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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of pituitary development

A

Anterior-stomodeum

Posterior-neuroectoderm

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2
Q

Schizencephaly

A

Ependymal lining continuous with cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Rexed laminae level for substantia gelantinosa

A

II

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4
Q

Rexed laminae level for nucleus of Clarke

A

VII

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5
Q

Nuclei in midbrain

A

Oculomotor
Edinger-Westphal
Trochlear
Mesencephalic

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6
Q

Nuclei in pons

A 
Abducens
Superior salivary
Motor Trigeminal
motor facial
spinal trigeminal
principle sensory of V
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7
Q

Nuclei in the medulla

A 
Hypoglossal
Dorsal motor of vagus
Inf salivatory
nucleus ambiguous
solitary
vestibular
cochlear
spinal trigeminal
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8
Q

Neurotransmitter used in raphe nuclei

A

Serotonin (5HT)

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9
Q

Result of damage to pontomesencephalic reticular formation

A

coma (loss of consciousness)

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10
Q

Result of damage to medullary reticular formation

A

insomnia

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11
Q

Reticular formation nucleus active during wake?

During sleep?

A

locus ceruleus

raphe nuclei

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12
Q

Function of pineal gland

A

circadian rhythm, melatonin production

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13
Q

Function of habenula

A

olfactory stimuli

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14
Q

Circumventricular organs: (6)

A 
Pineal gland
median eminence
Subfornical organ
area postrema
subcommissural organ
organum vasculosum
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15
Q

Area for speech/writing creation

A

Brocca’s

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16
Q

Area for speech/writing understanding

A

Wernicke’s

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17
Q

Function of nucleus accumbens

A

DA, pleasure center

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18
Q

Amygdala output pathway

A

Through stria terminalis

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19
Q

Function of globus pallidus

A

coordination center

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20
Q

Geniculate body functions:

A

Medial-auditory

Lateral-visual

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21
Q

Hippocampus circuit

A

hippocampus->fornix->mamillary bodies->anterior nucleus of thalamus->cingulate cortex->entorhinal cortex->hippocampus

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22
Q

Function of ant thalamus nucleus

A

Mamillary bodies-> A -> cingular cortex (memory)

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23
Q

Function of dorsomedial thalamus nucleus

A

frontal hypothalamus-> DM -> prefrontal

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24
Q

Function of ventral ant thalamus nucleus

A

basal nuclei-> VA -> premotor area (motion initiation)

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25
Function of ventral lat thalamus nucleus
cerebellum-> VL -> motor cortex
26
Function of VPL of thalamus
body -> VPL -> sensory cortex
27
Function of VPM of thalamus
head -> VPM -> sensory cortex
28
Function of pulvinar of thalamus
back and forth from visual cortex
29
Function of lateral post thalamic nucleus
visual cx -> LP -> parietal cx
30
Most common NT in brain
glutamate, it's everywhere!
31
Storage of NT in vesicles
NT/H+ antiport, vesicles are acidic
32
Receptor activity for D1, D5
increase cAMP
33
Receptor activity for D2-4
decrease cAMP
34
Receptor activity for 5HT 1 and 5
decrease cAMP
35
Receptor activity for 5HT 2
increase IP3/DAG
36
Receptor activity for 5HT 3
Na+ channel
37
Receptor activity for 5HT 4,6 and 7
increase cAMP
38
Receptor activity for alpha 1
increase IP3/DAG
39
Receptor activity for alpha 2
decrease cAMP
40
Receptor activity for betas
increase cAMP
41
Receptor activity for H1
increase IP3/DAG
42
Receptor activity for H2
increase cAMP
43
Receptor activity for H3,4
decrease cAMP
44
Receptor activity for N1,2
Na+ channel
45
Receptor activity for M1,3,5
increase IP3/DAG
46
Receptor activity for M2,4
decrease cAMP
47
Mechanism of MPTP
Metabolized by MAO to MPP+ Crosses BBB Selectively taken up by DA cells Is toxic to mitochondria
48
Histological sign of Parkinson's
Lewy bodies (alpha-synuclein among other things inside)
49
Sign of idiopathic Parkinson's
asymmetric
50
Targets of DA cells: (5)
``` striatum limbic cortex amygdala nucleus accumbens prefrontal cortex ```
51
DA pathways and diseases associated with each
nigrostriatal ->Parkinson's, decreased DA mesolimbic -> Schizophrenia, increased DA mesocortical-> occurs in both
52
Other pathways using DA: (4)
Inner/outer plexiform layers of retina Periglomerular cells of olfactory bulb tuberhypophysial/incertohypothalamic medullary periventricular group
53
Action of carbidopa
Prevent breakdown of L-dopa outside the BBB
54
Action of recerpine
blocks DA uptake into vesicles, decreases DA released | Parkinson's like symptoms
55
Transport of DA into cell
Na+/DA symporter on cell membrane
56
Metabolism of DA:
DA -> DOPAL via MAO-B DOPAL -> DOPAC via aldehyde DH DOPAC -> HVA via COMT
57
Speed of reaction
DOPAL-> DOPAC very quick | DOPAL is aldehyde, so MAO and ADH are on cell membrane adjacent
58
DA degradation blockers: (4)
deprenyl, selegiline (MAOI) | tolcapane, entacapone (COMTI)
59
DA receptor agonist:
bromocriptine
60
DA receptor antagonist:
chlorpromazine loxapine haloperidol
61
Side effect of L-dopa
hallucinations -> like schizophrenia
62
Action of cocaine:
blocks DA reuptake
63
Action of amphetamines:
increases DA release
64
Environmental toxins causing Parkinson's
Paraquat and manganese
65
Physical findings with schizophrenia
Enlarged ventricles | altered orientation of hippocampal pyramidal cells
66
Substances that can pass BBB:
caffeine alcohol nicotine cocaine
67
Reason for BCAA in sports drinks:
compete with Trp in BBB amino acid transporters, preventing Trp into brain (which would cause tiredness/sleepiness)
68
Phenylketonuria
phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency | phe prevents other large AA's from entering brain due to higher concentration
69
Cause of ketone production in liver:
decreased Glc -> decrased oxaloacetate decreased OA -> FA synthesis increased FA synthesis -> increased acetyl-CoA Excess acetyl-CoA -> ketone bodies
70
Production of glutamate in brain:
alpha-ketoglutarate (from TCA) to glutamate
71
Molecules made from glutamate in the brain:
GABA | glutathione
72
Function of glutamine in brain:
NH4+ removal | transport of AA's between brain cells
73
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
accumulation of sulphatides
74
Gaucher disease
beta-glucosidase defect | glucocereroside accumulation
75
Tay-Sachs disease
hexoaminidase defect | ganglioside GM2 accumulation
76
Fabry disease
alpha-galactosidase A defect ceramide trihexoside accumulation X-linked
77
Krabbe disease
beta-galactosidase defect | galactocerebroside accumulation
78
Niemann-Pick disease (A,B)
sphingomyelinase defect | sphingomyelin accumulation
79
Niemann-Pick disease (C,D)
cholesterol accumulation
80
Sx of Gaucher disease
Hepatosplenomegaly | crumpled tissue paper appearance in Gaucher cells
81
Sx of Tay-Sachs
cherry red spot on macula | blindness/mental retardation
82
Sx of Fabry disease
kidney failure
83
Sx of Krabbe disease
absence of myelin
84
Types of Gaucher
I- nonneuropathic, treatable II- acute neuropathic, death around 2 y/o III- subacute neuropathic, juvenile
85
Sx of B12/Folate deficiency
megablastic anemia
86
Discerning B12 or Folate deficiency
B12 would have methylmalonyl-CoA build up and neuropathic deficiencies
87
Neurotoxicity of ammonia:
Gln leaving brain causes decrease glutamate decreases glutamate for NT production Gln causes cerebral edema Gln causes mitochondrial permeability
88
Hereditary hyperammonia types:
I- carbomyl phosphate synthetase I, accumulation of NH4+ | II- ornithine transcarbamoylase, accumulation of ornithine/carbomyl phosphate (X-linked)
89
What forms the lens placode?
surface ectoderm
90
Layers of cornea:
``` epithelium Bowman's membrane (cannot regenerate) corneal stroma Descemet's membrane corneal endothelium ```
91
Layers of iris:
``` posterior pigmented epithelium anterior pigmented epithelium myoepithelial cells smooth muscle stromal melanocytes ```
92
What surrounds the retina?
Choroid | Specifically Bruch's membrane (hyaline)
93
Ten layers of retina:
``` retinal pigmented epithelium photoreceptors of rods/cones outering limiting membrane outer nuclear membrane (rods/cones) outer plexiform layer inner nuclear layer (bodies of bipolar cells) inner plexiform layer ganglion cell layer layer of optic n. fibers inner limiting membrane ```
94
Photosensitive molecule for rods:
rhodopsin
95
Photosensitive molecule for cones:
iodopsin
96
What layer produces cells in the lens?
subcapsular epithelium
97
What maintains composition of cornea?
Bicarbonate pumps, maintaining H2O levels
98
4 tx types of glaucoma:
prostanglandin analogs/cholinergic agonists-> increase outflow beta-blockers/carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ->decrease secretion
99
Growth of the lens:
from inside out
100
Mechanism of cataracts:
increase in H2O causes crystallines to fall out of solution
101
Tx for wet macular degeneration:
VEGF inhibitor injections | laser tx
102
Rapidly adapting receptors:
Meissner's corpuscle-> tactile impulse (under epidermis) hair follicle receptor-> tactile impulse Paccinian corpuscle-> vibration (in subcutaneous)
103
Slowly adapting receptors:
Merkel's disc-> pressure in epidermis | Ruffini's ending -> pressure
104
Synapses of anterior spinocerebellar tract:
lamina V, VII | lateral cerebella vermis
105
Synapses of posterior spinocerebellar tract:
lamina V, VII | medial cerebella vermis
106
Synapses of rostral spinocerebellar tract:
lamina VII | lateral cerebellar vermis
107
Synapses of cuenocerebellar tract:
lateral cuneate nucleus | medial cerebellar vermis
108
Synapses of trigeminocerebellar tract:
sup: mesencephalic (pseudounipolar) and cerebellum inf: spinal trigeminal nucleus and cerebellum
109
Synapses of spinothalamic tract:
lamina I, V or II VPL cortex
110
Synapses of spinoreticular tract:
``` lamina II,III interneurons reticular formation intralaminar/post nuclei of thalamusSyn cortex ```
111
Synapses of spinocervicothalamic tract:
lamina III, IV lateral cervical nucleus VPL cortex
112
Synapsese of anterior trigeminothalamic tract:
spinal trigeminal nucleus VPM cortex
113
Wallenberg syndrome:
lesion of posterior inferior cerebellar artery area where ALS and ant trigeminothalamic tracts cross Sx: ipsilateral loss over face contralateral pain, temp, crude touch on body
114
Brown-Sequard syndrome:
lesion of 1/2 spinal cord ipsilateral tactile sensation lost-> post column contralateral temp/pain lost -> ALS ipsilateral motor loss
115
Syringomyelia:
bilateral loss of pain/temp around and slightly below level
116
Pain inhibition of spinal cord:
lamina II/III -> release enkephalin | Post column can also release it
117
Increases elements in CSF:
Na+ Mg2+ Cl-
118
Innervation of the cranial vault:
Anterior- CN V Middle- CN V Posterior- CN X and C1-C3
119
Uncal herniation result:
CN III compression | corticospinal and reticular formation compression
120
Pathways crossing via anterior commissure:
Anterior spinocerebellar Spinothalamic Spinoreticular
121
Pathways crossing via medial lemniscus:
posterior columns | spinocervicothalamic
122
Pathway crossing via reticular formation:
anterior trigeminothalamic
123
Tissue origin of statoacoustic ganglion:
neural crest and surface ectoderm
124
Role of spiral ligament:
tether cochlear duct to surrounding cartilage
125
Pharyngeal arch origins of ear bones:
malleus, incus -> I | stapes -> II
126
What produces wax in the ear?
ceruminous glands
127
Cells types in spiral ganglion:
bipolar | myelinated
128
Function of stria vascularis:
produce endolymph | located medially to spiral ligament
129
Sound propogation pathway:
``` tympanic membrane malleus, incus, stapes oval window scala vestibuli/tympani basilar membrane organ of corti hair cell movement-> nerve impulse ```
130
Organization of sound analysis in cochlea
basilar membrane lengthens up the spiral allows higher frequency detected at bottom lower frequency detected nearer the top Called tonotopy
131
Damage above and below cochlear nucleus:
Above: bilateral deficiencies Below: ipsilateral deficiencies
132
Synapses in auditory pathway:
``` Cochlear nucleus superior olivary complex inferior colliculus MGB temporal cortex ```
133
Organization of lateral lemniscus:
high frequencies anterior | low frequencies posterior
134
Area passing through from MGB to temporal cortex
sublenticular limb of internal capsule
135
Organization of auditory cortex:
high frequencies caudal | lower frequencies rostral
136
Middle ear muslces:
tensor tympani | stapedius-> decreases 10dB
137
Focal length for humans:
17mm (57 diopters)
138
How do you shorten focal length? When would you need to do this?
add convex lens | needed with hyperopia (farsightenedness)
139
How do you lengthen focal length? When would you need to do this?
add concave lens | needed with myopia (nearsightenedness)
140
Refraction of the eye contribution:
mostly cornea | 1/3 from lens
141
Action of accommodation:
``` contract ciliary m. decrease tension on suspensory ligaments increase refraction decrease focal length used for near vision ```
142
Presbyopia:
Loss of accommodation with age
143
Function of retinal pigmented layer:
absorb excess light store vitamin A degrade old photoreceptor discs
144
Cycle of rhodopsin:
``` cis to trans retinal, dissociates from opsin retinal to retinol taken up in pigmented epithelium converted back to cis retinal taken up into photoreceptor cells ```
145
Retina phototransduction:
``` light causes rhodopsin to active Gs Gs turns on PDE which degrades cGMP Na+ channels close (cGMP keeps them open) cell hyperpolarizes NT release stops ```
146
Types of color blindness:
Deuteranopia-> loss of green | Protanopia -> loss of red
147
NT used in retina:
glutamate
148
Function of horizontal cells:
lateral inhibition | helps with patterns/acuity/contrast
149
Threshold for salty:
10mM (NaCl)
150
Threshold for sweet:
20mM (sucrose)
151
Threshold for bitter:
0.008mM (quinine) or 0.0001 (strychine)
152
Threshold for sour:
2mM (citric acid)
153
Types of taste buds:
circumvallate (50%) foliate fungiform
154
Tests for supertasters:
PROP and PTC | have 2x more buds (10,000)
155
Signal transduction for salty taste:
Na+ channels
156
Signal transduction for acid/sour taste:
H+ sensitive channels
157
Signal transduction for bitter:
Gs-> IP3-> Ca2+ channels
158
Signal transduction for sweet:
dimerized Gs
159
Signal transduction for AA's:
dimerized Gs -> IP3-> Ca2+ channel
160
Activation with multiple tastes:
Taste cells have multiple receptors | Strongest stimulant will be activated
161
Pathway for taste:
``` taste cell sensory neuron solitary tract VPM insula Stays ipsilateral ```
162
Parts of olfactory membrane:
bipolar receptor neuron basal cells (make more receptors) Bowman's glands (mucous production)
163
Receptors on olfactory cells:
only 1 receptor type | multiple odorants can activate the 1 receptor type
164
Signal transduction for odorants:
Gs -> cAMP -> Ca2+/Na+ cotransporter
165
Olfactory bulb cells/function: (5)
``` glomerular-sort smells mitral-project to cortex tufted-refines glomerular synapse periglomerular-refine glomerular synapse granule-inhibitory from CNS/tufted cells ```
166
Special visceral afferents:
taste and olfaction
167
Special somatic afferents:
balance/hearing and vision
168
Special somatic efferents:
CN VIII hair cells
169
Nuclei/function of CN V:
mesencephalic-proprioception principle sensory-touch/pressure spinal trigeminal-pain/temp
170
Muscles innv. by CN V
``` m. of mastication tensor tympani tensor veli palatini mylohyoid ant belly of digastric ```
171
Input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus:
CN V CN VII CN IX CN X
172
Muscles innv. by CN VII:
facial m. stapedius stylohyoid post belly of digastric
173
Role of solitary nucleus:
taste
174
GVE of CN IX/nucleus:
parotid gland through inf salivatory nucleus
175
GVE of CN VII/nucleus
submandibular glands through sup salivatory nucleus
176
Muscle innv by CN IX:
stylopharyngeus via nucleus ambiguous
177
Function of dorsal vagal nucleus:
parasympathetics to viscera
178
Medial medullary syndrome:
CN XII lesioned -> ipsilateral tongue deviation medial lemniscus ->loss of discriminative touch/vibration and proprioception Caused by occlusion of anterior spinal artery
179
Lateral medullary syndrome:
ALS lesioned -> contralateral pain/temp, crude touch nucleus ambiguus-> no cough/gag reflex Caused by posterior inferior cerebellar artery or vertebral a. infarct
180
Medial pontine syndrome:
CN VI ->ipsilateral eye abduction lost contralateral touch/vib and proprioception lost Caused by occlusion of paramedian branch of basilar artery
181
Lateral pontine syndrome:
CN VII motor -> facial weakness salivatory nucleus -> dry eyes/mouth/nose contralateral pain/temp and crude touch lost Caused by anterior inferior cerebellar a.
182
When in glutamate released in the retina?
When there is no light stimulation (in the dark)
183
Purpose of Off/On Centers in retina:
creates contrast/edges in retina
184
Mechanism of rods/cones in dark:
Na+/Ca2+ channels opened by cAMP | cell is depolarized and releasing glutamate
185
Mechansim of rods/cones in light:
cAMP degrade by PDE Na+/Ca2+ channels close cell hyperpolarizes and glutamate not released
186
What do On-center cells do?
See light in a dark field
187
What do Off-center cells do?
See dark in a light field
188
Action of horizontal cells:
excitatory on surrounding rods/cones via GABA
189
Result of aneurysm of opthalmic artery:
loss of vision in one eye
190
Result of pituitary tumor:
tunnel vision | nasal retina axons impinged (posteromedial OX)
191
Result of aneurysm of anterior cerebral artery lateral to OX:
loss of vision on ipsilateral side with 1/2 of contralateral side loss
192
M and P in LGB:
M-from rods, large axons | P-from cones, small axons
193
Result of infarct of anterior choroidal artery:
loss of contralateral lateral field of vision
194
Retinotopy of LGB:
ipsilateral side- 2,3 and 5 | contralateral side- 1,4 and 6
195
M and P layers:
M- 1,2 (black and white) | P- 3-6 (color)
196
Pathway for pupillary reflex:
CN II pretectal area EWN CN III
197
Pathway for eye tracking:
CN II SC pulvinar/LP nuclei of thalamus parietal/frontal cortex
198
Meyer's Loop:
inf pathway from ventrolateral LGB carries upper field of vision
199
Baum's Loop:
sup pathway from dorsomedial LGB carries lower field of vision
200
Lesion of Meyer's Loop:
superior homonymous quadrantanopia
201
Lesion of Baum's Loop:
inferior homonymous quadrantanopia
202
Location for central (macular) vision in cortex:
posterior occipital lobe
203
Location for peripheral vision in cortex:
anterior occipital lobe
204
What is stria of Gennari:
extra band of white matter in visual cortex
205
Result of infarct of posterior cerebral artery:
macular sparing/circular tunnel vision | middle cerebral artery sometimes supplies post occipital lobe
206
Ocular dominance structure:
``` for stereovision (3D static) cells responding to different angles of light ```
207
Result of damage to areas 18, 20 or 21 in occipital lobe:
agnosia (cannot recognize things)
208
Visual impact on circadian rhythm:
suprachiasmatic nucleus via the retinohypothalamic tract
209
4 maps of superior colliculus:
visual space body surface auditory space motor map
210
Meniere's disease:
excess fluid/pressure in inner ear | causes hearing/balance defects
211
Function of cristae ampullaris:
detect angular/rotational motion
212
Kinocilium mechanism:
cilia pushed toward kinocilium->depolarization cilia away from kinocilium ->hyperpolarization Opens or closes Na+ channels
213
Spontaneous firing of vestibular cells:
100 spikes/s | allows deviation in either direction
214
Movement detection of utricle macula:
rotation
215
Movement detection of saccule macula:
nodding motion
216
Positioning of 3 semicircular canals:
horizontal Anteriorly rotated 45 degrees Posteriorly rotated 45 degrees All at 90 degrees of each other
217
Activation of horizontal cristae ampullaris turning the head left:
Fluid stays in same place Left cristae ampullaris pulls toward kinocilium ->depolarization Right cristae ampullaris pulls away-> hyperpolarization
218
Outputs of vestibular nuclei: (4)
lateral vestibulospinal (balance) medial longitudinal fasciculus (eyes) VL/VP of thalamus to cortex cerebellum
219
Synapses of vestibulospinal tracts:
interneurons of lamina VII and VIII
220
Nystagmus:
named from direction of fast movement
221
Caloric test:
Cold water->opposite side nystagmus | Warm water-> same side nystagmus
222
Cause of vertical nystagmus
Central lesion
223
Threshold of feeling:
about 130dB | dB at which vibrations can be felt
224
Impedance matching:
air/fluid waves converted efficiency | best between 300-3000Hz
225
Electrochemical gradient between endolymph and hair cells:
150mV, allows for higher sensitivity to frequencies
226
Hair cell stimulation:
``` basilar membrane displacement K+ from endolymph enters cell Ca+2 enters via voltage gated channels glutamate released Ca2+ dependent K+ channels repolarize cell ```
227
Coding of frequencies below 200Hz:
by cochlear nuclei
228
Sound localization nucleus:
superior olivary complex
229
Interaural timing disparities:
for large sound waves interpret difference in time it takes to hit each ear No interference from head
230
Interaural intensity disparities:
for small sound waves interpret difference in intensity between each ear Interference from head decreases intensity
231
Weber Test for hearing:
tuning fork on head | ear that sounds louder has air conduction loss
232
Rinne test for hearing:
tuning fork on mastoid process once vibration stops, move in front of ear should be able to hear if not -> air conduction loss
233
Result of vestibular schwannoma:
Affects on CN VII and VIII
234
Loss of posterior column:
loss of discriminative touch, vibration, motion sense, and position sense Often caused by neurosyphilis
235
Damage to ipsilateral thalamus:
Contralateral somatosensory loss
236
Result of normal pressure hydrocephalus:
urinary incontinence memory defects trouble walking
237
Small central cord lesion:
pain/temp bilaterally lost at level
238
Large central cord lesion:
total sensory loss below, sparing genitals
239
Cause of post cord syndrome:
Neurosyphilis

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