Endocrine system Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
System that produces hormones and made up of glands.
A
Endocrine system
2
Q
The functional unit of a gland
A
Adenomere
3
Q
These are the primary chemical messenger of cell signaling molecules
A
Hormones
4
Q
Hormones derived from AMINES
A
Thyroid hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
5
Q
Hormones derived from Peptide and Protein
A
Insulin Glucagon Prolactin ACTH Parathyroid hormones
6
Q
Hormones derived from STEROID
A
Cortisol Aldosterone Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone
7
Q
Side effect of STEROID
A
Immunosuppressants
8
Q
It is the master’s gland.
A
Pituitary gland
9
Q
Other name for pituitary gland
A
Hypophyseal gland
10
Q
Location of Pituitary gland
A
Sella turcica of Sphenoid bone
11
Q
Pituitary gland is covered by
A
Diaphragm sella
12
Q
Part of pituitary gland derived from ECTODERM (Rathke’s pouch)
A
Anterior pituitary gland
13
Q
Other name for Ant. Pituitary gland
A
Adenohypophysis
14
Q
Adenohypophysis is derived from
A
Oral cavity
15
Q
Pathology: Calcified tissue seen in adenohypohysis resembles?
A
Tooth tissues
16
Q
Development site if adenohypophysis
A
Rathke’s pouch tumor
17
Q
rare type of brain tumor derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue that occurs most commonly in children, but also affects adults.
A
Craniopharyngioma
18
Q
3 germ layers
A
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
19
Q
The release of hormone in adenohypophysisis regulated by?
A
Hypothalamic (vascular) portal system
20
Q
Hormones in Hypothalamic (vascular) portal system has 2 types of hormone
A
Releasing hormone
Inhibitory hromone
21
Q
What are the acidic hormones?
A
Growth hormone (Somatotropin) Prolactin
22
Q
What are the basic hormones?
A
FSH LH ACTH TSH beta -ENDORPHIN
23
Q
Target organs for GH.
A
Long bones
Liver
Adipose tissue
24
Q
Effects of GH on the target organs.
A
Stimulation of growth
Metabolism of CHO and lipids
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Hormone that produces milk
Prolactin
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Target organ of prolactin
Mammary gland
27
Male have prolactin but inhibited by?
Hypothalamus
28
What trimester during pregnancy prolactin starts to produce milk?
2nd trimester
29
PROLACTIN is the predominant inhibitory hormone by?
Dopamine
30
It is associated with release of Growth Hormone
Positive Nitrogen Balance
31
It is a fundamental component of amino acid.
Nitrogen
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It is a measure of nitrogen input (dietary intake) minus nitrogen output (urinary output, feces and sweat).
Nitrogen Balance
33
Nitrogen balance is associated with?
Period of growth
Hypothyroidism
Tissue repair
Pregnancy
34
Hormone that regulates reproduction functioning.
FSH
35
FSH targets what organ?
Ovaries and testes
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Hormone responsible for production of sex hormone.
LH
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LH targets what organ?
Ovaries and testes
38
Epithelial lining of the gonads?
Germinal epithelium
39
Hormone that maintains the production of STEROIDS
Adenohypophysis > ACTH
40
Target organ of ACTH
Adrenal gland (cortex)
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What organ produces steroids?
Adrenal cortex
42
Anti-stress hormone
ACTH
43
Hormone that maintains the secretion of thyroid hormones.
TSH
44
Target organ of TSH
Thyroid gland
45
This hormone inhibits pain perception.
beta-ENDORPHIN
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Target organ of beta-Endorphin
Opioid receptor
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Natural pain-reliever of the body.
beta-ENDORPHIN
48
4 happy hormones
Endorphin
Dopamine
Serotonin
Oxytocin
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Posterior pituitary gland is derived from what germ layer?
Neuroectoderm
50
Other name for posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
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Neurohypophysis is functionally connected to HYPOTHALAMUS via?
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract
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Hormones secreted by Neurohypophysis
Oxytocin
| ADH
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Target organs of Oxytocin.
Mammary duct
Uterus
Ejaculatory duct
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Effects of Oxytocin to its target organs.
Contraction
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Target organ of ADH
Collecting tubule
| DCT
56
Effects of ADH to its target organs
Contraction
| Increase the permeability
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other name for ADH
Vasopressin
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Which of the following hormones has similar action to oxytocin?
ADH
59
Oxytocin and ADH are both produced by?
Hypothalamus
60
It is a synthetic drug of OXYTOCIN
Pitocin
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Pitocin may be administered in cases of?
Pregnant woman during long labor
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Hormone storage in neurohypophysis
Herring bodies
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The x-ray beam is attenuated by the lead foil before striking the film. This causes the embossed pattern on the foil this effect appears on the processed film.
Herringbone or diamond effect
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It is the largest endocrine gland.
Thyroid gland
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Location of Thyroid gland
Anterior to the trachea, around level of cricoid cartilage
66
It is the functional unit of thyroid gland that produces COLLOID.
Follicle
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It is the major constituent of COLLOID.
Thyroglobulin
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These proteins are the two essentials for synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Tyrosine and Iodine
69
Dietary essential of IODINE
0.1 mg/day
70
Cell in the thyroid gland responsible for METABOLISM
Follicular cell
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What are the follicular cells?
T4 and T3
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cell in thyroid gland that is in Inactivated form that composes 90% production.
Thyroxine T4
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A more potent and active form of T4 composes 10% o production.
T3 Tri-iodothyronine
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It is the energy-producing phase in which simple substances are synthesized into complex.
ANABOLISM
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Involves the ENERGY-RELEASING when there is breakdown of complex molecule into simple substance.
CATABOLISM
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Also known as clear cell.
Parafollicular cell
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Cell in Thyroid gland responsible for BONE REMODELING.
Parafollicular cell
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Hormone of thyroid gland responsible for bone remodeling.
CALCITONIN
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Calcitonin responsible for bone remodeling by
Decreasing the CALCIUM in bone, kidneys and intestines.
| Increasing the PHOSPHATE by preventing bone resorpttion
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Major effects by decreasing the calcium in the bone, kidneys and intestines.
Inhibiting the OSTEOCLASTIC ACTIVITY.
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Minor effects by decreasing the calcium in the bone,kidneys and intestines.
Decreases the reabsorption of Ca in the kidney
| Prevents the absorption of calcium from instestines.
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Gland that increases calcium in the blood
Parathyroid gland
83
Location of Parathyroid gland
Posterior to the thyroid gland
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Cell in parathyroid gland that is responsible for Bone Remodeling
Chief cell
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Hormone in parathyroid gland responsible for bone remoddeling.
Parathormone
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Parathormone involves in bone remodeling by?
Increases calcium in the kidneys
Increases Vit.D for intestinal absorption of Calcium
Decreases phosphate re-absorption
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Cell in parathyroid gland that appears at the onset of puberty only.
Oxyphil cells
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Presence of oxyphil cells in adult indicates?
Parathyroid gland pathology
89
Hormones that favor BONE FORMATION
```
Insulin
Growth hormone
CALCITONIN
Estrogen
Testosterone
```
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Decreased in Estrogen and Testosterone leads to?
Osteoporosis
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Accessory gland in digestion
Pancreas
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Location of Pancreas
L1 to L2 that lies on the FIRST part of the Duodenum.
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C-shaped part of small intestines.
Duodenum
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System found in the HEAD portion of the pancreas.
Exocrine system
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System found in the TAIL portion of the pancreas.
Endocrine system
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Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine
Endocrine produces hormones and is DUCTLESS
| Exocrine produces enzymes and has DUCTS
97
Main duct in EXOCRINE of pancreas
Wirsung duct
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Accessory duct of EXOCRINE in pancreas
Santorini duct
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Exocrine in pancreas excretes what enzymes?
Bicarbonates
Amylase
Lipase
Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsin
100
Enzyme that buffers the hydrochloric acid in duodenum.
Bicarbonates
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Enzyme that breaks down polysaccharide into GLUCOSE and MALTOSE
Amylase
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Enzyme that breaks down TRIGLYCERIDES forming free fatty acids.
Lipase
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Enzyme that digests PROTEIN.
Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsin
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Acid mainly present in stomach
Hydrochloric acid
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Environment required to absorbed food
Acidic environment
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It is where the ISLETS of LANGERHAN is seen
Tail portion of Pancreas
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What are the endocrine cells in pancreas
Alpha
Beta
Delta
F-cells
108
Endocrine cells that produces glucagon.
Alpha cells
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Endocrine cells that produces insulin
Beta cells
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Endocrine cells that produces SOMATOSTATIN
Delta cells
111
Endocrine cells that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
F-cells
112
Hormone that breaks down glycogen.
Glucagon
113
Hormone that stores glucose
Insulin
114
Glucose breaks down glycogen in what organs?
LIVER
Resting muscle
Adipocyte
115
Insulin stores glucose in
Resting muscle
Adipocyte
Liver
116
Hormone that controls production of insulin and glucagon which also aids in digestion.
Somatostatin
117
It is the formation of glycogen.
Glycogenesis
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It is the breaking down of glycogen into GLUCOSE.
Glycogenolysis
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Molecule easiest to digest by the body
Fats
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Molecule difficult to digest by the body
Protein
121
Lack of insulin in the body causes
High sugar in blood
122
Other name for glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
123
It is the breakdown of glycogen into Pyruvate and Lactic acid.
Glycolysis
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Glycogen that goes into Aerobic condition produces
Pyruvate and 2 ATP
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Glycogen that goes into Anaerobic condition produces
Lactic acid and 2 ATP
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Breakdown of glycogen in blood
Glycogenolysis
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Breakdwon of glycogen to produce ATP
Glycolysis
128
New glucose production in liver and in kidneys
Gluconeogenesis
129
Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from?
PYRUVATE
130
Glycolysis process increases after?
1 hour of meal
131
Glycogenolysis is increased during?
Exercise
132
Gluconeogenesis is increased during?
Fasting (which is pathological to the liver)
133
These are gland located asuperomedially to the upper pole of kidneys.
ADRENAL GLANDS
134
The outer portion of Adrenal gland.
Adrenal cortex
135
The outermost portion of the outer part of adrenal gland.
Zona glomerulosa
136
Zona glomerulosa produces what hormone?
Mineralocorticoids
137
Other name of Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
138
Hormone that maintains salt in the body
Aldosterone
139
Function of Z. glomerulosa
Stimulates Na re-absorption in DCT
140
Drug that release Na out in the body
Diuretics
141
Z. Fascisulata produces what hormone?
Glucocorticoids
142
Other name for glucocorticoids
Cortisol
143
A stress hormone which also maintains sugar in blood
Cortisol
144
Z. reticularis produces what hormone?
Androgens
145
Other name for Androgens
Sex hormones
146
Sex hormones is mainly for
Sex appearance
147
The middle portion of the outer part of adrenal gland.
Z. Fasciculata
148
The innerrmost portion of the outer part of adrenal gland.
Z. Reticularis
149
What are the sex hormones>
(Estrogen)Estradiol
Progesterone
Testosterone
150
Estradiol contains how many carbons and aromatic ring?
18 CARBONS and 1 aromatic ring
151
Progesterone contains how many carbons from cholesterol?
21 Carbons
152
Testosterone contains how many carbons from cholesterol?
19 Carbons
153
Main androgen of female
Estrogen
154
Main androgen in male
Testosterone
155
Androgen in male works more on?
Muscles
156
Andrgen in female works on?
Adipose tissue
157
Primary difference between male and female
Male - penis
| Female - vagina
158
Secondary differences between male and female
Male- with adam's apple, facial hair, muscular, broad shoulder, estuchinon witih diamond pattern
Female- not prominent adam's apple, absence of facial hair, broad hips, estuchion pattern is inverted triangle, presence of breast
159
True or False. Testes and Ovaries produce sex hormones.
True
160
Are testes and ovaries part of endocrine system?
Yes
161
condition having Facial pattern of opposite sex
Hirsutism
162
It is the inner portion of Adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla
163
Cell present in Adrenal medulla
Chromaffin cells
164
Chromaffin cells produces?
CATECHOLAMINES-
| Dopamine,Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
165
Dopamine is mainly produced in?
Hypothalamus
166
Catecholamine is degraded by?
Mono-amine oxidase
167
Anti-depressaant drug contains?
MAO inhibitor
168
This gland produces Melatonin for circadian fluctuance
Pineal gland
169
Other term for pineal gland
Epiphyseal gland
170
Location of pineal gland
Roof of the third ventricle
171
Refers to the blood melatonin level that are 3x higher at night
Circadian fluctuance
172
Melatonin is more active in child, age?
0-12months
173
In adult, melatonin will be converted to this hormone to induce sleep.
Serotonin
