Repro Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Role of sonic hedgehog gene
A
ant/post axis of limbs
mutation can cause holoprosencephaly
2
Q
Role of Wnt-7 gene
A
dorsal/ventral axis of limbs
3
Q
Role of FGF gene
A
mitosis of mesoderm
lengthening of limbs
4
Q
Role of Homeobox genes
A
craniocaudal direction of embryo organization
mutations cause limbs in wronge locations
5
Q
Week of gastrulation of embryo
A
week 3
becomes 3 layers
6
Q
Teratogen timeframe susceptibility
A
weeks 3-8
7
Q
Surface ectoderm development
A
adenohypophysis
lens of eye
sensory organs of ear and olfactory
parotid, sweat, mammary glands
8
Q
Neuorectoderm development
A
neurohypophysis/brain
retina
optic nerve
spinal cord
9
Q
Neural crest development
A
PNS chromaffin cells in adrenals parafollicular cells in thyroid bones of skull Aorticopulmonary septum nucleus pulposus
10
Q
Teratogenicity of aminoglycosides
A
CN VIII toxicity
11
Q
Teratogenicity of Diethylstilbrestrol
A
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
12
Q
Teratogenicity of Lithium
A
Ebstein anomaly
13
Q
Teratogenicity of phenytoin
A
hydantoin syndrome
hypoplastic nails/fingers
microcephaly
14
Q
Teratogenicity of thalidomide
A
limb defects/flapper limbs
15
Q
Pregnancy risk with cocaine
A
placental abruption
16
Q
Pregnancy risk with smoking
A
ADHD
17
Q
Risk with maternal diabetes in pregnancy
A
congenital heart defects
neural tube defects
18
Q
Excess Vit A risk with pregnancy
A
spontaneous abortion
19
Q
Cause of dichorionic/diamniotic twins
A
Splitting of 2 cell stage (0-4 days)
20
Q
Cause of Monochorionic/diamniotic twins
A
Splitting of morula
21
Q
Cause of monochorionic/monoamniotic twins
A
Splitting of blastocyst
22
Q
Role of syncytiotrophoblasts
A
secrete hCG (maintains pregnancy via corpus luteum)
23
Q
Umbilical structure components
A
2 arteries (from internal iliacs) 1 vein (placenta to fetus) all 3 derived from allantois
24
Q
Urachal duct
A
between bladder and yolk sac
25
Vitelline duct
between midgut and yolk sac
26
1st aortic arch
maxillary artery
27
2nd aortic arch
stapedial/hyoid arteries
28
3rd aortic arch
common carotid and internal carotids
29
4th aortic arch
aortic arch and R subclavian
30
6th aortic arch
pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
31
Branchial apparatus components
clefts-ectoderm
arches-mesoderm
pouches-endoderm
32
1st branchial cleft
external auditory meatus
33
1st branchial arch
mandible/malleus/incus
muscles of mastication
CN V2 and V3
34
Abnormality of 1st branchial arch
Treacher collins
mandibular hypoplasia
abn facies
35
2nd branchial arch
Stapes/styloid/less horn of hyoid
steapdeius/stylohyoid/post digastric
CN VII
36
3rd branchial arch
greater horn of hyoid
stylopharyngeus
CN IX
37
4th-6th branchial arch
thyroid/cricoid/artenoid/corniculate/cuneiform
larynx muscles (except cricothyroid)
CN X
38
1st branchial pouch
middle ear/mastoid air cells
39
2nd branchial pouch
palatine tonsils
40
3rd branchial pouch
inf parathyroids/thymus
41
4th branchial pouch
superior parathyroids
42
MEN 2A
RET mutation (of neural crests cells)
pheochromocytoma
parathyroid tumor-3rd/4th pouch
parafollicular cell tumor (medullary thyroid)-4th/5th pouch
43
Genital embryology of males
SRY gene makes Sertoli cells secrete MIF
suppresses paramesonephric duct development
Leydig cells make androgens to develop mesonephric duct
44
Development of paramesonephric duct
fallopian tubes
uterus
upper vagina
45
Development of mesonephric duct
seminal vesicles
epidiymis
ejaculatory duct
ductus deferens
46
Cause of bicornuate uterus
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
47
Impact of 5alph-reductase deficiency
ambiguous ext genitalia until puberty
48
Lymph drainage of testes/ovaries
para-aortic LN
49
Lymph drainage of vagina/scrotum
superifical inguinal LN
50
Lymph drainage of uterus
external iliac LN
51
Contents of suspensory ligament of ovaries
ovarian vessels
| ureter at risk when vessels ligated
52
Contents of cardinal ligament
uterine vessels
53
Contents of round ligament of uterus
artery of Sampson
| acts as anastamosis b/t ovarian and uterine arteries
54
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation
```
SEVEn UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra
Penis
```
55
Function of Sertoli cells
```
stimulated by FSH
produce ABP (maintains high local testosterone)
produce inhibin (inhibits FSH)
tight junctions protect developing sperm
regulate spermatogenesis
make MIF
```
56
Function of Leydig cells
stimulated by LH
secrete testosterone
unaffected by temp (Sertoli are)
57
Spermatogenesis
```
in seminiferous tubules
make spermatids (1N) that under spermiogenesis
```
58
Drug inhibiting 5alpha-reductase
finasteride
59
Enzyme converting testosterone to estrogen
aromatase
60
Impact of estrogen
inhibition of FSH/LH and LH surge
SHBG production
increase HDL, decrease LDL
61
Tanner stages of development
```
1-childhood
2-pubic hair and breast buds
3-breast/penis enlargement
4-increase penis width, development of glans, raised areolae
5-adult, areolae not raised
```
62
Mittelschmerz
ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation
| mimics appendicitis
63
Oogenesis
complete meiosis 1 prior to ovulation (in fetus)
meiosis 1 arrested in prophase I until ovulation
meiosis II arrested in metaphase II until fertilization
64
Hormones in menopause
increased FSH
| decreased estrogen
65
Klinefelter's syndrome
XXY
increased FSH/LH/estrogen
dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules
66
Turner syndrome
XO
decreased estrogen
increased FSH/LH
webbing of neck/coarctation of aorta/horseshoe kidney
67
Androgen insensitivity
```
androgen receptors not working
XY
phenotypic female
intraabdominal testes
increased testosterones/estrogen/LH
```
68
Kallman syndrome
GnRH cells and olfacotry bulb fails to migrate
decreased GnRH/FSH/LH
anosmia
lack secondary sexual characteristics
69
Complete Hydatidiform mole
cluster of grapes/honeycombed uterus
choriocarcinoma precursor
46 XX or XY
snowstorm appearance
70
Incomplete hydatidiform mole
69 XXX, XXY, or XYY
| lower risk of maligancy
71
Sx of abruptio placentae
painful bleeding in pregnancy 3rd trimester
| assc with DIC/cocaine/HTN
72
Sx of placenta previa
painless bleeding in any trimester
73
Ectopic pregnancy histo
decidualized endometrium
| no chorionic villi
74
Cervical cancers characteristics
```
assc with HPV 16 and 18
koilocytic changes (raisin like nuclei)
E6 binds p53
E7 binds Rb
grows in basal layer
```
75
Tx for endometritis
gentamycin and clindamycin
| w/ or w/o ampicillin
76
Endometriosis
cyclic bleeding assc with stage of menstrual cycle
chocolate cyst of ovary (due to hemorrhage)
Normal sized uterus
77
Adenomyosis
endometrial tissue within the myometrium
| tx is hysterectomy
78
Endometrial carcinoma
55-65 y/o
| risk with unopposed estrogen/endometrial hyperplasia/nullparity/DM/obesity
79
Leiomyoma of uterus
fibroid
estrogen sensitive (shrinks with menopause)
20-40 y/o
Whorled pattern of smooth muscle
80
Leiomyosarcoma of uterus
bulky, irregular tumor
hemorrhage and necrosis
arises de novo
81
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
increased LH production
anovulation/no progesterone
increased testosterone and estrogen (due to theca cells)
assc with diabetes
82
Ovarian dysgerminoma
sheets of uniform cells
assc with Turner syndrome
increased nCG and LDH
83
Choriocarcinoma
trophoblastic tissue tumor
increased hCG
no chorionic villi present
84
Yolk sac tumor
endodermal sinus tumor
young children
Schiller-Duval bodies (looks like glomeruli)
increased AFP and A1AT
85
Struma ovarii
teratoma with functional thyroid tissue
86
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
psammoma bodies
| bilateral and malignant
87
Risk with ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
pseudomyxoma peritonei
| accumulation of mucus in peritoneum
88
Brenner tumor
in ovary
transitional epithelium (normally in bladder)
yellow tan color
coffee bean nuclei
89
Risk with fibroma of ovary
Meigs syndrome-ascites and hydrothorax
90
Granulosa cell tumor of ovary
secretes estrogen
precocious puberty
Call Exner bodies
91
Krukenberg tumor
bilateral GI mets to ovaries
| signet cells
92
Sarcoma botryoides
less than 5 y/o
desmin positive
grapes-like protrusions from vagina
93
Breast fibroadenoma
firm, mobile mass
| changes size with changes in estrogen
94
Phyllodes tumor of breast
6th decade
leaf life projections
lg and bulky
95
Invasive ductal tumor of breast
rock hard
stellate morpholgy
worst prognosis
96
Invasive lobular tumor of breast
row of cells (Indian file)
97
Paget's disease of breast
eczematous patch on nipple
lg cells with clear halos
suggestive of underlying cancer
98
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
over 50 y/o
lateral and middle lobes enlarged
increased PSA
tx with a1 blockers or finesteride
99
Result of crytorchidism
```
impaired spermatogenesis (due to Sertoli cells temp sensative)
normal testosterone (Leydig cells not impacted)
```
100
Seminoma
homogenous testicular enlargement
fried egg appearance
increased PLAP
painless
101
Yolk sac tumor of testes
Schiller Duval bodies
increased AFP and A1AT
yellow, mucinous
102
Leydig cell tumor
contain Reinke crystals
precocious puberty in boys
golden brown color
103
Leuprolide
GnRH analog
infertility, use pulsatile
prostate cancer, use continuous
104
Finasteride
5alpha-reductase inhibitor
| used in BPH
105
Flutamide
inhibitor of testosterone
106
Ketoconazole
inihibits 17,20-desmolase
inhibits steroid synthesis
for PCOS
107
Spironolactone
inhibits steroid binding
| for PCOS
108
Clomiphene
estrogen agonist at hypothalamus
increased LH and FSH release
for ovulation
109
Tamoxifen
breast tissue antagonist
| tx and prevent breast cancer
110
Raloxifene
estrogen agonist on bone
| for osteoporosis
111
Mifepristone
inhibitor of progestins
for abortion
used with misoprostol
112
Terbutaline
beta 2 agonist to relax uterus
113
Tamsulosin
alpha 1 agonist for BPH
114
Danazol
agonist at androgen receptors
| for endometriosis and hereditary angioedema
