Modules 46-48 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Is an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
A
personality
2
Q
behavior is dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mind
A
psychodynamic/psychoanalysis theories
3
Q
Focus on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment
A
humanistic approach (Carl Rogers)
4
Q
Examine characteristic patterns of behavior
A
trait theories
5
Q
Explore interaction between traits and social context
A
social-cognitive theories
6
Q
- Observed patients whose disorders and/or distress had no clear physical explanations
- Concluded their problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the unconscious mind
A
Freud
7
Q
Psychologists have used an – image to illustrate Freud’s idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface
A
iceberg
8
Q
id is totally –
A
unconscious
9
Q
T/F: ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously.
A
true
10
Q
Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg; however, the id, ego, and superego –
A
interact
11
Q
first theory of personality
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Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
12
Q
operates off the pleasure principle (gimme me now)
babies
A
id
13
Q
operates off our morality principle (everything is wrong, fun = wrong)
A
superego
14
Q
operates off the reality principle (middle ground), communicates with the id and superego
A
ego
15
Q
devil
A
id
16
Q
angel
A
superego
17
Q
mostly conscious; makes peace between id and superego
A
ego
18
Q
id is – energy
A
unconscious
19
Q
internalized ideals
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superego
20
Q
outside awareness but accessible
A
preconscious
21
Q
Operates on pleasure principle; unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress
A
id
22
Q
Operates on reality principle; seeks to realistically gratify id’s impulses to bring long-term pleasure; contains perceptions, thoughts, judgments and memories
A
ego
23
Q
Focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfections; acts as moral conscious
A
superego
24
Q
Pleasure centers on the mouth— sucking, biting, chewing
A
oral (0-18 months)
25
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
anal (18-36 months)
26
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
phallic (3-6 years)
27
A phase of dormant sexual feelings
latency (6 to puberty)
28
maturation of sexual interests
genital (puberty on)
29
Ego protects itself with tactics that reduce and redirect anxiety by -- (defense mechanisms).
reality distortion
30
Defense mechanisms function -- and indirectly.
unconsciously
31
stuck in a stage is called
fixation
32
- Faced with a mild stressor, children and young orangutans seek from their caregivers.
- Freud might have interpreted these behaviors as --, a retreat to an earlier developmental stage.
regression
33
Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
regression
34
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
reaction formation
35
Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
projection
36
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
rationalization
37
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person.
displacement
38
defense mechanisms can cause problems when used --
too often
39
in denial is an example of
defense mechanism
40
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.
denial
41
Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness.
reaction formation
42
“The thief thinks everyone else is a thief"
projection
43
A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends “just to be sociable.”
rationalization
44
A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room.
displacement
45
Freud believed that --, the basic mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing impulses, enables other defense mechanisms
repression
46
smooching
repression
47
Neo-Freudians accepted many of Freud's ideas but placed more emphasis on -- and on social motives than sexual or aggression related ones
conscious mind
48
Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics and reveal unconscious motives
projective test
49
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes (black and white cards)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
50
Seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots; attempts to address low reliability and validity in most areas addressed with research-based, computer-aided tool (Most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots)
Rorschach inkblot test
51
Many research psychologists now think of the unconscious as information processing that occurs --
without awareness
52
-- involves schemas, priming, right-hemisphere activity, implicit
memories, emotions, and stereotypes
unconsciousness
53
Research supports two of Freud’s defense mechanisms:
reaction formation and projection
54
-- focused on potential for healthy personal growth and people’s striving for self- determination and self- realization
Maslow
55
-- posited that growth-promoting environment characteristics are genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
Roger
56
-- see personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior
trait theorists
57
trait theorists -- differences rather than trying to explain them
describe
58
trait theorists use -- to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together to tap basic components of intelligence
factor analysis
59
trait theorists suggest -- predispositions influence many traits
genetic
60
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire -- and emotionality factors inevitably emerged as basic personality dimensions
extraversion
61
Brain-activity scans of extroverts indicate they seek stimulation because normal brain arousal is relatively --.
low
62
Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be -- in extroverts.
higher
63
Introversion is often misunderstood as shyness, but introverted people often simply seek -- levels of stimulation from their environment.
low
64
- Questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
- Test items empirically derived, and tests objectively scored
personality inventory (MMPI; Eysenck)
65
Big Five personality factors
Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion
66
Behavior is influenced by the interaction of our -- with our environment.
inner disposition
67
In general, personality traits are -- and socially significant.
stable
68
Personality traits are -- of mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment.
predictors
69
Consistency of specific behaviors from one situation to another is --; average behaviors are predictable
weak
70
At any moment the -- situation powerfully influences a person’s behavior.
immediate
71
- Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context
- Emphasizes interaction of our traits with our situations
- Applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality
Social-cognitive perspective (Bandura)
72
Big Five Research Questions?
| How -- and -- are these traits?
stable and heritable
73
Big Five Research Questions?
| Do traits reflect differing --?
brain structure
74
Big Five Research Questions?
| Have these traits -- over time?
changed
75
Big Five Research Questions?
| How well do these traits apply to various --?
cultures
76
Big Five Research Questions?
| Do the Big Five traits predict our -- behaviors?
actual
77
Describes interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors
reciprocal determinism
78
Interaction of individuals and environments: Internal personal factors
Different people choose different --
environment
79
Interaction of individuals and environments: Internal personal factors
-- shape how people interpret and react to events
personalities
80
Interaction of individuals and environments: Internal personal factors
personalities help create -- to which people react
situations
81
our feeling of self-worth
self-esteem
82
our sense of competence on a task
self-efficacy
83
-- self-esteem correlates with less pressure to conform, with persistence at difficult tasks, and with happiness (but the direction of correlation is not clear)
high
84
Excessive optimism may lead to -- and may prevent recognition of real risks
complacency
85
excessive optimism may be -- when dealing with temptations
self-defeating
86
excessive optimism may be directed toward group
illusionary optimism
87
- Involves a readiness to perceive self favorably
- Suggests people accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failure
- Often creates a better-than-average effect
- May underlie a range of conflicts
self-serving bias
88
is fragile, threatened by failure and criticism, and more vulnerable to perceived threats which feed anger and feelings of vulnerability.
defensive self-esteem
89
is less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life.
secure self-esteem
90
self-actualizing person
Maslow
91
person-centered perspective
Rogers
92
T/F: Researchers use self-report inventories and peer reports to assess and score the Big Five personality factors.
true
