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Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

Low folic acid intake

elevated alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase in amionotic fluid

A

neural tube defect

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2
Q

Matermnal diabetes type I

Polyhydramnios

A

anencephaly

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3
Q

Herniation of cerebellar tonsil and vermian through foramen magnum
aqueductal stenosis/hydrocephalus

A

Arnold Chiari malformation (Chiari II)

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4
Q

Enlargement of 4th ventricle with agenesis of cerebellum

A

Dandy-Walker

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5
Q

Cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord

damaged crossing spinothalamic tracts (loss of pain/temp on upper extremities)

A

Syringomyelia

assc with Chiari I malformation

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6
Q

degeneration of distal axon with retraction proximally

A

Wallerian degeneration

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7
Q

Cell type has GFAP

A

astrocyte

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8
Q

Pain and temp fibers, C and A(delta)

A

free nerve endings

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9
Q

Fine/light touch and position sense fibers

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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10
Q

Vibration/pressure fibers

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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11
Q

Pressure/deep static touch/position sense fibers

A

Merkel’s disc

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12
Q

Stress/panic center of brain

A

locus ceruleus

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13
Q

Reward/pleasure center of brain

A

nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus

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14
Q

Production and release of ADH and oxytocin

A

made by hypothalamus

released by post pituitary

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15
Q

Hunger center of brain

A

lateral hypothalamus

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16
Q

Satiety center of brain

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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17
Q

Sympathetic center of brain

A

post hypothalamus

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18
Q

Parasympathetic center of brain

A

ant hypothalamus

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19
Q 
Lewy bodies (with alpha synuclein inclusions)
loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta
A

Parkinson’s disease

sx of tremor, cogwheel rigidity/akinesia

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20
Q

trinucleotide repeat AD disorder
neuronal death via glutamate toxicity
atrophy of striatal nuclei

A

Huntington’s disease
see chorea/athetosis
CAG expansion repeat

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21
Q

Hyperorality
hypersexuality
disinhibited behavior

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome
lesion of amygdala
assc with HSV-1

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22
Q

confusion/memory loss (ant and retrograde)
ataxia
confabulation

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

assc with B1 (thiamine) deficiency and EtOH use

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23
Q

Can follow rapid infusion correcting hyponatremia

A

central pontine myelinolysis

“Locked out syndrome”

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24
Q

Understand speech but cannot speak

A

Broca’s area affecdted (frontal lobe)

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25
Can speak but cannot understand
Wernicke's area affected (temporal lobe)
26
Cannot repeat phrases but is fluent and can understand
Arcuate fasciulus area affected (connecting Broca and Wernicke)
27
Hyperventilation on brain
decreases ICP by decreasing PCO2 levels
28
Hemiparesis/hemiplegia on the R side
internal capsule/striatum infarct of L side
29
L hemiparesis of lower limbs and proprioception | R sided tongue deviation
Medial medullary syndrome on R side | paramedian branches of ASA/vertebral artery infarct
30
Nystagmus/vertigo decreased pain/temp on face dysphagia/hoarseness Horner's syndrome (ipsilateral)
Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenbergs) | nucelus ambiguus affected by PICA infarct
31
``` Vertigo/nystagmus paraylsis of face decreased parasympathetics loss of ant taste on tongue decreased pain/temp on face ```
Lateral pontine syndrome | facial nucleus affected by AICA infarct
32
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | assc with Ehlers-Danlos/Marfans/ADPKD
Berry aneurysm at Circle of Willis Bifurcation
33
Middle meningeal artery convex hemorrhage from trauma
epidural hematoma | cannot cross suture lines
34
Bridging veins torn slow bleed crescent shaped on CT
subdural hematoma | can cross suture lines
35
Sign of irreversible damage of brain from ischemia
red neurons
36
Urinary incontinence ataxia cognitive dysfunction
normal pressure hydrocephalus | Wet, wobbly, wacky
37
Tract for crude touch and pressure
ant spinothalamic tract (cervical medial,sacral lat)
38
Tract for voluntary motor
lateral corticospinal tract (upper extremities med, lower lat)
39
Tract for pain and temp
lateral spinothalamic tract
40
Tracts for upper and lower body extremities
``` fasciculus cuneatus (upper/lat position) fasciculus gracilis (lower body/med position) ```
41
Ascends ipsilateral cord, crosses at medulla, then goes to medial lemniscus
dorsal column
42
Ascends contralaterall cord, crosses at ant white commissure
spinothalamic tract
43
Descends and crosses at caudal medulla then goes contralateral down
lateral corticospinal tract
44
Flaccid paralysis | destruction of ant horn
Wernig-Hoffman disease/poliomyelitis | LMN lesion only
45
No motor loss superoxide dismutase I defect atrophy of muscle
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis UMN and LMN lesions aka Lou Gehrigs disease
46
tertiary syphilis caused | demyelination of dorsal columns/roots
Tabes dorsalis | assc with Charcot's joints/Argyll Robertson pupil
47
Demyelination of dorsal columns/lat corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts
Vit B12 or Vit E deficiency
48
AR trinucleotide repeat impairment of mitochondria staggering gait/falling
Friedreich's ataxia frataxin gene GAA repeat
49
loss of tactile/vibration/proprioception ipsilaterally contralateral pain/temp loss ipsilateral LMN and UMN signs
Brown sequard syndrome | hemisection of spinal cord
50
Ptosis anhidrosis of the face miosis
Horner's syndrome | assc with Pancoast tumor
51
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze
Parinaud syndrome | superior colliculi lesion
52
Pharynx/larynx upper esophagus motor center
nucleus ambiguus
53
parasympathetic autonomic center
dorsal motor nucleus
54
Holes of CN V
V1-super orbital fissure V2-foramen rotundum V3-foramen ovale
55
Nerves within cavernous sinus
CN III CN IV CN V1, V2 CN VI
56
Lack of afferent pupil reflex
Marcus Gunn pupil | optic nerve damage or retinal detachment
57
Inability to coordinate both eyes to the L (R eye stays straight), but can to the R
Medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome b/t CN VI and CN III nuclei on the R side cannot abduct R eye
58
ApoE4 (19) gene assc cortical atrophy decreased ACh
late onset Alzheimer's
59
Parietal lobe/post temporal lobe normal | dementia/aphasia/parkinsonian
``` Pick's disease (frontotemporal dementia) Pick bodies (tau proteins) ```
60
alpha-synuclein defect | dementia
Lewy body dementia
61
optic neuritis bladder/bowel incontinence relapsing sx periventricular plaques
Multiple sclerosis dx is oligoclonal bands tx with beta-interferon
62
Muscle weakness starting at legs papilledema recent infection
Guillain-Barre syndrome ascending paralysis assc with CMV and campylobacter jejuni (molecular mimicry)
63
Destruction of oligodendroctyes | in AIDS pts
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | assc with JC virus
64
buildup of sulfatides impaired myelin sheath production AR disease
metachromatic leukodystrophy | arylsulfatase A deficiency
65
AR disease buildup of galactocerebroside destroys myelin sheath
Krabbe's disease
66
Headache for about 1 hr with repetitive cycles | unilateral around the eye
cluster headached | tx with sumatriptan
67
Headache around 5 hrs that is constant no photophobia bilateral
Tension headache
68
Headache over 5 hrs pulsating pain aura
Migraine headache tx with triptans prophylaxis with propanolol/topriamate
69
Port-wine stain on face increased epinephrine in serum leptomeningeal angiomas
Sturge Weber syndrome nevus flammeus/angiomas/pheochromocytoma Small vessel involvement
70
Hamartomas of CNS and skin ash-leaf spots on skin AD disease
Tuberous sclerosis | cardiac rhabdomyoma/angiomyolipomas
71
Pigmented iris Cafe-au-lait spots/skin papules AD disease
``` Neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen) Lisch nodules (pigmented iris)/neurofibromas on skin/pheochromocytoma NF1 gene on chromosome 17 ```
72
Cavernous hemangioma on skin problem with eyesight renal problems
Von Hippel-Lindau disease cavernous hemangiomas/hemangioblastoma of retina, brain and cerebellum VHL gene on chromosome 3 (tumor suppressor) mutated
73
CT with lesion crossing corpus callosum
glioblastoma multiforme | astrocytome (stains GFAP)
74
Growth in frontal lobes with fried egg cell appearance
oligodendroglioma
75
Bilateral hemianopia | lactation started recently
pituitary adenoma | pressure on optic chiasm
76
CT shows tumor of cerebellum compressing 4th ventricle | hydrocephalus seen
medulloblastoma highly malignant Homer-Wright rosettes radiosensitive
77
Rathke's pouch remnant calcifications seen benign
craniopharyngioma
78
Tx for emergency glaucoma
pilocarpine
79
Drug not to use with closed angle glaucoma
``` epinephrine (beta agonists) causes mydriasis (closes angle more) ```
80
Tx for opioid overdose
naloxone or naltrexone | acts as opioid antagonist
81
Tx for absence seizures
ethosuximide (blocks T type Ca2+ channels)
82
Tx for simple or complex seizures
carbamazepine (increased Na+ inactivation)
83
Tx for overdose of benzodiazepines
flumazenil (GABA antagonist)
84
Tx for malignant hyperthermia
dantrolene (prevents Ca2+ release from SER)

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