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URR 69 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

What 5 tendons make up the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus tendon
infraspinatus tendon
subcapsularis tendon
biceps tendon
teres minor tendon

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2
Q

What kind of transducer should be used to evaluate the shoulder?

A

12 MHz linear array

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3
Q

Patient position for scanning rotator cuff

A

seated with forearms resting on thighs

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4
Q

___, ___, and ___ are common maneuvers used during a shoulder exam.

A

adduction
hyperextension
internal rotation

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5
Q

echogenic oval structure within the body grove

A

biceps tendon

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6
Q

___ views are used to locate the biceps tendon in the bicipital groove.

A

transverse

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7
Q

90 degree rotation to a longitudinal view should be performed to evaluate the ____ of the tendon

A

intactness

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8
Q

A ___ view demonstrates the long axis of the subcapsularis tendon

A

transverse

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9
Q

A ____ view of the subcapsularis tendon demonstrates the short axis of the tendon

A

longitudinal

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10
Q

noted deep to the deltoid fat/bursa, courses over the humerus and between the two biceps tendons

A

subcapsularis tendon

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11
Q

____ should be used to assess the integrity of the subcapsular tendo

A

external rotation

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12
Q

located deep to the subdeltoid bursa and superficial to the greater tuberosity

A

supraspinatus tendon

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13
Q

In order to view the supraspinatus tendon, the arm should be:

A

extended with internal rotation

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14
Q

In order to view the supraspinatus tendon, the transducer is placed between the ___ and the ___ for a short axis view.

A

anterior acromion
coracoid

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15
Q

In order to view the supraspinatus tendon, the transducer is placed perpendicular to the ___

A

curvature of the acromial process

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16
Q

In order to view the infraspinatus tendon, how should the arm be placed?

A

at the patient’s side

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17
Q

In order to view the infraspinatus tendon, the transducer is placed in an ___ position on the ___ aspect of the shoulder

A

oblique
posterior

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18
Q

To evaluate the infraspinatus tendon, scan from the origin at the ____ to its insertion point on the ____

A

scapula
posterior greater tuberosity

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19
Q

In order to view the teres minor tendon, the transducer is placed parallel to the:

A

spine of the scapula

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20
Q

The ___ tendon is broader and more muscular than the infraspinatus tendon.

A

teres minor

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21
Q

Bony landmarks for US evaluation of shoulder

A

coracoid process
acromion process
AC joint
Scapular spine

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22
Q

most common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in patients over 40 years

A

rotator cuff tear

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23
Q

Symptoms of rotator cuff tear

A

pain at rest and in motion
weakness
inflammation

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24
Q

anechoic, irregular area(s) of discontinuity within the tendon; focal thickening at the affected area; potential for bursa formation; if humeral head is in direct contact with the acromion, a massive tear is present with tendon retraction

A

sonographic appearance of rotator cuff tear

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25
tendons of the upper arm
bicep tendon triceps tendon
26
connects to the radial tuberosity at the anterior elbow and extends to the anterior humeral head
bicep tendon
27
located in the bicep groove between the two portions of the muscle
bicep tendon
28
connects to the olecranon process at the posterior elbow and extends to the posterior humerus
triceps tendon
29
How is the triceps tendon best evaluated?
elbow flexed at a 90 degree angle
30
Tendons of the hand
flexor digitorum profundus flexor digitorum superficialis
31
deep tendons of the hand/ fingers
flexor digitorum profundus
32
superficial tendons of the hand/fingers
flexor digitorum superficial
33
superficial tendons of the hand/fingers
flexor digitorum superficialis
34
courses anterior to the flexor tendons of the 2nd finger
median nerve
35
The median nerve appears slightly ___ echogenic then the tendons.
less
36
Longitudinal view of the median nerve
linear cluster of anechoic tubules with echogenic interfaces
37
Transverse view of the median nerve
ovoid structure with internal echogenic foci with connecting linear echogenicities
38
____ can lead to impingement and/or inflammation of the median nerve
carpal tunnel syndrome
39
the tingling or prickling sensation elicited by the percussion of an injured nerve
Tinel sign
40
A positive Tinel sign indicates:
carpal tunnel syndrome present at wrist
41
Tendons of the lower leg
quadriceps tendon patellar tendon achilles tendon
42
The quadriceps tendon is composed of __ different tendons
4
43
The quadriceps tendon is demonstrated on the:
posterior knee
44
Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity
patellar tendon
45
The patellar tendon is imaged from the ___ approach
anterior
46
The patellar tendon most commonly detaches from the:
distal patella
47
Tears of the patella tendon area associated with:
sports that involve jumping
48
most commonly ruptured tendon
achilles tendon
49
formed by the junction of the aponeuroses of the gastrocneumius and soleal muscles
achilles tendon
50
Thickness of the achilles tendon is measured in the transverse plane, _-__ cm from the ankle insertion
2 3
51
patient is unable to completely extend their leg and patella is displaced superiorly
tear of patellar tendon
52
jumpers knee is associated with:
patellar tendon
53
The average thickness of the achilles tendon
5-7 mm
54
The achilles tendon most commonly ruptures __-__ cm from the distal insertion at calcaneus
3 4
55
A rupture of the achilles tendon is caused by:
forceful plantar flexion
56
patient placed in prone position and the calf muscle is squeezed; if the foot flexes in response to the squeeze the tendon is not completely torn; if the foot is non-reactive to the squeeze, the tendon is completely torn
Thompson test
57
Patient position for Thompson test
prone position with feet dangling over end of table
58
Sonographic characteristics of a tear in an extremity tendon
focal thinning discontinuity of the internal fibers hematoma effusion non-visualization due to complete tear and retraction of the ligament
59
Partial tears cannot be differentiated from ___ on US
tendonitis
60
degenerative changes in the tendon with no sign or symptoms of the damage
tendinosis
61
Tendinosis is caused by ___ and ____
overuse increased stress on the tendon
62
Tendinosis is most commonly diagnosed in the ___ and ___
knee achilles tendon
63
Tendon enlargement with areas of decreased echogenicity
tendinosis
64
acute inflammation of the tendons with symptoms
tendinitis
65
thickened tendon with areas of decreased echogenicity and blurred margins; increased vascularity on Power Doppler; may see fluid collection within the synovial sheath; chronic inflammation can lead to calcifications
tendinitis
66
inflammation and fluid accumulation in a bursa of a joint
Bursitis
67
Bursitis is most often identified in the __, __, and __
knee ankle elbow
68
forms in medial popliteal fossa and can extend into calf muscle
Baker Cyst
69
Baker cyst is related to ___
arthritis
70
usually anechoic with posterior enhancement; contains serous fluid and may see debris and septations; causes extrinsic compression of popliteal vein, causing swelling and pain in lower leg; can rupture
baker cyst
71
cystic formation adjacent to a joint
ganglion cyst
72
most common tumor of the hand but can develop from any joint or tendon sheath
ganglion cyst
73
demonstrates sonographic characteristics of a cyst; may see a neck or stalk connecting cyst to joint; usually move with tendon movement
ganglion cyst
74
benign soft tissue mass; 2nd most common tumor of the hand
Giant cell tumor
75
Giant cell tumors arise from the:
palmar tendons
76
Giant cell tumors are associated with the:
volar surface of the digits
77
does not move with flexion or extension of adjacent tendons; usually homogeneously hypoechoic mass with NO posterior enhancement; most will have some internal vascularity
giant cell tumor
78
___ of a foreign body dictates transducer frequency
depth
79
_____ foreign bodies are not well seen on radiography, but easily detected on sonography
organic
80
___ and ___ foreign bodies are radiopaque on an xray which makes them more easily identified
metal inorganic
81
Sonographic appearance will vary with the acoustic properties of the foreign body, but most are ___ to the surrounding tissues
hyperechoic
82
most superficial layer of the skin
epidermis
83
The epidermis contains ___
keratin
84
Hyperechoic line of the skin layers closest to the transducer face
epidermis
85
located deep to the epidermis
dermis
86
The dermis contains:
collagen
87
a less bright hyperechoic band beneath the epidermis
dermis
88
between the dermis and fascia layer over the muscle
subcuteaneous adipose tissue/ hypodermis
89
hypoechoic layer that indicates the presence of fat, may see echogenic streaks of connective within; thickness varies throughout the body and per patient
subcuteaneous adipose tissue/ hypodermis
90
echogenic linear bands that separate the hypodermis and muscle tissue
muscular fascia
91
hypoechoic tissue with visible striations
muscle tissue
92
Areas of inflammation appear as a ____ around foreign body
hypoechoic ring
93
____ around the foreign body with inflammation
hyperemia
94
___ or ___ artifacts may be present when imaging foreign bodies
shadowing reverberation
95
ultrasound guidance during foreign body removal can ____ and ___ to surrounding tissues
reduce incision size trauma
96
technique using lidocaine to dilate and numb the extraction path
hydraulic dissection
97
The scalp is composed of 5 layers:
S - skin C- connective tissue A - (galea) aponeurosis L - loose connective tissue P - periosteum
98
____ formation usually occurs due to birth trauma, although they are also seen with head trauma
Hematoma
99
Hematomas are subdivided by their location on scalp related to the ___ and ___
galea aponeurosis skull periosteum
100
subcutaneous hematoma, most commonly caused by vacuum assisted delivery
caput succedaneum

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