Quick run through of 1st AID Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
RNA polymerases and role (I-III)
A
I-rRNA
II-mRNA
III-tRNA
2
Q
I-Cell disease sx
A
coarse facies
clouded cornea
decreased joint movement
3
Q
ADPKD genetics
A
chromosome 16
PKD1 gene
4
Q
INH vitamin impact
A
decreased B6
5
Q
Raw eggs vitamin impact
A
decreased B7 (biotin)
6
Q
Diphyllobothrium latum vitamin impact
A
decreased B12
7
Q
Vit C need for adrenal glands
A
used in DA to NE production
8
Q
Main regulator of glycolysis
A
PFK-1
9
Q
Reason for fever with aspirin OD
A
uncoupling of ox-phos
10
Q
Problem in essential fructosuria
A
unable to absorb fructose
11
Q
Problem in fructose intolerance
A
decreased aldolase B
Frc-1-P accumulates in cells
causes jaundice/cirrhosis/hypoglycemia
12
Q
Rate limiting step in urea cycle
A
CPS I
13
Q
AA used in urea cycle
A
aspartate donates NH4+
14
Q
Transporter of NH4+ in blood
A
alanine (becomes pyruvate when deaminated)
15
Q
Increased NH4+ on TCA cycle
A
depletes alpha-ketoglutarate
16
Q
Homocysteinuria essential AA and sx
A
cysteine becomes essential
lens subluxation/MR/kyphosis/atherosclerosis
17
Q
Pompe’s disease organ impact
A
Heart failure (alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency)
18
Q
X-linked lysosomal storage diseases
A
Fabry’s (galactocerebroside)
Hunter’s
19
Q
Sx of Fabry’s disease
A
angiokeratoma
Renal/CV disease
20
Q
Sx of Krabbe’s disease
A
optic atrophy
globoid cells
peripheral neuropathy
21
Q
Genetics of abetalipoproteinemia
A
MTP gene
decreased B48/B100
22
Q
Molecule in spores
A
dipicolinic acid
23
Q
Bugs with EF2 inactivation toxin
A
pseudomonas
diphtheria
24
Q
Bugs with aincativation of 60s ribosome toxin (removes adenine from rRNA)
A
Shigella
EHEC
25
Bugs with toxins increasing cAMP via Gs
ETEC
anthrax
cholerae
26
Bug with toxin increasing cAMP via Gi
B. pertussis
27
TB virulence factors
Cord factor-inhibits macrophage maturation/increased TNF-alpha
Sulfatides-decrease phagolysosomal fusion
28
Differentation b/t shigella and salmonella
Salmonella is H2S (+), Shigella is (-)
29
Tx for pseudomonas
aminoglycosides
30
Sx of salmonella typhi
rose spots on abd
diarrhea
can remain in gallbladder as dormant
31
Bugs with bipolar stains
Pastreulla and yersinia pestis
32
Use of Weil-Felix test
rickettsial infections
33
What is Weil's disease
caused by Leptospira interrogans
| jaundice/azotemia/anemia/hemorrhage
34
Vector for borrelia recurrentis
body louse
35
Bug causing undulating fever from animals
Brucella
36
Ehrlichia chaffeensis vector and types
vector=lone star tick
ehrlichia in macrophages
anaplasma in granulocytes
37
Reactive arthritis cause
chlamydia
38
Yeast found in macrophages
histoplasmosis
39
Soap bubble lesions in brain/capsular halos
cryptococcus neoformans (AIDS pts)
40
Cigar shaped bug
Sporothrix schenckii
41
Liver abscesses/dysentery bug
entamoeba histolytica
42
Sandfly vector/amastigotes in macrophages
Leishmania donovani
43
Strawberry cervix
trichomonas vaginalis
44
Blood sucking parasites in GI
ancylostoma duodenal
45
Hydatid cyst disease
Echinococcus granulosus
46
Bug assc with cholangiocarcinoma
Clonarchis sinensis
47
Nonlinear DNA viruses
papilloma
polyoma
hepadna
48
Only ssDNA virus
parvovirus
49
Only dsRNA virus
reovirus (rotavirus and colorado tick fever)
50
Naked DNA viruses
```
PAPP
papilloma
adenovirus
polyoma
parvo
```
51
Naked RNA viruses
CPR
calcivirus
picorna
reovirus
52
Picornaviruses
```
PERCH
polio
echo
rhino
coxsackie
HAV
```
53
Paramyxoviruses
parainfluenza
mumps
measles
RSV
54
Tx for listeria meningitis
ceftriaxone and ampicillin
55
Cause of cherry red epiglottis
H. influenza type B
56
Bugs that aminoglycosides are ineffective against
anaerobes
| need O2 uptake to get into cell
57
General type of bugs tx with tetracyclines
intracellular
58
Use of chloramphenicol
meningitis
59
Use of fluoroquinolones (bug type)
gram (-) rods and Neisseria
60
MOA of isoniazid
decreases mycolic acid synthesis
| needs KatG in bacteria to be activated
61
Rifampin MOA
inhibits DNA dependent RNA pol
62
MOA of ethambutol
blocks arabinosyltransferase
63
MOA of amphotericin B/nystatin
binds ergosterol
64
MHC class I synthesis
Ag loaded to RER
| needs Beta2-microglobulin
65
MHC class I synthesis
Ag loaded with invariant chain
| released in endosome
66
Assc with HLA-DR2
MS
SLE
Goodpasture's
67
Assc with HLA-DR4
RA
| DM type 1
68
Th to Th2 stimulus
IL-4
69
Th to Th1 stimulus
IL-12
70
Molecules needed for T cell activation
B7 and CD28
71
GPI anchored enzyme defect
PNH
| complement lysis of RBC's
72
EBV receptor on cells
CD21 on B cells
73
CD causing LPS activation of macrophages
CD14
74
Guillain Barre HS rxn type
type IV
75
Assc with antimitochondrial Abs
primary biliary sclerosis
76
Sx of hyper-IgE syndrome (3) and cause
no IFN-gamma from Th1 cells
| retained primary teeth/eczema/coarse facies
77
Sx of ataxia telangiectasia (3) and cause
ATM gene defect (DNA repair)
| cerebellar defects/spider angiomas/low IgA
78
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrom sx (3) and cause
defect in actin cytoskeleton
thrombocytopenia
infections
eczema
79
Interferon alpha tx
Hep B/C
Kaposi's
leukemia
80
Interferon beta tx
MS
81
Interferon gamma tx
CGD
82
Protein involved in extrinsic apoptosis
Fas protein (w/ CD95)
83
Cause of caspase activation
increased Ca2+ in cell
84
Proteins used in rolling adhesion
selectins/sialyl-Lewis
85
Proteins used in tight adhesion
ICAM-1/LFA-1 (integrins)
86
Proteins used in diapedesis
PECAM-1
87
Scar formation and collagen types
type III collagen (granulation), to type I collagen (scar)
88
Ret gene assc
MEN 2A and 2B
| is a tyrosine kinase oncogene
89
TRAP stain
hairy cell leukemia
90
Increased PTHrP assc
SCC of lung
91
Increased EPO assc (malignancy)
renal cell carcinoma
| hemangioblastoma
92
Gs mediated receptors
B1, B2, D1, H2, V2
93
Gq mediated receptors
a1, M1, H1, V1, M3
94
Gi mediated receptors
a2, M2, D2
95
Use of donepezil
Alzheimer's (anticholinesterase)
96
Use of benztropine
Parkinson's (muscarinic antagonist)
97
Use of mirtazapine
Depression (alpha 2 antagonist)
98
Antidote for aspirin
bicarb
99
Antidote for beta blockers
glucagon
100
Antidote for Pb
CaEDTA/dimercaprol
101
Antidote for Cu
penicillamine
102
Antidote for TCA's
NaHCO3
103
Antidote for Amphetamines
NH4Cl
104
Drugs causing gingival hyperplasia
phenytoin
| verapamil
105
Drugs causing hypothyroidism
Li+
amiodarone
sulfonamides
106
Drugs causing Parkinsonism
antipsychotics
reserpine
metoclopramide
107
Drugs causing disulfiram rxn
metronidazole
cephalosporins
sulfonylureas
108
Cause of wide S2 split
pulmonic stenosis/RBBB
109
Carotid sinus innervation
CN IX
110
Blood flow regulator in the brain
CO2 (via pH)
111
Infantile coarctation of aorta assc
Turner syndrome
112
Risk of free wall rupture post MI
3-14 days
| due to macrophage infiltrate
113
Risk with MI several weeks post MI
Dressler's syndrome
| fibrous pericarditis
114
Congenital disease assc with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Friedriech's ataxia
115
Rheumatic fever histo buzz words
Aschoff bodies
| Anitschkow cells
116
Histo of rhabdomyomas
spider cells
117
Polyarteritis nodosa assc
Hep B
118
Angiosarcoma assc
hx of radiation therapy
119
Lymphangiosarcoma assc
post radical mastectomy/persistent lymphedema
120
Target of CCB's
L-type Ca2+ channels
121
Action of class I antiarrhythmics on cardiac AP
decrease phase 0 slope
122
Action of class II antiarrhythmics on cardiac AP
decrease phase 4 slope
123
What does prolactin inhibit?
ovulation/spermatogenesis
124
Sx of hypercalcemia
bone pain
abd pain
hyperreflexia
pancreatitis
125
Reason for skin hyperpigmentation with Addison's disease
POMC production funneled into MSH instead of ACTH
126
Neuroblastoma lab finding
homovanillic acid in urine
| medulla tumor of children
127
Ab assc with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and cell type seen
anti-microsomal Abs
| Huerthle cells
128
Medullary thyroid cancer assc
MEN 2A and 2B
129
Enzyme producing sorbitol/galactitol
aldose reductase
130
MEN 1 tumors
parathyroid
pituitary
pancreatic
131
MEN 2A tumors
parathyroid
pheochromocytoma
medullary thryoid
132
MEN 2B tumors
pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid
ganglionenuromatosis
133
Target of thiazolidinediones
PPAR-gamma, to increase insulin sensitivity
134
Lay Auerbach's plexus resides in
muscularis externa
135
What facilitates carb absorption in GI
SGLT (Glc and Gal) and GLUT-5 (Frc)
136
Action of CCK
increase gallbladder contraction/relax sphincter of Oddi
137
Enzyme activating all other enzymes for protein digestion
trypsin(ogen)
| trypsinogen activated by enterokinase/trypsin
138
Celiac sprue HLA asscs
DQ2 and DQ8
139
Crohn's autoimmune mediation
Th1
140
Ulcerative colitis autoimmune mediation
Th2
141
PAS (+) stain on liver bx
A1AT deficiency
142
Tx for crigler-najjar type II
phenobarbital
143
Genetics and degeneration in Wilson's disease
ATP7B gene on chromosome 13
| degeneration of basal ganglia
144
Primary sclerosing cholangitis assc
ulcerative colitis
145
What can be decreased in long term PPI therapy?
Mg2+
146
Sx of Al(OH)3 excess
constipation
| prox muscle weakness
147
Sx of Mg(OH)2 excess
diarrhea
| hypotension
148
What type of Ig is anti-Rh?
IgG
149
Causes of basophilic stippling
Pb poisoning
| thalassemias
150
Cause of ringed sideroblasts
excess iron
151
Heme production enzymes inhibited by Pb
ferrochelatase
| ALA dehydratase
152
Defect with Fanconi's syndrome
AR
| DNA repair defect
153
Triad sx of PNH
hemolytic anemia
pancytopenia
venous thrombosis
154
Iron storage protein
ferritin
155
Iron transport protein
transferrin
156
Sx and tx for acute intermittent porphyria
dark urine/polyneuropathy/abd pain
| tx=heme and Glc
157
Pathology of TTP
ADAMTS13 deficiency
158
Inheritance of von Willibrand's disease and tx
AD
| tx=desmopressin (releases vWF from endothelium)
159
Reed-Steinberg characteristics
assc with HL
CD15 and CD30 (+)
binucleate
160
Burkitt's translocation
t(8:14)
161
Mantle cell lymphoma translocation
t(11:14)
162
Follicular cell lymphoma translocation
t(14:18)
163
Multiple myeloma buzzwords (3)
Bence-Jones proteins in urine
clock face chromatin
Rouleaux formation (RBCs)
164
TdT (+) disease
ALL
165
Smudge cells
CLL
166
Auer rods disease and tx for it
AML
| AML M3 tx=Vit A/retinoic acid
167
t(9:22)
CML/Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl)
| decreased LAP
168
Histiocytosis markers
CD1a and S-100 (+)
169
Cause of polycythemia vera
JAK2 constitutive expression
170
Cause of HIT with heparin
Ab-heparin-PF4 complex
171
Aspirin effect on PT/PTT/bleeding time
no change of PT/PTT
| increased bleeding time
172
Cisplatin toxicity and tx for it
nephro/ototoxicity
| tx=amifostine
173
Use of imatinib (Gleevac)
CML
| bcr-abl inhibitor
174
Target of Rituximab
CD20
175
Target of Bevacizumab
VEGF
176
Nerve impact with surgical neck of humerus
axillary
177
Muslces innv by median n. in the hand
2 lateral lumbricals
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
178
Bands changing length in sarcomere with contraction
H and I bands
179
Soap bubble sign on distal femur
Giant cell tumor
180
Codman's angle/sunburst pattern of bone
Osteosarcoma (on metaphysis)
181
Onion skin appearance in bone
Ewing's sarcoma t(11:22)
| diaphysis of bone
182
Differentiation of RA from OA
RA=morning stiffness that resolves
| OA=use causes stiffness/larger joints
183
Histo buzzs of sarcoidosis
Schaumann and asteroid bodies
184
Temporal arteritis assc
Polymyalgia rheumatica (hip/shoulder stiffness)
185
Lichen planus assc
Hep C
186
Sx of aspirin OD
hyperventilation/metabolic acidosis
187
MOA of colchicine
stabilizes tubulin/impairs leukocyte chemotaxis
188
Sensation to ant tongue
General=V3
| Taste=VII
189
NE synthesis location in CNS
locus ceruleus
190
DA synthesis location in CNS
SN and ventral tegmental area
191
5HT synthesis location in CNS
raphe nucleus
192
GABA synthesis location in CNS
nucleus accumbens
193
Satiety center in brain
ventromedial hypothalamus
194
Hunter center in brain
lateral hypothalamus
195
Cause of neuron death in Huntington's
NMDA/glutamate toxicity
196
Cause of Wernicke-Korsaff
B1 deficiency
197
Lateral medullary syndrome artery
PICA
198
CN that decussates post to brainstem
CN IV
199
Autonomics nucleus in brainstem
dorsal motor nucleus (CN X)
200
medial brainstem nuclei
III
VI
XII
201
Only muscle opening jaw
lateral pterygoid
202
Lesioned nerve causing head tilt compensation
CN IV
203
Meyer's loop location
temporal lobe
204
Dorsal optic radiations location
parietal lobe
205
Buzzword for oligodendrogliomas
fried egg cell/chicken-wire capillaries
206
Rosenthal fibers assc
pilocytic astrocytoma
207
Homer-Wright rosettes assc
Medulloblastoma
208
B1 impact on kidney
increases renin release
209
a1 impact on kidney
increased Na+/K+ pump of prox tubule
210
Buzz for chronic pyelonephritis on histo
thyroidization of kidneys
211
Causes of ATN
HgCl
CCl4
ethylene glycol
212
Deficiency in Hartnup's disease
Tryptophan
213
Excess K+ on EKG
wide QRS/peaked T wave
214
Winter's formula
PCO2=1.5(HCO3-) + 8
215
Crescent moon shape of glomeruli
Rapidly progressive GN
216
Tendency of renal cell carcinoma
invade renal vein/IVC
217
Histo buzz for chromophobe renal carcinoma
halo around nucleus
| (+) Hale's colloidal iron stain
218
Finding assc with ARPKD
hepatic fibrosis
219
Assc with medullary sponge kidney
Marfans/Ehlers-Danlos
220
Gene for A/P axis of development
sonic Hedgehog
221
Gene for dorsal/ventral axis of development
Wnt-7
222
Role of FGF gene
mitosis/limb lengthening in development
223
Role of Hox genes
craniocaudal develpment
224
Assc with Li+ during pregnancy
Ebstein anomaly
225
Cocaine assc during pregnancy
placental abruption
226
2nd aortic arch
stapedial/hyoidal artery
227
4-6th branchial arches
everything except cricothyroid in larynx
228
Cause of paramesonephric duct regression
MIF from Sertoli cells
229
Role of Sertoli cells
spermatogenesis
ABP production
inhibin production (inhibits FSH)
230
MOA of finasteride
5alpha-reductase inhibition
231
Locations of aromatase and fxn
converts testosterone to estrogen
| in adipose/Leydig cells/Granulosa cells
232
Phase arrests in oogenesis
prophase I until ovulation
| metaphase II until fertilization
233
Kallman syndrome pathology
failure of neural crest cell migration
defective GnRH and olfactory bulbs
anosmia/no secondary sexual characteristics
234
Karyotype of complete mole
XX or XY (2 sperm in empty egg)
235
HPV oncogene factors
E6 via p53
| E7 via Rb
236
Tx for endometritis
gentamycin + clindamycin
237
Histo buzz for dysgerminoma
sheet of uniform cells
238
Choriocarcinoma distinguishing from mole
No chorionic villi
239
Histo buzz for Yolk sac tumor
Schiller-Duval bodies
240
Histo buzz for Granulosa cell tumor
Call-Exner bodies
241
Histo buzz for invasive lobular breast cancer
row of cells/Indian file
242
Histo buzz for Paget's disease of breast
clear halo cells
243
Lobes involved in BPH
lat and middle
244
Distinguishing b/t seminoma and embryonal carcinoma of testis
seminoma is painless
| embryonal carcinoma very painful
245
Histo buzz for Leydig cell tumor
Reinke crystals
246
MOA of flutamide
testosterone antagonist
247
MOA of danazol
androgen agonist, for endometriosis
248
Epithelium type in conducting zone of airway
pseudostratified columnar (with smooth muscle)
249
Tx for methemoglobiunemia
methylene blue
250
CO poisoning shift of Hb/O2 dissocation curve
shift to the L
251
Perfusion limited gases
O2/CO2/N20
252
Diffusion limited gases
CO or O2 (with fibrosis)
253
Genetics of pulmonary arterial HTN
BMPR2 gene inactivation
254
Changes seen in chronic bronchitis
mucus gland hypertrophy
255
Changes seen in asthma
smooth muscle hypertrophy
256
Bronchiectasis asscs
CF
Kartagener's
bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
257
Labs seen in sarcoidosis
increased ACE and Ca2+
258
Eggshell calcifications of hilar LN's
Silicosis
259
Kulchitsky cells/Lambert-Eaton
small cell cancer of the lung
260
MOA of bosentan
endothelial-1-receptor antagonist
