Flashcards in Module 24 Deck (32):
1
Persistence of learning over time through the
encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
memory
2
Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on day 1, the -- he required to relearn it on day 2.
less time
3
-- of relearning is one measure of memory retention.
Speed
4
Psychologists use -- to think and communicate about memory.
memory models
5
- Compares human memory to computer operations
- Involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval
information-processing models
6
- Focuses on multitrack, parallel processing
- Views memories as products of interconnected neural networks
connectionism information-processing model
7
Atkinson-Shiffren model
1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting --
sensory memory.
8
Atkinson-Shiffren model
2. we process information into --, where we encode it through rehearsal.
short-term memory
9
Atkinson-Shiffren model
3. Finally, information moves into -- for later retrieval.
long-term memory
10
some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it
automatic processing
11
Focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory (occurs during second stage)
working memory
12
working memory is handled by a --
central executive
13
of conscious facts and experiences encoded through conscious, effortful processing
explicit/declarative memories
14
that form through automatic processes and bypass conscious encoding track
implicit/nondeclarative memories
15
Implicit memories include automatic skills and -- associations.
classically
conditioned
16
information is -- processed about space, time, and frequency
automatically
17
With experience and practice, -- become automatic
explicit memories
18
first stage in forming explicit memories
sensory memory
19
Immediate,verybrief
recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
20
picture-image memory
iconic
21
sound memory
echoic
22
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
23
Newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
working memory
24
For working memory, Capacity varies by -- at time of memory tasks
age and distractions
25
Organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
chunking
26
Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
(Peg-word system)
mnemonics
27
Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
hierarchies
28
Encoding is more effective when it is
spread over time.
spacing effect
29
-- practice: Produces better long-term recall
Distributed
30
-- practice: Produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence
Massive
31
-- encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) or a more intermediate level (word’s sound).
Shallow processing
32