the precursor of thyroid hormones and dopamine
A
Tyrosine
21
Q
Amino acid that is the precursor of Tyrosine
A
Phenylalanine
22
Q
Amino acid that is the precursor of NIACIN, SEROTONIN, and MELATONIN
A
Tryptophan
23
Q
Amino acid that is the precursor of GABA
A
Glutamate
24
Q
Amino acid that is the precursor of PORPHYRINS
A
Glycine
25
Amino acid that is the precursor of Histamine
Histidine
26
Protein that contains Gkycine, Alanine, and Proline
Elastin
27
most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
28
Amount of proline and lysine in collagen
Lysine 1/3
| Proline 2/3
29
It is the coenzyme essential for normal amino acid synthesis.
Pyridoxal phosphate
30
The most neurotransmitter in the brain.
GABA
31
Amino acid where iron binds to form hemoglobin
Porphyrin
32
Which amino acid produces vasodilation?
Histidine
33
precursor of collagen
Proline
34
Copying of one code of DNA to make 2 strands
DNA Replication
35
Scientists who did the model of DNA during 1953
Watson and Crick
36
What enzyme is needed during DNA replication
RNA Polymerase
37
DNA replication starts with what carbon chain
5' to 3'
38
It is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA
Transcription
39
It is the process that uses the coded infomation in RNA to assemble a protein in the cytoplasm (Amino acid to PROTEIN)
Translation
40
What sugar makes up the DNA backbone
Ribose
41
What makes up the DNA?
Carbon
| Ribose
42
A class of RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence to protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
messenger RNA (mRNA)
43
What are the nitrogen bases?
Purine
| Pyrimidines
44
What are the PURINES
Adenine
| Guanine
45
What are PYRIMIDINES
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
46
the subunits that are individually transported to the cytoplasm where they combine to form a functional ribosome during protein translation
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
47
RNA act as a link between an amino acid and the mRNA codon.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
48
What are the monosaccharides?
```
Mannose
GLUCOSE
RIBOSE
FRUCTOSE
Galactose
```
49
the main sugar in the body also found in dextrose
GLUCOSE
50
main sugar of DNA and RNA
RIBOSE
51
Main energy of sperm
FRUCTOSE
52
What are the DISACCHARIDES
Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Maltose (glucose and glucose)
Lactose (glucose and galactose)
53
Most cariogenic sugar
SUCROSE
54
lease cariogenic sugar
Glucose
55
bevarages contains what sugar?
Sucrose
56
Soda contains what sugar?
Glucose
57
What are the polysaccharides?
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
58
They are not able to move in body fluids due to their hydrophobic nature so they are packaged in micellar structures called lipoproteins
LIPIDS
59
It is a naturally occuring ester of three fatty acids and glycerol that is the chief constituent of fats and oils.
Triglycerides
60
Trigycerides more abundant in what organs?
Liver
Heart
Skeletal muscles
61
In human body, high levels of TRIGLYCERIDE in the bloodstream has been linked to what diseases?
Atherosclerosis
Heart diseases
Stroke
62
Least dense lipoprotein that transports dietary triacylglycerol from the GIT to muscles, adipose tissue and liver. It contains the most triglycerides and least proteins.
CHYLOMICRONS
63
2nd fuel for energy
FATS
64
Lipoprotein that transports endogenous triglyceroids in the muscle and adipose tissue that also contains high content of triglycerides
Very Low-DENSITY lipoprotein (VLDL)
65
They are the primary plasma carriers of cholesterol that less triglycerides and more protein.
Low density lipoprotein (VDL)
66
Lipoprotein that contains MOST protein and cholesterol free
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
67
These are organic substances that must be provided in small quantities in the diet for the synthesis of co-factors essential for a variety of metabolic reaction
VITAMINS
68
2 types of vitamins
Water soluble
| Lipid soluble
69
Vitamin essential for production of collagen that helps th skin and mucous membranes healthy and promotes differentiation of epithelial cells.
Vitamin A
70
The main source of VItamin A
Beta carotene
71
an antioxidant and protects against cancer
Beta carotene
72
Lipid soluble vitamins are absorbed where?
Duodenum
73
Deficiency in vitamin A leads to?
Nyctalopia or nightblindess
74
Pathognomonic sign of Vitamin A
Bitot sign
75
Bitot sign is the build up of what collagen in sclera?
Keratin
76
Deficient receptor in eyes that leads to night blindness
RODS
77
Vitamins essential for absorption of CALCIUM in the intestines
Vitamin D (Calciferol)
78
Form of calciferol found in dietary food or plants
D-2 Ergocalciferol
79
Form of calciferol produced by the SKIN
D-3 Cholecalciferol (inactive)
80
Deficiency in VITAMIN D leads to?
Rickets
| Osteomalacia (50+)
81
Active form of D3
1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol
82
other name for 1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol
Calcitriol
83
Calcitriol is produced by what organ?
Kidney
84
Vitamin essential for nervous system development
Vitamin E
85
Other name for Vitamin E
Tocopherol
86
Vitamin that protects VITAMIN A and C and fatty acids
Tocopherol
87
Vitamin essential for the synthesis of several factors required for clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
Vitamin K
88
Other name for vitamin K
Phytomenadione
89
vitamin that serves as a co-enzyme for carboxylation of inactive prothrombin to form active prothrombin
Vitamin K
90
Deficiency of Phytomenadione leads to
Hypoprothrombinemia
91
Water soluble vitamins are absorbed where?
Large intestines
92
Vitamin that helps release energy from food, promotes normal appetite and for the function of nervous system.
B1 (THIAMINE)
93
Deficiency of Thiamine leads to?
Beriberi
| Wernicke's encephalopathy
94
Vitamin that promotes good vision and healthy vision
B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
95
Deficiency of riboflavin leads to?
Angular cheilitis
Sore throat
Magenta tongue
96
other name for Angular cheilitis
Perleche
97
Vitamin that aids the digestion and energy production from the food by converting glucose to lactic acid (Nicotinamide)
B3 (Niacin or Nicotinic acid)
98
Deficiency of Niacin leads to?
Pellagra
99
3D disease in pellagra
Diarrhea
Dementia
Dermatitis
100
Vitamin that aids in protein metabolism and absorption and helps body use fats
B6 (Pyridoxine)
101
Deficiency in Pyridoxine
Glossitis
| Seborrhic dermatitis
102
Vitamin that helps release energy from carbohydrates and aids in fat synthesis
B7 (Biotin)
103
An important component in the diet for binding biotin in the body to produce MALONYL coA
Avidin
104
Malonyl coA is for?
Fat synthesis
105
Deficiency in Biotin leads to?
Scaly dermatitis
Alopecia
Anemia
106
Form of B7 in diet?
Avidin
107
The 3 important fatty acid in the body are?
Arachidonic
Linoleic
Linolenic
108
Vitamin that aids in protein metabolism, promotes red blood cell formation, prevents birth defect of the spine and brain
B9 (Folate)
109
Deficiency of FOLATE leads to?
Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic-type)
110
Vitamin that aidsin building of genetic materials and maintenance of nerrvous system
B12 Cyanocobalamin
111
Deficiency in Cyanocobalamin leads to?
Pernicious anemia (microcytic-type)
112
Most important vitamin in Nervous system
B12 CYANOCOBALAMIN
113
Mineral deficient in Pernicious anemia
Cobalt
114
Larger than usual rbc
Macrocytic-type
115
smaller than RBC
Microcytic type
116
Production of collagen
Vitamin A
117
Synthesis of collagen
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
118
Deficiency in Vitamin C leads to?
Scurvy
119
Signs and symptoms of Scurvy
Poor wound healing
Ruptured capillaries leading to red spots
Gingival bleeding
Dentin and cementum decalcification
120
3 red spots in the skin
Petechiae
Purpura
Ecchymosis
121
Bruise on the skin
Ecchymosis
122
Other name of Vitamin H
Biotin
123
Most toxic of all vitamins
D,
124
Most common hypervitaminosis
Vitamin D and A
125
What is marasmus?
malnourishment due to lack of all nutrients, vitamins and proteins
126
Appearance of person with marasmus
Monkey face
127
What is kwashiorkor
Deficiency in proteins
128
Appearance of person with Kwahiorkor
Moon-face (edema)
129
Vitamins essential for tooth development
ACD
130
These are inorganic elements that are essential to life
Minerals
131
Mineral for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission ad muscle contraction
CALCIUM
132
mineral as the primary ion determining the magnitude of fluid secretion
CHloride
133
Chloride acts on what organ?
Intestines
134
Mineral as the key factor in kinases involved in protein synthesis
Magnesium
135
Mineral for bone and tooth formation, acid-balance, release of energy
Phosphorus
136
Mineral for acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function, muscle relaxation
Potassium
137
Mineral for acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function
Sodium
138
Mineral for the constituent of active tissue compound , cartilage and tendons
Sulfur
139
Mineral as the master regulator of INSULIN
Chromium
140
Essential for vitamin B12 production
COBALT
141
Mineral essential for IRON metabolism
COPPER
142
replaces calcium to make teeth stronger
Fluoride
143
Mineral constituent of THYROID hormones, regulates energy metabolism
IODINE
144
Mineral constituent of hemoglobin and enzyme involved in energy metabolism
IRON
145
Mineral essential for the Immune system
ZINC
146
The most abundant trace minerals in the body
ZINC
147
The most significant result of lowered calcium in the body is
Irritation of nerves and muscles
148
Maintains the membrane potential of the body
Na-K
149
The only ion which is higher intracellularly than extracellularly
Potassium
150
Advantage of Fluoride in the teeth
Makes teeth more resistant to acid
| Less susceptible to carries formation
151
Mineral mosty found in plants that grows above the ground
Potassium
152
Mineral mosty found in plants that grows below the ground
Sodium
153
Mineral lackingin person with muscle cramp
Potassium
154
Mineral needed by thymus for T-cell production
Zinc
