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1
Q

What did Martin Luther (1483-1546) benefit from?

A

He benefitted from others who resented the Roman Catholic Church. he lso had good works with the printing press, 95 thesis’s appeared everywhere

2
Q

What did Lutehr attack?

A

He ataced the Roman chuch for a wide range of abuses, and called for a reform. He attacked:

  1. The sale of indulgences
  2. The monasteries (advocated the closure of them)
  3. Translation of the Bible inot vernacular languages
3
Q

What did Martin Luther proclaim as the only source of Christian authority?

A

The Bible

4
Q

Where did Luther’s works gain popular support?

A

In Germany and they fueled a movement to reform Chirsitinaity on luther’s reforms

5
Q

By mid 16th century, what did the German popluation adopt?

A

Luthernism, and reformers had launched Protestant movemnts everywhere

6
Q

WHere were some protestant movements?

A

In Switzerland, n the cities of Zurich,Basel and Geneva

7
Q

In England, a Reformaiton took palce because

A

Henry VIII did not want to stay married to Cathrine of Aragon….ANglican Church

8
Q

Who was John Calvin?

A

He was a reformer, a French lawyer who in the 1530s converted to Protestant Christianity, beca

9
Q

When calvin slipped accross the boarder to Switzerland, what did he wite>

A

He wrote the Institutes of Chrisitan Religion, that woked to impose a strict code of mortality and discipline

10
Q

Calvin’s Geneva was not only a model PRotestant community, but a missionary center, calvinist missionaries were most active where?

A

In France , they were active, and also went to Germany and Scotland

11
Q

The Calvinists

A

Establishe dchurches in all these lands and worked for reform along Protestant lines..

12
Q

In response to the Protestant Reformation, what did the Roman Catholic Church do?

A

The authorites undertook an enormous reform effort within thier own Church

13
Q

What did the Roman Catholics sought to do?

A

Define thier won points of doctirne so as to clarify differences between the two religons, and deepen spirituality

14
Q

What were two things that were formed in part of the RC reformation?

A

Council of Trent, and Society of JEasus

15
Q

What was the Council of Trent?

A

It was an assemnly of bishops, cardinals, adnother high churhc officals who ment between 1545-1563 to address matters of docrine and reform

16
Q

The councild rew on works from

A

scholastic Theologin St. Thomas Aquainas, and the council defined the eemnts of Roman Catholoc theology in detail, demanded that Church observe strict things on morality

17
Q

What was the Society of JEasus?

A

It was the spreading thing. St. Igantius Loyola founded it. It was a society of Jesuits, who completed a rigorous and advanced education. They recieved instruction on theology and that of preparation

18
Q

What religious practice shows the patriarchal nature of the society

A

Wich hunting, because all of them were women

19
Q

What was witch hunting explained by?

A

Failure of a crop, unexpected death, outbreak of a deat, disease, concieve of a child

20
Q

WHat was a famous witch trial

A

Salem witch trials

21
Q

What were some religious wars

A
  1. Ones in France, for 36 years (1562-1598)
  2. Philip II of PSain and England, the Spanish Armada got invoved, and tried to convert Queen Elizabeth
  3. King of Spain, and NEtherlands, Phillip wanted to tighten his holdings there and it escalated there
22
Q

What was teh 30 years war?

A

When the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church. The battle ground was Germany, but other states entered

23
Q

What motives did the states have for entering the war

A

religious,economic, political

24
Q

After 1438, the Habsburg Family had extensive dynastic holdings in Austria, dominated the Holy Roman Empire, how did htye accumulate rights and titles

A

through marriages, Charlex V inherited a lot of land, including the duchy of BUrgundy

25
Q

When he became emperor, he acquired authority over(Charles V)

A

Burgundy, Spain, Italy, And Americas, Bohemia, and othe rparts

26
Q

What was Charles V very concerned about?

A

He was concerned about keeping the Luthern movment down..so that there was not a huge revoution

27
Q

What were Charles V’s foreign challenges?

A

France teamed up with the Ottoman Turks over the Empire. The Ottomans did not want to see a powerful Chirsitian emperor threaten their holdings in eastern Europe and their position in the mediterranena basin

28
Q

WHo were some of the new monarchs

A

Henry VII, and Islabell of Spain

29
Q

ow did the new monarchs increase their finance?

A

Fench kings levied direct taxes on sales households and salte trade. Henry severed ties with the Roamn Catholic Churhc

30
Q

What did new monarchs maintian

A

They maintained, texes, and armies, so that they could beat the nobles.

31
Q

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

A

It was essentially when the spnish went and rooted out whoever was not Roman Catholic,

32
Q

Who ran Constitutional states?

A

England adn Dutch. THey both had consitutional governments that claimed limited powers, and other limited things

33
Q

What was teh English civil war?

A

It the English kings had tried to insittute new taxes without any approval, there was a Puratin Revolution, and Oliver Cromwell

34
Q

The Glorius Revlution?

A

Mary and Dutch husband william of Orange assumed the throne

35
Q

What was teh Dutch place like?

A

They formed an alliance against King Phillip of Spain, and rvoked a large rebellion. The Dutch republic was an experiment

36
Q

Who was teh popular absolutism monarch?

A

Lous XIII, where his cardinal Richelie served to undermine the power of thenoblity and enhance the auhtority of the king. there was a huge bureaucracy

37
Q

What was Louis big palace/

A

It was Versailes, many noble lived there so that he could keep an eye on him. Ther was alots of luxyr

38
Q

What was teh Russian Ruler?

A

Czar, and hewas an Absoutim, for the Romanov dynasty, it was tightly centralized

39
Q

What statedid the Romanoves inherit?

A

A state that had expanded its boundaries since the mid fourteenth century

40
Q

Who was Peter I

A

He was the Great, and worked to model Russia after the Western states. He offered better pay for hte army, and ordered aristocrates to study ,mmath,

41
Q

Catherine II

A

She improved governmental efficiency by dividng her vast empire into 50 administrative provinces….she worked to improve the conditions of Russias opresssed peasantry. Rugachev mounted a rebellion

42
Q

What was teh PEace of Westpahlia?

A

The European states regarded one another as soverin and equal. Thy muually recognized their rights toorganize their own affairs.

43
Q

Dud the PEace of W bring an end to war?

A

NO, but it defined terms very clearly,

44
Q

The shifting alliancesillustrate the European diplomacy which said

A

No ruler wanted to see aother dominate all the others, so if a paticular state became strong, there were coalitions against it!.

45
Q

What did European leaders compete for?

A

Military power: they had cannons, of increasing size, range, power and accuracy

46
Q

The Columbian exchange gave European diets, by introducing new food crops to the European fields..like

A

Potatoes, Maize, and Cormeal

47
Q

What were old diseae that continued to haunt the Europeans/

A

Plague, Influeza, Tubeculosis, and Typhus

48
Q

Did the population grow?

A

YEs!

49
Q

What happened as a result of population growth?

A

IT drove rapid urbanization, in cities

50
Q

population gwoth and urbaization helped spur a round of remarkable economic development. THis had to do with the emergence of what?

A

Capitalism

51
Q

What is capitaism?>

A

It is system in which private parties make htier goods and serivces avaliable ona free market and seek to take advantageo market conditions ot rofit form their own ctivities

52
Q

During the modern times, EUropean merhcants, transformed the society in a way

A

that had not been done before

53
Q

What appeared everywhere?

A

Banks Banks and more banks!

54
Q

What are Joint Stock Companies?

A

They were very imporant institutions in early capitalist society. Large rading ocmpanies ushc as teh the English East India Company and VOC, spread teh risk

55
Q

What states really recognized the Capitalst benefit?

A

Englisha dn Dtuch states, so it is not surprising that htey recognized individuals rights to prosses private properties. THey had joint stock companies explore

56
Q

What did Capitalism disocurage?

A

THe formation of guidl

57
Q

Peasants acquired more

A

cabinets, funishings, and table ware.

58
Q

The Romanov tsars restircted the freedom of most peasants and made them

A

Serfs

59
Q

THey did what with the serfs

A

tightened it…so that they would win the nobility

60
Q

Capitalism posed what moral challenges?

A

Medivaltheologins had regarded profit making activity as morally dangerous….it was very hard to move

61
Q

What is the nuclear family

A

The rincipal unit of socieyt, bu soon they were more love..

62
Q

What is the Ptolemaic universe?

A

Claudies Ptolemy, composed a work called Almagest, tat sytnthesized how hte earth was surrounded by the nine planets

63
Q

What does the word Planet mean?

A

Wanterer

64
Q

On the Revolutions of HEavenly Spheres, what did Cpernicas say

A

That it was aheleocentric universe, and they had elliptcal movement

65
Q

Galileo…

A

showed that the heavens were not perfect, saw through the telescope , and learned many new things about the universe

66
Q

Issac NEwton

A

Had Principia, and talked about gravitation, with precise mathmatics

67
Q

ENlightenment thinkers wanted what?

A

THey wanted to have lnatural laws that governed human socieyt

68
Q

The English philosopher John Jocke worked

A

To discover natural laws ofpolitcs, attacked divine right theories, and wanted consitution

69
Q

Adam smith turned his attention to where?

A

To economic affairs, and Charles Louis de Secondat watned to establish the science of politics

70
Q

Philisophis

A

advocated the cause of reason

71
Q

Voltaire

A

he had bitter iron y, championed individual freeodm, and waged a long literacy battle with the Roman Catholic churhc

72
Q

What is Deists?

A

HTey had that a powerful god set the universe in motion and established natural loaws that govern it.

73
Q

Most Philosphies were

A
74
Q
A