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1
Q

In 1260, which two brothers traveled from Venice to Constantinople

A

Niccolo and Maffeo Polo

2
Q

What was the Polo brother’s occupation?

A

They were jEwel Mercahnts and whicle they were in Constantinople, they decided to purusue other opportunites further east

3
Q

What was the first stop of the Polo borhters

A

Soldaia near Caffa on the Black sea and then to the trading cities of Sarai and Bulghar on the Volga river

4
Q

Why did the Polo brothers not return home

A

There was a war that broke out behind them and prevented them from going back. So, they decided to go further easty

5
Q

The polo brothers spent three years where?

A

In the trading city of Bokhara where they recieved an invitation to join the court of Kubhlai Khan

6
Q

The great Khan recieved the Polo brothers and they talked about what??

A

Religion, their land and the ruler s

7
Q

What was khubali khan interestedin

A

learning more about Roman Catholic christianity. This was because there were many mulitcultural groups in his kingdom.

8
Q

What did Khubali Khan send the Polo brothers on a misson

A

To Get authoritative sources of Chrisitian information. this is because he wanted them at his court

9
Q

The polo Brothers were not able to satisfy the Khans desire for envoys, so what did the Pope dO/

A

Sent two missionaries to help

10
Q

WHich famous person went along with the Polos on their mission back?

A

Marco Polo, NIccolo Polo’s son

11
Q

High middle ages of Chrisitan society are defined as

A

1000-1300 the times where a more powerful society was built. It was built on the political, economic, and cultural foundations that were laidout during the early middle ages

12
Q

Beginning in the late tenth century, German Princes did what?>

A

Formed the Holy Roman Empire, which they viewsd as a revival of th eold one

13
Q

What was the problem with the Holy Roman empire?

A

It never extended out of Germany

14
Q

Where did Independent Monarchies emerge

A

In France, England, Italy, and Spain

15
Q

As the Carolingian empire faded during the inth century, counts dukes and other authorities took responsibility for

A

providing order in their own egions

16
Q

Gradually, some of the dukes and counts extended their power beyond their own territories. What was one example

A

Otto of Saxony.

17
Q
A
18
Q

Describe Otto of Saxony’s exploits

A

He had established himself as the king in northern Germany. Campaigned east of the Elbe River in lands that were populated by Slavic people.

19
Q

Who proclaimed Otto emporer

A

Pope John XII in 962

20
Q

The imperial title had a considerable cachet and on several occasions, energetic emporers have almost transformed the Holy Roman Empire into what

A

A hegenmonic state that might have introduced imperial authority to Europe

21
Q

What prevented the Holy Roman Empire from becoming really big?

A

The papacy was a pain. Conflict was very common

22
Q

What was the relationship between the Pope and the Emporer

A

Even though the pope usually crowned the emporers, the relationship was really tense because both made large claims to authority in ChristiianEurope.

23
Q

When did relations become really strained between the pope and the emporer

A

When the emporer sought some influence the selection of church officials- something that pope’s thought should be their right

24
Q

Although neither the pope, nor the emporer was powerful enough to dominate eachother, what was the pope able to d?

A

The pope was able to prevent the emperors from building a powerful imperial state that would threaten the papacy

25
Q

Why did imperial authorities name high church officials

A

This was because, the chuch officials usually had a lot of political power as well

26
Q

Pope Gregory VII ended the practice of what?

A

Lay investiture, the selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers such as the kings

27
Q

Emporer Henry IV challlenged the Pope’s policiy and what happened

A

The pope excommunicated him and released the king’s subjects from him

28
Q

After Henry was excommunicated, what happened

A

Germany princes to the opportunity to rebel against him

29
Q

Was Henry ever forgiven?

A

Yes, but only after he begged for forgiveness while in the snow

30
Q

Describe Frederick Barbarossa

A

He was known as the red beard and was a vigorous and gallant man who reined from 1152-1190

31
Q

What did Barbarossa sought?

A

He wanted to absorb the wealthy and increasingly urban region of Lombardy in northern Italy

32
Q

Integration of Lombardy would have provided Barbarossa with what

A

The resources to control the German princes and dominate Europe

33
Q

Because the pope didn’t like Baraborossa’s plan, what did he do?

A

Marshalled support from Europe and stopped him

34
Q

Voltaire, the French writer once said

A

Neither holy, nor an empire

35
Q

When the last of the Carolingians died, in 987, the lords of France elected a minor noble named :

A

Hugh Capet, to serve as king

36
Q

What type of territory did Capet have?

A

A small territory around Paris

37
Q

How did Capetian Kings expand?

A

They gradually added to their resources. They relied on relationships between Lords and their retainers

38
Q

How were the founders of modern English society?

A

It was the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who carved out a state on the penninsula of Normandy

39
Q

Although they were subject to outside rule, how did Normandy become prominent?

A

The dukes built a tightly centraied state in which all the authority stemmed from the dukes themselves

40
Q

What was the relationship between dukes and land in normandy

A

The dukes retained title to al land in Normandy in an effort to forestall the conflicts of interests, they limited the right of the retainers to grant land to others

41
Q

Military in Normandy

A

They had a good one

42
Q

How did Norman influence come into England?

A

1066, William, the Duke of Normandy went into England

43
Q

William the Conquorer institued what type of policies

A

Norman principles of government and land tenure to England. However, they did have a more tightly centralized government …and they also had som Angelo Saxon princples

44
Q

What did both the Capetians and the Normans face

A

challenges from retainers seeking to pursue independent policis or enlarge their powers at the expense of the monarchs

45
Q

How was the governemnt in Italy

A

No regime was able to control the entire penninsula,.. so a series of city states and principalities controled the whole regions

46
Q

What was the Papal State?

A

The place tha the popes ruled i ncentral itally

47
Q

How did the pope have influence in northern Italy?

A

The church influenced the political affairs because bishops of themajore cities took much of the initative in organizing public life

48
Q

What were some examples of Italian city states?

A

Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Venice dominated their own urban districts but the surrounding hinterlands

49
Q

Norman adventureres first intervened in Italian affairs in

A

999, when a group of Norman pilgrims aided teh people of Salerno when they fought off Muslim attacks., Then they helped the city of Bari from the Byzantine empire. Then, they were like HEY. I can be here!

50
Q

What was the Norman kingdom?

A

Naples

51
Q

From the 8 to the 11 century, who invaded the Iberian Peninsula

A

Muslim Conquorers

52
Q

Where did small Christian States survive

A

In northern Spain

53
Q

Starting in the mid 11th century, Christian adventurers from the states began

A

to enlarge their own domains by attacking Muslim Territories

54
Q

Because the Chrisitan adventurers from the states began to attack the other territories, what happened,

A

The Chrisitan kingdoms of Castile, Aragon,and Portugal popped up.

55
Q

What was the only Muslim territory left?

A

Grenada LOLZ

56
Q

The economic revival colosely resembled the processes that hapened in

A

India, China, and the Islamic World

57
Q

The increased agricultural production, urbanization, manufaturing, and trade transformed Europ einto a powerful society and

A

Drew it into relationship swith other lads

58
Q

Beginning in the alte 10th century, what did the local lords do?

A

They pacified territories and put an end to invasions.

59
Q

What was the population likein Europe?

A

It began to experience alot of population pressure

60
Q

In response to the population pressures, what did the serfs and monks do?

A

The cleared forests, drained swamps, and increased the amount of land devoted to griculture

61
Q

At first, when some lords opposed this change, what was their reson?

A

They said that this was bad because it reduced game preserves

62
Q

What did the lords realize?

A

That this change was good because expanding agricultural production would yield higher taxes and increase their own wealth

63
Q

What were the new agricultural techniques?

A

New crops, and crop roations. Increased cultivaiton of beans which provided fertilization, enriched land. Kept more domestic animals and fish

64
Q

What language were instruction books written in?

A

Vernacular languages

65
Q

During the high middle ages, what did European people expand their use of?

A

Water mills and heavy pows which appeared early

66
Q

What were two items that appeared

A

Horseshoes to prevent split of softened hooves. Also, the horse collars tha tplaced the burden of a heavy load on an animals chest instead of the neck

67
Q

During the arly middle ages, what did the European diet consit of?

A

Enitrely grains and grain products such as gruel and bread

68
Q

During 1000-1300 what was the type of diet

A

Meat, dairy produts, fish, vegetabls, and legumes

69
Q

What lands benefitted from widespread cultivation

A

Spain, Italy an dother mediterranean lands. Islamic crops came

70
Q

What was the population in 800

A

29 million

71
Q

What was the population in 1000,

A

36 million

72
Q

By 1100, what was the population

A

44 million

73
Q

1200 population

A

58 mil

74
Q

What severely reduced the population

A

An epidemic plague

75
Q

WIth abundant supplies of food, what was European society able to support?

A

Large numbers of urban residents such as peasants, and serfs

76
Q

What cities became thriving centers

A

Paris, London, and Toledo , Venice and Bergen also merged

77
Q

The growth of towns and cities also brought what?

A

INcrease specialization of labor. Which resulted in a dramatic expansion of manufacturing and trade

78
Q

What did manufacturing and trade concentrate on?

A

Wool Textiles

79
Q

The cities of _ and _ became what?

A

Italy and Flanders became lively centers for spinning, weaving and dyeing of wool

80
Q

BY the 12th century what happened in Europe>

A

France sponsored fairs that operated almost year round and that served as vast marketplaces

81
Q

The revival of urban society was most pronounced where?

A

iN italy

82
Q

During the 10th century, the cities of what and what served as ports

A

Amalifi and VEnice

83
Q

What did the network of trade routes expand to include

A

Pisa, Genoa, andNaples

84
Q

As trade expanded, what did Italian merchants do?

A

Establish colonies in major parts of the Seas

85
Q

Where were large communities

A

Constantinople,, Alexandria, Cairo, Damascus,a nd Black sea ports of Tana, Caffa and Trebizond

86
Q

Whhat sites wer epopular in teh north

A

Baltic Sea and norht sea

87
Q

The north trade network was called

A

Hanseatic League or Hansa

88
Q

Where did the Hansa trade network stretch from

A

Novgorod, Germany and Scandinavia. Dominated trade in grain, fihs, furs, timber and pitch from northern Europe

89
Q

What was the result of good trading networks?

A

Increased volme of trade encouraged better forms of credit, banking and new forms of business organization

90
Q

Medival social ocommentators frequently said tha tEUrope embraced what

A

Those who pray, work and fight

91
Q

What was thos ewho prayed

A

They were clergy men, constituting a spiritual estate owing loyalty to the crch

92
Q

Those who fought

A

Mostly came from nobes, inherited their positions in society and concentrated on horse and military a

93
Q

Those who worked

A

cultivated land as peasants dependent for protection on their lords,

94
Q

What does the formula of dividing society do?

A

Relfects a society marked by political, osocial, and economic inequality. Those who prayed didn’t enjoy life,

95
Q

What was emphasized in chivalry

A

The courtly behavior and high ethical standards. Cultivated leaders of society. Appropriate for noles. Church officials organized a code for Chivalric behavior

96
Q

Ow did aristocratic women promote the chivalric code?

A

They promoted refined behavior and tender respectful relatons between sexes.

97
Q

Reflections of the aristocratic womens stuff is found in

A

poetry and songs

98
Q

What were troubadours

A

class of traveling poets, minstrels,a dn entertainers

99
Q

Who did eleanor of Aquitaine support?

A

Lierally supported romantic poets and entertainers.

100
Q

Eleanor was who

A

The most celebrated women of her day. She used her influence to encourage the cultivation of good manners, romantic love,a

101
Q

By the 12th century, what did the ranks of those who lived include

A

It inclueded merchants, artisians, crafts workers, an dprofessionals such as physicians and lawyers

102
Q

The expansion of the working populations promoted what

A

the develpment of towns and cities

103
Q

Because of their power, what could lords do?

A

They could dominate the towns, Soon urban popualtions wer eincreasingly able to resist nobles and guide

104
Q

BY the late 11th century, inhabitants of prosperous towns were demanding tha tlocallords grant them charters

A

of incorporation that exempted them from political reguilation ad allowed them to manage their own affairs.

105
Q

Just like India, what did many of the working classes organize

A

They orgnizd guilds. By the 13th century, the guilds had come to control of much of the urban economy of medival euorpe

106
Q

hat did the Guilds establish

A

s tandards of quality, required specific techniques of prodction.

107
Q

Guilds had social significalnce

A

They reguilarly socialized with on eanother and built arge halls where members held stuf

108
Q

What did women perform

A

household chores, weaving and care domestic animals

109
Q

What did women work along side in

A

butchers, brewers, bakers, candle makers, dishmongers, shoemakers

110
Q

Did guilds admitt women

A

Some guilds

111
Q

What did the artwork, literature,and music draw influence from

A

Chrisitan doctorines and theories

112
Q

During the early middle ages, European society was not stable enough to maintain what?>

A

institutions of advanced education. Many schools provided basic elementaty education

113
Q

In the absence of a curriculum, what was inspiration drawn from?

A

The bible

114
Q

What was the reasons that more advanced educational institutions developed?

A

Next >>It was because there was an economic increase that allowed for the usage of these. Also, an inceasingly complex society demanded that the educational system was developed

115
Q

Begining in the early 11th century, who organized the first schools?

A

Bishops, archbishops in France and northern italy. They invited well known scholors to serve as teachers

116
Q

What was the official language of the cathedral schools?

A

Latin

117
Q

Instruction in teh schools cencentrated on what?

A

liberal arts, literature, and pholosophy

118
Q

About the mid 12th centuy, students and teachers organized

A

academic guilds and persuaded political authorities to grant charters guarenteeeing them right s

119
Q

Faculty guilds wanted what

A

the right to vest teachers..they could give acadmid cdegrews whcihch let them serve in other universities

120
Q

The first universities were in

A

Bologna, Paris, Salerno noted for instruction in law, theology and medicine

121
Q

During the high middle ages, how were Aristotle’s works translated?

A

The Byzantine Orthodox and Roman catholic did that for them

122
Q

What was scholastic theology?

A

It sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy.

123
Q

Wh was the most famous of the theologines

A

St. Thomas Aquinas. He had Chrisitan Convoctions, bubelieved tha t Aristotle ahd understood everything

124
Q
A
125
Q

St. Thomas saw none of what?

A

He saw no contradiction between Aristotle and Christian revaltion but rather viewed them as complementary authorrities

126
Q

What was Thomas’s belief in Gold

A

God did not dpend exclusively on a n idividual’s faith.

127
Q

The Scholastic people addressed whom

A

Intellectual elite

128
Q

For the schollastic people’s purposes, what was Christianity

A

It was the set of beliefs and rituals that gave meaning to individal lives and that bound them together into coherent communites.

129
Q

What are Sacraments

A

Holy rituals tha tbring spiritual blessing on the observance. The chuch recognized seven scarament s

130
Q

What did the 7 scaraments incude

A

Matrimony, baptism, penance, and Eucharist

131
Q

was Eucharists

A

a ritual meal commemerating the last supper

132
Q

What did the Eucharist’s believe

A

Prepared individuals for Slavation and symbolized their membership in a holy community, also believd that the sacrament would protect the individuals from sudden death

133
Q

Popular religion also took the form of?

A

Devotion to the saints.

134
Q

According to the church, who were the saits

A

human beings who had led such exemplary lives that God held them in special esteem. They enjoyed influnce in heavenly authorities

135
Q

Whow asthe mostpopular saint

A

Virgin Mary, mother of JEsus who personified the Christian deal of womanhood, love and sympathy she lavished aid on her devotees

136
Q

How did Europeans express their adoration of other saints

A

They had relics of her, and physical remains which wee believed to have spiritual powers, like thier holders

137
Q

Where did many pilgrims visite

A

Rome in Italy and Compostele in Spain

138
Q

Why did these places have a special place for the pilgrims?

A

Rome was the plae of Christian church and there was the St. Peter and Paul Churches. In spain, the cathedral was there….

139
Q

Because Pilgrims were very popular, what happened?

A

An industry developed to serve them

140
Q
A
141
Q

St. Dominc and St. Francis did what

A

founded the order sof mendicants and they were known as teh Dominican and Francisan friars.

142
Q

The DF Friars had what

A

Nothing. they had to beg and they were very popular in towns

143
Q

The Waldensians were popular in what

A

South France and norhtern Italy .

144
Q

Why was it such a big deal that these new religions were organized

A

Because of the increased materialims of the European people

145
Q

The Wladensians criticized what of their chuch

A

The unwillignness to let others perform Sanctions. They also criticized on the basis of biblical teachings.

146
Q

Who were the Cathars, or Albigensians

A

They participated in long distance trade networks and they encountered ideas popular int he Byzantine Empire and elsewhre.

147
Q

What teachings did the Cathars develop?

A

They adopted taching sof heretical groups in eastern Europe such as the Bogomils wo viewed the world as a sie of unrelenting cosmic struggle between forces of good and evil. They considered the material world a world of evil

148
Q

In the Cathar beliefs. what did those who sough tgood do?

A

They adopted a strict vegetarian Diet

149
Q

The teachigs of the Cathars grew so rapidly that

A

Pope nnocent II called for a military campaign to destroy the Cathars.

150
Q
A
151
Q

Beginning in teh mid 11th centiy, what did Europeans embark on?

A

expansive ventures on the Atlantic, Baltic and MEditeranean places

152
Q

What was conquored/colonized?

A

Scandinavians conquored the Atlantic. Baltic region, Europeans conquored and introducd Christianity to Prussia, livonia, ithuania, and Finland. In the Mediterranean, Spain was recaptured

153
Q

What did the Crusades signify

A

The fact that Europe was READY to play a very important role in the world

154
Q

Where did Scandinavian seafarers turn their attenton to?

A

IN the islands of North Atlanti c ocea. They occupied Iceland beginning int helate nith and at the end of the 10th century

155
Q

When was Iceland discovered?

A

It was discovered in the 10th centryy by Eric the Red.

156
Q

Eric the RED discovered Greenland and in about 1000 CE, his son

A

Leif Ericson led another exploratry party south and west of Greenland arriving in Newfoundland in Canada

157
Q

Why was Newfoundland Called Vinland?

A

It was called Vinland, because there were a lot of wild grapes growing in the region

158
Q

Since he 1960s, archaeologists in newfoundland have discovered what?

A

Scandinavian tools and building foundations that date to the early 11th century

159
Q

Why did the Greenlanders leave Vinland?

A

Because they did not have enough resources to survive there

160
Q

The Kings of Denmark and Norway converted to Christianity in the 20th century and when they did

A

conversian of their subjects came graducally and with considerable resistance.. since many held tightly to their inherited traditions

161
Q

But because of Royal support of Christianity, what happened?

A

It was assured that it would have a place in Finland, Iceland

162
Q

How did Chrisitanity arrive in the Baltic lands

A

By military conquests. Zealous conquests formed a series of hybrid, military religious orders.

163
Q

What was the most prominent military order

A

The Templar, Hospitallers and Teutonic KNights who not only took religous voews but also pledged to devot the lives in struggles against Muslims and pagans

164
Q

When was the Roman Catholic Church established in Baltic lands

A

13th century

165
Q

The boundaries of Christian Europe also expanded in the Mediterranean basin,, there what happend

A

Muslims whose ancestors had conquored a major part of the Mediterranean and most of the Iberian peninsula

166
Q

The Normans Cuisards, what did the brothers do?>

A

Robert carved out a state for himself while Roger undertook the mission of getting Siciy back. By 1090, after 20 years of conflict, Roger had established him in the Island. Missionaries and clergy soon appeared and reintroduced Roman Catholic Christiantity

167
Q

he Reconquist of Spain took

A

Much longer than it did for Sicily

168
Q

When did the process of getting Spain begin?

A

In the 1060s from those Christian toeholds in Cataloina. In 1085..Christian forces had pushed as far as Toledo.

169
Q

Describe the Reconquinista

A

In 1085, Christan forces had pushed as far suth asToledo and by 1150, they had recaptured Lisbon and established their authority on over half of the peninsula. Then, they went and got all of the otherplaces except Grenada

170
Q

What helped to plan the reconquests of Sicily and Spain

A

The Christian Europe. The religious concerns helped to plan the reconquest.

171
Q

Who was especially active in the reestablishment? Spain conquest

A

Dominican friars

172
Q

What does the term crusade mean?

A

It means holy war, deriving from the latin word meaning Cross , the device on which Roman authorites excecuted Jeus.

173
Q

The wars that Christuans fought against pagans in the Baltic and Mulims were

A

wasrs of religion

174
Q

In popular context, what does the term crusades usally refer to?

A

HUge expeditions that Roman Catolic christians mounted in an effort to recapture Palesine

175
Q

Popue Urban II launched crusades when

A

In 1095, while meetin with bishps a the counsile of Clermont, he called for Christian knights to take up arms and serize the holy and promising salvation for those who fell during the capaign

176
Q

Who was Peter the Hermit

A

A dude who traveled throughout France, Germany and the LoW Countries whipping up support among popular auddiences. Within a year of Pope rban’s call, the Hermit had organized a huge army of poor people

177
Q

What was the campaign

A

It was adisaster beause they did not have the proper things and many of them fought the wrong people

178
Q

French and Norman nobles organized a more respectable ilitary expedition into the holy land.

A

In late 1096, the crusading armies began the logn rek to Palestine.In 1097, and 1098, the captured Edessa, anAntioch and other pplaces. Jerusalem fell

179
Q

How did the Crusaders victory come?

A

Because of division and disarry in the ranks of the muslims foes. But, many MUslims banded together

180
Q

By the mid 13th century, what did the Europeans do?

A

They had organized 5 crusades and succeeded in reestablishing a Christian presence in Palestine. The fourgh Crusade was bad…but VEnetian people agreed to provide stuff for the people.

181
Q

The fourth crusade ended when?>

A

When they conquored constantinople and subjected the city to a ruthless sack and instilled Roman Catholic values

182
Q

The Crusades allowed what?

A

communication adn exchange of ideas, technologies and trade goods that profoundly influuenced European development. They became aquainted with many new thing s

183
Q

During the crusades, what increased

A

demand for foreign products

184
Q
A