Nephrology

Question 1

Definition of acute kidney injury

Answer 1

Cr increased 50%

or Cr increased by 0.5mg/dL

Question 2

Drugs causing prerenal azotemia (3)

Answer 2

NSAIDs
ACEI
cyclosporin

Question 3

Definition of oliguria

Answer 3

between 100 to 500 mL/day of urinary output

Question 4

Labs for prerenal azotemia (4)

Answer 4

oliguria
BUN:Cr >20:1
urine osmolality >500mOsm/kg
FEna <1%

Question 5

Causes of nephrotoxic ATN (6)

Answer 5

aminoglycosides
NSAIDs
vancomycin
rhabdomyolysis
cisplatin
multiple myeloma

Question 6

Labs for intrinsic AKI (3)

Answer 6

BUN:Cr < 350mOsm/kg

FEna >2%

Question 7

Tx for different types of AKI

Answer 7

prerenal-IV NS
intrinsic-furosemide trial
postrenal-urology consult/catheter

Question 8

Causes of CKD (3)

Answer 8

DM most common
HTN
chronic GN

Question 9

Sx of CKD

Answer 9

HTN
uremia
normocytic anemia
Vit D deficiency (high phosphate, low calcium)

Question 10

Tx for CKD

Answer 10

low protein diet
ACEI
smoking cessation
EPO for anemia

Question 11

Indications for dialysis

Answer 11

Acidosis
Electrolytes (hyperkalemia)
Intox (EtOH, methanol)
Overload (volume)
Uremia

Question 12

Nephrotic syndrome findings

Answer 12

albumin loss >3.5g/day in urine
hypoalbuminemia with edema
hyperlipidemia

Question 13

Tx for nephrotic syndrome

Answer 13

ACEI
statin
diuretics
tx underlying disease

Question 14

Causes of gross hematuria (6)

Answer 14

nephrolithiasis
cancer/UTI
GN
sickle cell
cyclophosphamide
analgesic nephropathy

Question 15

(+) urine dipstick with no hematuria on UA

Answer 15

hemoglobinuira or myoglobinuira

Question 16

Nephritic syndrome findings

Answer 16

HTN
hematuria
azotemia

Question 17

Assc with membranous glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

Hep B/C
syphilis
malaria

Question 18

Assc with IgA nephropathy

Answer 18

URT infection 1-5 days prior

Question 19

Assc with membranoproliferative GN

Answer 19

Hep C

cryoglobulinemia

Question 20

Causes of acute interstitial nephritis (4)

Answer 20

drugs most commonly
infection
sarcoid
SLE

Question 21

Sx of acute interstitial nephritis (4)

Answer 21

rash
fever
eosinophilia in urine
pyuria/hematuria

Question 22

Causes of renal papillary necrosis (4)

Answer 22

analgesic nephropathy most common
sickle-cell
EtOH
diabetic nephropathy

Question 23

Renal tubular acidosis types

Answer 23

I-failure of H+ secretion in distal tubule
II-failure of bicarb resorption in prox tubule
IV-hypoaldosteronism

Question 24

Assc with medullary sponge kidney

Answer 24

hyperparathyroidism (adenoma)

Question 25

Tx for sickle cell nephropathy

Answer 25

ACEI

Question 26

Risks for prostate cancer

Answer 26

age most important black high fat diet

Question 27

Indications for transrectal ultrasound

Answer 27

abn DRE PSA>10 PSA change over 0.75/year

Question 28

Risks for renal cell carcinoma (4)

Answer 28

smoking phenacetin analgesics ADPKD heavy metals

Question 29

Risks for bladder cancer (3)

Answer 29

smoking #1 aniline dyes cyclophosphamide

Question 30

Types of testicular cancers (5)

Answer 30

``` seminoma-most common embryonal-mets chriocarcinoma-aggressive Yolk sac-young boys Leydig cell-precious puberty ```

Question 31

Markers for testicular cancer

Answer 31

choriocarcinoma-beta hCG | embryonal-AFP

Question 32

Testicular torsion timeframe

Answer 32

surgery within 6hrs

Question 33

Causes of epididymitis

Answer 33

old men- E. coli | young men- gonorrhea/chlamydia

Question 34

Normal daily urine output

Answer 34

800-1500mL

Question 35

Hct change with dehydration

Answer 35

increase 3% per 1L fluid lost