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APUSH > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

0
Q

Federal and state politicians actively encouraged

A

The growth of business by imposing high tariffs on foreign imports as a means of blunting competition and by providing land and cash to finance railroads and other transportation improvements

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1
Q

What are the factors that helped accelerate economic growth in the Civil War?

A

Nation’s unparalleled resources, rapidly expanding population, inventors and business owners developed more efficient, labor saving techniques, and innovative bold leadership as many entrepreneurs took advantage of fertile business opportunities

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2
Q

What Was the Homestead Act of 1862?

A

The distribution of 160 acre homesteads to citizens

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3
Q

Equally important to helping the economic boom was

A

That it did not regulate the activities of other corporations

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4
Q

Business leaders usually got what they wanted from

A

Congress and state legislators. Bribery was common

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5
Q

What was also booming in the late 1800s?

A

The agricultural sector

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6
Q

By often sending their products to factories, the agricultural sector

A

Stimulated the industrial sector

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7
Q

The industrial transformation also benefited from

A

An abundance of cheap power sources (water, wood, electricity, etc.)

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8
Q

What was the 2nd Industrial Revolution spurred by?

A

Creation of interconnected transportation and communication networks, widespread application of electrical power, and the systematic application of scientific research to the industrial process.

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9
Q

What connected the United Stares and Europe?

A

Steamships and the underwater telegraph line

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10
Q

What did electricity make grow?

A

Steel and chemical industry and urban growth

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11
Q

What symbolized the urban-industrial revolution?

A

Railroads

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12
Q

When did the railroads especially grow?

A

the 25 years after the Civil War

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13
Q

What was a major cause of the panic of 1893?

A

Railroads were expensive to manage

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14
Q

What were problems with railroads?

A

Often created shoddy working conditions, they were often poorly managed which led many companies to bankruptcy, and many executives often “lobbied” and had a dangerous degree of influence

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15
Q

Pacific Railway Act?

A

Authorized the construction of a rail line along a north central route by the Union Pacific Railroad westward from Omaha and Central Pacific Railroads eastward from Sacramento

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16
Q

Many railroad comoanies

A

Bribed legislators, manipulated accounts, used federal troops to suppress Indians

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17
Q

The Union Pacific Railroads workers were mostly

A

Past Civil War soldiers, former slaves, and Irish and German immigrants.

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18
Q

The Central Pacific Crew was mostly

A

Chinese

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19
Q

What delayed the finishing of the transcontinental railroad?

A

Iron prices spiked, broken treaties,prompted Indian raids, blizzards, and adverse conditions

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20
Q

The railroad met in

A

Promontory Utah

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21
Q

Alexander Graham Bell invented the

A

Telephone, founded the Bell Telephone Company, which was surpassed by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company

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22
Q

What did Thomas Edison invent?

A

Storage battery, Dictaphone, mimeograph, light bulb, phonograph, electric motor, electric transmission, and motion picture camera

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23
Q

The Edison Electric Illuminating Company

A

Began the great electric utility industry

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24
Q

The railroad and shipping connections made Cleveland a strategic location for

A

Servicing the booming oil fields of western Penn.

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25
Q

Where was the first oil well?

A

Titusville, Pennsylvania

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26
Q

How did Rockefeller weed out his competition to raise prices?

A

Bought out his Cleveland competitors, and those who resisted were forced our

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27
Q

What Is vertical integration?

A

Where a company produces whatever it needs. In addition, it also keeps large amounts of cash reserves to make it independent of banks

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28
Q

With Standard Oil owning much of the pipelines leading to the railroads, plus railroad rank cars and the oil storage facilities, it

A

Was able to dissuade the railroads from serving its eastern competitors

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29
Q

What was the Standard Oil Trust?

A

All 37 stockholders conveyed their stock to nine trustees, receiving trust certificates, which paid them annual dividends from the company’s earnings

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30
Q

But this trust proved vulnerable to

A

Prosecution under state laws agains monopoly or restraint of trade

31
Q

Rockefeller perfected the holding company:

A

A company that controlled other companies by holding a majority of their stock

32
Q

Who was Carnegie a secretary for?

A

Thomas Scott, then district superintendent of the Penn. railroad and later its president

33
Q

What did Henry Bessemer do?

A

He created the Bessemer converter, a process where steel could be produced directly and quickly from pig iron

34
Q

Carnegie insisted on using

A

Uo to date machinery and equipment and used times of recession to expand cheaply by purchasing struggling companies

35
Q

According to Carnegie, continual innovation in order to,reduce

A

Operating costs

36
Q

Carnegie believed he was a

A

Public benefactor,

37
Q

JP Morgan was born in

A

Wealth

38
Q

The J. Pierpoint Morgan and Company channeled

A

European capital into the United States and grew into a financial in its own right

39
Q

Morgan was an investment banker-

A

He would buy corporate bonds and stocks wholesale and sell them at a profit

40
Q

Morgan sought out to consolidate rival firms into

A

Giant trusts

41
Q

Morgan started out in the

A

Railroad business (controlling 1/6 of it) and later the steel industry. He bought out Carnegie’s company and Rockefeller’s iron ore holdings. Later founded the US Steel Corporation

42
Q

The continuing demand for unskilled/ semiskilled workers attracted

A

New groups entering the workforce at the bottom: immigrants above all, along with women and children

43
Q

The US was the only industrial nation in the world to have no

A

Workmen’s compensation program to provide support for injured workers

44
Q

Parents desperate for income had to put

A

Children at work

45
Q

Throughout Appalachia boys worked at coal mines

A

Girls in NE worked in dusty textile mills, brushing away lint from the clacking machined and retying broken threads

46
Q

Children suffered 3x times

A

As many accidents and respiratory diseases were common

47
Q

Although there were some laws regarding child safety, they wrre

A

Rarely enforced and ignored

48
Q

The only proof required by employers in such states was a

A

Statement from the child’s parents

49
Q

Why was organized protest difficult?

A

Differing cultures of the workers and civic leaders respected property rights more than the rights of labor

50
Q

What was the main cause of the Great railroad Strike of 1877?

A

10% wage cut led many workers to walk off job and block tracks. This spread to hundreds of cities and towns

51
Q

In San Fran, strikers often took wrath on

A

Chinese immigrants. Racist populism was common place in the Soutn

52
Q

Federal troops finally

A

Quelled the widespread violence. Destroying property wore itself out

53
Q

Eventually, the workers,

A

La kong organized bargaining power went back to work

54
Q

The Great Railroad Strike demonstrated potential

A

Union strength and need for tighter organization

55
Q

What Was the Sand Lot incident?

A

The depression hit hard in the west coast and many workers blamed it on the Chinese immigrants

56
Q

Denis Kearney

A

Had organized the Workingmen’s Party of California, to stop Chinese immigration. He caused a national issue

57
Q

The National Labor Union comprised

A

Delegates from labor and reform groups more interested in political and social reform

58
Q

What did the Nlu advocate?

A

Eight hour work day, workers’ cooperatives, greenbackism, and equal rights for all

59
Q

What caused the failure of NLU

A

Passing of their leader

60
Q

The NLU was influential in

A

Persuading Congress to enact an 8 hour work day and to repeal 1864 Contract Labor act

61
Q

The Knights of Labor endorsed

A

The reforms advanced by previous workingmen’s groups, including the creation of bureaus of labor statistics and mechanics’ lien laws, elimination of convict labor competition, 8 hour work day, and paper currency

62
Q

The Knights allowed as members those

A

Who worked for wages except doctors, lawyers, bankers, and sellers of alcohol

63
Q

Terrence Prowdley was

A

Frail, sensitive to criticism and indecisive at critical moment

64
Q

However, Powerdly did

A

Increase the growth to strikes that occurred during his leadership

65
Q

Anarchists believed that the government was

A

An abusive device used by the rich to exploit the working poor

66
Q

Many European anarchists arrived to establish

A

Their belief in the impact of the propaganda of the dead

67
Q

The Haymarket Affair grew indirectly out of

A

Prolonged agitation for an 8 hour work day

68
Q

Violence started at the McCormick

A

Reaper Works plant, where farm equipment was made

69
Q

What happened on May 4

A

There were long speeches complaining about low wages and long working day, when policemen showed up and told the group to disperse. Someone threw a bomb and chaos ensued. Because of this labor meetings were banned in Chicagom

70
Q

Seven anarchist leaders were hanged despite any

A

Evidence against them

71
Q

The violent incident at Haymarket Square triggered

A

Widespread revulsion at the nights of labor groups in general

72
Q

What were factors for the KOL’s decline?

A

A leadership more dedicated to reform than the nuts of boots of an organization, fear of radicalism, the failure of the KOL’s co-op owned enterprises, and a preoccupation with politics that led the Knights to sponsor labor candidates in hundreds of local elections

73
Q

Gompers focused on

A

Concrete economic gains

74
Q

The Homestead Strike’s caused was not helped when Alexander Berkman

A

Tried to assassinate Frick

75
Q

The Pullman strike paralyzed

A

The economics of 27 sates snd territories taking up the western half of the nation

APUSH (21 decks)

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