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URR 41 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

The right kidney is covered by the adrenal gland ____

A

superior medially

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2
Q

The right kidney is ____ to the right lobe of the liver

A

inferior

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3
Q

The hepatic flexure of the colon is located ___ and ___ to right kidney

A

inferior
anterior

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4
Q

The second portion of the duodenum is located ____ to the right kidney

A

medial

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5
Q

The left kidney is ___ to the psoas muscle

A

anterior

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6
Q

The lower pole of the left kidney is ___ to the quadratus lumborum muscle.

A

anterior

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7
Q

The left kidney is covered by the adrenal gland ____

A

superior-medially

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8
Q

The left kidney is ____ to the spleen

A

posteromedial

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9
Q

The left kidney is _____ to the tail of the pancreas

A

posterolateral

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10
Q

The splenic flexure of the colon is located ___ and ___ to the left kidney

A

inferior
anterior

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11
Q

The left kidney is located ____ to the stomach

A

posteroinferior

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12
Q

Each kidney is encased in a dense fibrous covering that is in direct contact with the renal cortex called the:

A

true capsule

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13
Q

Layer of fat surrounding the true capsule

A

perirenal fat

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14
Q

Surrounds kidneys, adrenals, and perirenal fat

A

Gerota Fasica

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15
Q

The kidney is composed of two types of tissue:

A

renal parenchyma
renal sinus

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16
Q

What system control should be turned off trying to differentiate a small stone in the gallbladder from a sludge ball?
a. focal zone
b. time gain compensation
c. harmonic imaging
d. compound imaging

A

d

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17
Q

The renal parenchyma consists of:

A

cortex
medulla

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18
Q

The ____ extends from the capsule to the base of the pyramids and performs blood filtration

A

renal cortex

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19
Q

What does the renal cortex contain?

A

renal corpuscles
proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron

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20
Q

The normal renal cortex is greater than ___ in thickness

A

1cm

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21
Q

The medulla contains __ to __ renal pyramids

A

8
18

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22
Q

triangular structures with the wide portion (base) facing the renal cortex and narrow tip (apex) converging towards the renal sinus

A

renal pyramids

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23
Q

What does the renal medulla contain?

A

loop of Henle
collecting duct

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24
Q

The ___ arteries separate the medulla from the cortex

A

arcuate

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25
Reabsorption occurs in the renal ___
medulla
26
central portion of the kidney
collecting system
27
The renal sinus is made up of:
collecting system minor calyces major calyces renal pelvis
28
drain each of the medullary pyramids
minor calyces
29
There are ___ major calycles and each connects to several minor calyces
2-3
30
Major calyces combine to form the:
renal pelvis
31
upper expanded portion of the ureter located at the hilum, posterior to the blood vessels
renal pelvis
32
functional unit of kidney
nephron
33
Each kidney contains about ____ nephrons
1 million
34
responsible for removing waste products from the blood and for the production of urine
nephron
35
The nephron contains:
renal corpuscle renal tubulues
36
The renal corpuscle includes:
Bowman capsule glomerulus
37
the blood supply initially comes into close relationship with the nephron by a network of capillaries derived from the afferent arteriole (Glomerulus) resting a cuplike depression of the tubular system (Bowman capsule); filters blood to produce urine
renal corpuscle
38
network of capillaries derived from the afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
39
cuplike depression of the tubular system
Bowman capsule
40
includes the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct
renal tubule
41
collects the urine produced by the corpuscle
renal tubule
42
The Bowman capsule opens into the:
proximal convoluted tubule
43
Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule moves on to the:
descending loop of Henle
44
The fluid moves from the descending loop of Henle into the :
ascending loop of Henle
45
The fluid moves from the ascending loop of Henle into the:
distal convoluted tubule
46
The distal convoluted tube terminates at the:
collecting duct
47
The collecting ducts pass the fluid through to the _____ which empty into the calyces and then the renal pelvis
renal pyramids
48
cup-like or funnel shaped extensions of the renal sinus that originate at the papilla and collect urine that is coursing toward the renal pelvis
minor calyces
49
The minor calyces send the urine into the three larger collection areas called ____ that connect to the renal pelvis
major calyces
50
point at which the distal convoluted tubule comes in contact with the afferent arterioles
juxtaglomerular apparatus
51
The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes:
rennin
52
an enzyme important for regulating sodium and water retention; regulates blood pressure
rennin
53
The renal arteries are ____ branches
transverse
54
The renal arteries are located ___ below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery
2-3cm
55
__% of patients have duplicated renal arteries
30
56
The smaller of the two arteries in duplicated renal arteries is called:
accessory artery
57
In duplicated renal arteries the accessory artery usually originates __ cm inferior to the main renal artery
1-2
58
The accessory renal artery can also originated from the ___ or ___
SMA common iliac arteries
59
Some accessory renal arteries may not enter the hilum, but course directly to:
upper or lower pole of kidney
60
____ can be confused as accessory renal arteries, but they have very high resistance flow patterns and are unlike the low resistance flow pattern in the renal artery
Lumbar arteries
61
Accessory renal vessels must be documented prior to ___ or ___
renal resection renal transplantation
62
The renal arteries supply:
kidneys adrenals ureters
63
When considering the transverse view of the aorta as a clock face, the right renal artery originates between __ and __ o'clock
9 11
64
When considering the transverse view of the aorta as a clock face, the left renal artery originates between __ and __ o'clock
3 4
65
The right renal artery courses posterior to the ____ and anterior to the ___
IVC psoas muscle
66
The left renal artery courses anterior to the:
left psoas muscles
67
Both renal arteries course ___ to the renal veins
posterior
68
The origin of the renal arteries is best evaluated in the ____ plane of the midline abdomen
transverse
69
Normal flow of renal artery
low resistance flow with low resistive index
70
Increased RI <___
0.7
71
Increased RI indicated:
renal parenchymal dysfunction
72
___ and ___ can caused increased resistance in the parenchyma
renal dysfunction renal vein thrombosis
73
Parenchymal RI values <___ can indicate proximal renal artery stenosis and renal ischemia
0.5
74
Renal veins drain:
kidneys ureters adrenals
75
The right renal vein courses anterior to the ____ to enter the IVC
right renal artery
76
The left renal vein originates at the ____ anterior to the ___ and courses between the ___ and ___ then anterior to the ____ to reach the IVC
renal hilum left renal artery aorta superior mesenteric artery right renal artery
77
The ___ is best seen in transverse view, anterior to renal artery
right renal vein
78
The ___ is best seen in transverse view, anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery
left renal vein
79
Normal renal vein flow
continuous with respiratory phasicity
80
_____ can cause the kidney to enlarge and renal function to decrease
thrombosis of the renal vein
81
Arterial inflow
aorta > main renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular arteries > afferent arterioles
82
The are approximately __ segmental arteries per kidney
5
83
____ arteries course between renal pyramids
interlobar
84
separate medulla from cortex and surround tops of pyramids
arcuate arteries
85
Arcuate arteries course ____ to the renal capsule
parallel
86
Interlobular arteries course ____ to the renal capsule
perpendicular
87
Interlobular arteries enter the_
renal parenchyma
88
Venous outflow
efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins > segmental veins > renal vein > IVC
89
Removes waste from blood and produce about ___ml of urine per day
150
90
Urine is made of up:
95% water 5% waste
91
The kidneys regulate __, ___, and ___
fluid levels pH electrolytes
92
Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the:
pituitary gland
93
helps regulate fluid levels through changes in water permeability
antidiuretic hormone
94
The pituitary gland is stimulated to produce ADH by:
decreased blood volume
95
Increased ADH levels with ____ and ___
increase the absorption of water in the distal convoluted tubule increase water retention
96
Lower serum levels of ADH cause ____ and can cause __
increased water excretion from body deyhydration
97
Aldosterone is secreted by the:
adrenal cortex
98
Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex due to:
increased potassium levels in the blood
99
The ____ is stimulated to release aldosterone by decreased blood volume
adrenal gland
100
As aldosterone levels increase, the rate or ____ and ___ in the kidneys increase
sodium resorption potassium excretion

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