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Undeleted > Exam 1 Physio > Flashcards

Exam 1 Physio Flashcards

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1
Q

Eqn for extracellular osmolarity

A

ECF osm=2Na + Glc/18 + BUN/2.8

normal is about 300

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2
Q

Markers for total body water

A

tritium/deuterium

antipyrine

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3
Q

Markers for ECF

A

inulin
mannitol
radioactive sulfate
these cannot permeate cell walls

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4
Q

Markers for Plasma

A

radiolabeled albumin/colloid
evans blue
these cannot permate capillary walls

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5
Q

Effects of tonicity on cell

A

hypertonic soln- cell shrinks

hypotonic soln- cell swells

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6
Q

Fluid fractions intra and extracellular

A

intracellular=2/3

extracellular=1/3

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7
Q

Impact of adrenal insufficiency or overuse of diuretics on ECF/ICF

A

decrease ECF/[Na] in plasma

increase ICF

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8
Q

Impact of SIADH or bronchogenic tumors on ECF/ICF

A

increased ICF and ECF

decrease [Na] in plasma

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9
Q

Impact of Diabetes insipidus or excessive sweating on ECF/ICF

A

decrease ICF and ECF

increase [Na] in plasma

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10
Q

Impact of Cushing’s disease or primary aldosteronism on ECF/ICF

A

increased ECF
decreased ICF
increased [Na] in plasma

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11
Q

Causes of intracellular edema

A 
decreased metabolism (ATPase not working)
hyponatremia
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12
Q

How can the liver cause edema?

A

decreased synthesis of albumins

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13
Q

What is the cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome?

A

nephrin protein defect

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14
Q

Capillary oncotic pressure in kidneys

A

decreases along the length of glomerulus

dictates reabsorption of proximal tubulues in the peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

Filtration fraction eqn

A

FF=GFR/RPF

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16
Q

What do changes in filtration fraction mean?

A

increased FF-quicker saturation of oncotic pressure of glomerulus. Shows that more fluid is being filtered, leaving a higher concentration of protein in the peritubular capillaries

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17
Q

What impact the capillary coefficient (Kf)?

A

hydraulic conductivity

effective SA of filtration (Sf)

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18
Q

What can change the capillary coefficient?

A

change in SA by mesangial cells to hormones
DM/obesity increases thickness, decreases Kf
HTN can change Kf

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19
Q

Renal blood flow eqn

A

RBF=(renal artery P - renal vein P)/renal vascular resistance

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20
Q

Hormonal regulation of GFR and RBF

A

epi/NE/endothelin decrease GFR/RBF

PGE/NO increase GFR/RBF

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21
Q

Myogenic response autoregulation of kidneys

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A

afferent arterioles are stretched and constrict in response

22
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

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A

macula densa sense increased GFR
causes afferent vasoconstriction
normalizes GFR

23
Q

Juxtaglomerular cell regulation in the kidney

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A

release of renin in response to decreased pressure

24
Q

Effects of aldosterone

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A

increase Na+ resorption/K+ secretion
increased Na+/K+ pump activity
increases intracellular K+ in principal cells

25
Eqn for molecule reabsorption in kidneys
Reabsorption=(GFR*Px) - (Vdot*Ux) Px=plasma conc Ux=urine conc Vdot=urine flow volume
26
Threshold and splay in of Glc transport in kidneys
Threshold-below max, but start seeing Glc in urine | Splay-gradual appearance of Glc in urine nearing the transport maximum
27
Collecting duct water resorption
about 15% of total water resorption regulated by ADH uses Aquaporin-2
28
Transports in proximal tubule
``` Na+ cotransporters (with Glc/phos/aa) Na+/H+ exchanger and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger Na+/Cl- cotransporter Na+ uniporters AQP-1 ```
29
Loop of Henle reabsorption
descending-only water permeable | ascending-only salt permeable, uses Na+/K+/Cl- transporter
30
Late distal tubule/collecting duct reabsorption
principal cells-Na+ resorption/K+secretion, responds to ADH and aldosterone intercalated cells-alpha secrete acid, beta secrete bicarb
31
Neural regulation of kidneys
alpha-adrenergics increase NaCl resorption
32
Atrial natriuetic peptide
increases Na+ and water excretion
33
Imbalances of aldosterone
Addisons disease-hypo | Conn's syndrome-hyper
34
Effects of aldosterone
increase K+ secretion and Na+/water resorption | increase Na+/K+ ATPase and ENaC expression
35
Effects of ADH
increase water resorption in collecting ducts increased AQP-2 stimulated by hypothalamus->post pituitary releases stimulated by increase osmolarity or decreased ECF
36
Imbalances of ADH
SIADH-excess ADH | Diabetes insipidus-no water resorbed due to no ADH
37
Action of ADH
Gs on principal cells ATP to cAMP to PKA causes release of AQP-2
38
Egn for clearance
Cx= (Ux*Vdot)/Px Ux=urine conc Vdot=urine flow Px=plasma conc
39
Meaning of clearance ratios
Cx/Cinulin ratio=1, just filtered ratio1,secreted
40
Renal plasma flow eqn
RPF=(Upah*Vdot)/(RApah-RVpah) Upah= urine PAH conc RApah= renal artery PAH conc RVpah= renal vein PAH conc
41
Extraction ration eqn
Epah=([PAH]plasma - [PAH]venous)/[PAH]plasma
42
Renal blood flow eqn
RBF=RPF/ (1-Hct)
43
Impact of diarrhea on ECF/ICF
decrease ECF only
44
Impact of dehydration on ECF/ICF
decrease ICF/ECF | increase osmolarity
45
Impact of adrenal insufficiency on ECF/ICF
Decrease ECF Increase ICF Decreased osmolarity
46
Impact of isotonic saline infusion on ECF/ICF
increase ECF only
47
Impact of excessive NaCl intake on ECF/ICF
increase ECF decrease ICF increase osmolarity
48
Impact of SIADH on ECF/ICF
increase ECF/ICF | decrease osmolarity
49
Effectors of renal blood flow
angiotensin II/sympathetics-decrease RBF | PGE2/PGI2/dopamine/bradykinin-increase RBF
50
RBF regulation
``` autoregulation between 80-200mmHg myogenic (contraction from stretch) tubuloglomerular feedback (macula densa) ```
51
Renal plasma flow measurement
``` measured with PAH clearance RPF=(U*V)/(Pa-Pv) U=urine conc V=urine volume Pa=arterial conc Pv=venous conc ```
52
Glomerular filtration rate measurement
``` measured with inulin clearance GFR=U*V/P U=urine conc V=urine volume P=plasma conc ```

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