Module 19

Question 1

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

Answer 1

wavelength

Question 2

Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

Answer 2

hue

Question 3

Amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. It is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height).

Answer 3

intensity

Question 4

What is seen as light is only a thin slice of the broad spectrum of –.

Answer 4

electromagnetic energy

Question 5

After entering the eye and being focused by a lens, light energy particles strike the eye’s inner surface, –.

Answer 5

the retina

Question 6

The perceived hue in a light depends on its –

Answer 6

wavelength

Question 7

brightness depends on

Answer 7

intensity

Question 8

– the number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time, depends on the length of the wave.

Answer 8

frequency

Question 9

Waves also vary in –, the height from peak to trough (top to bottom).

Answer 9

amplitude

Question 10

Wave amplitude determines the brightness of colors and also the – of sounds

Answer 10

loudness

Question 11

light entering the eye triggers – in rods and cones at the back of the retina

Answer 11

chemical reaction

Question 12

chemical reaction at the back of the retina activates –

Answer 12

bipolar cells

Question 13

bipolar cells then activate – whose combined axons form the optic nerve

Answer 13

ganglion cells

Question 14

– transmits info (via thalamus) to the brain

Answer 14

optic nerve

Question 15

cones and rods provide a special –

Answer 15

sensitivity

Question 16

cones are sensitive to – and –

Answer 16

detail and color

Question 17

rods are sensitive to –

Answer 17

faint light

Question 18

How does the brain turn light stimuli into useful information about the world?

Answer 18

• Collection and analysis of sensory information

- Linkage of optic nerve with neurons in thalamus

Question 19

color processing occurs in –

Answer 19

two stages

Question 20

Retina’s red, green, and blue cones respond in varying degrees to –, as the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory suggested

Answer 20

different color stimuli

Question 21

Cones’ responses are then processed by –, as Hering’s theory proposed

Answer 21

opponent- process cells

Question 22

Involves nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific feature of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Answer 22

feature detection

Question 23

Hubel and Wiesel: Showed brain’s computing system – and then – visual images

Answer 23

deconstructs then reassembles

Question 24

Hubel and Wiesel: Found specialized – receive information from ganglions cells and pass to supercell clusters

Answer 24

occipital lobe neuron cells

Question 25

brain delegates the work of processing motion, form, depth, and – to different areas.

Answer 25

color

Question 26

After taking a scene apart, the brain integrates these subdimensions into the –

Answer 26

perceived image

Question 27

– propose principles used to organize sensations into perception.

Answer 27

Gestalt psychologists

Question 28

People tend to organize pieces of information into an organized whole or–

Answer 28

Gestalt

Question 29

Organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Answer 29

figure-ground

Question 30

Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups

Answer 30

grouping

Question 31

Human minds use these grouping strategies to see patterns and objects.

Answer 31

proximity, closure, continuity

Question 32

Represents ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional

Answer 32

depth perception

Question 33

depth perception allows us to judge –

Answer 33

distance

Question 34

depth perception is present, at least in part, at – in humans and other animals

Answer 34

birth

Question 35

– test of early 3D perception (Gibson and Walk)

Answer 35

The Visual Cliff

Question 36

most infants – to crawl across the visual cliff

Answer 36

refuse

Question 37

crawling, no matter when it begins, seems to – an infant’s fear of heights

Answer 37

increase

Question 38

Two eyes help perception of depth

Answer 38

binocular cues

Question 39

Binocular cue for perceiving depth

Answer 39

retinal disparity

Question 40

By comparing images from the two eyes, the brain calculates –

Answer 40

distance

Question 41

used by 3D film makers

Answer 41

retinal disparity

Question 42

Depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective,

available to either eye alone

Answer 42

monocular cue

Question 43

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing – alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Answer 43

illumination

Question 44

Perception of objects as having constant size even when distance from them varies

Answer 44

size constancy

Question 45

Effect of sensory restriction on infant cats, monkeys, and humans suggests there is a critical period for normal –

Answer 45

sensory and perceptual development

Question 46

Without –, normal connections do not develop.

Answer 46

stimulation

Question 47

Ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Answer 47

perceptual adaptation