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URR 58 Flashcards

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1
Q

The anterior prostate gland is attached to the symphysis pubis and pubic bones by the ____

A

puboprostatic ligaments

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2
Q

The base of the prostate gland is the ____ portion of the gland

A

superior

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3
Q

The base of the prostate gland is situated below the ____

A

inferior margin of the urinary bladder

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4
Q

The apex of the prostate gland is the ___ portion of the gland

A

inferior

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5
Q

The apex of the prostate gland is situated superior to the:

A

urogenital diaphragm

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6
Q

Each ___ empties spermatic fluid into an ejaculatory duct of the ipsilateral seminal vesicle

A

vas deferens

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7
Q

Right and left ejaculatory ducts pass through the ___ zone of the prostate gland and empty into the ___

A

central
urethra

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8
Q

a longitudinal ridge within the urethra that holds the openings from the ejaculatory ducts

A

Verumontanum

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9
Q

The internal iliac artery branches into the ___

A

inferior vesicular arteries

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10
Q

The inferior vesicular arteries branch into ___

A

small perforating arteries

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11
Q

____ follow nerve branches for erection, form neurovascular bundles

A

perforating arteries

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12
Q

The ____ merges with the ___ to drain venous blood into the internal iliac vein from the penis

A

anterior plexus of Santorini
dorsal penile vein

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13
Q

Makes up 5% of glandular tissue of prostate

A

Transitional zone

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14
Q

The central zone of the prostate gland surrounds the ____

A

prostatic urethra

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15
Q

The ____ zone is located superolateral to veramontanum

A

transitional

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16
Q

area where ejaculatory ducts enter the urethra

A

verumontanum

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17
Q

20% of cancers originate in the ___ zone of the prostate

A

transitional

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18
Q

95% of BPH originates in the ___ zone of the prostate

A

transitional

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19
Q

The central zone makes up __% of the glandular tissue of the prostate

A

20

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20
Q

The ___ zone is located at the base of the prostate gland

A

central

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21
Q

The central zone is located posterior to the ____

A

urethra

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22
Q

The ___ zone narrows to a peak at the area posterior to verumontanum

A

central

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23
Q

In the ____ zone, the seminal vesicle and vas deferens ducts merge to form the ejaculatory ducts

A

central

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24
Q

Ejaculatory ducts course through this region to join the urethra

A

central zone

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25
10% of cancers originate in the ___ zone of the prostate
central
26
The peripheral zone makes up __% of glandular tissue in the prostate
70
27
The ___ is located posterior and distal to prostatic urethra
peripheral
28
__% of cancers originate in the peripheral zone
70
29
Less common site for BPH
peripheral zone
30
glandular tissues that line the proximal prostatic urethra
periurethral glandular zone
31
previously called the anterior zone of the prostate
fibromuscular region
32
Thick sheath covering entire anterior prostate surface
fibromuscular region
33
The size of the sheath equates up to ___ the size of the prostate gland
1/3
34
The fibromuscular sheath of the prostate gland is made up of ___ and ___
smooth muscle fibrous tissues
35
The fibromuscular gland makes up __% of glandular tissue of prostate
0
36
Region not affected by cancer, inflammation, or BPH because it is not functional prostate tissue
Fibromuscular region
37
The prostate secretes an _____ that is included in the male ejaculate
alkaline fluid
38
____ produce PSA which is measured to assess prostate health
Acinar cells
39
PSA stands for:
prostate specific antigen
40
PSA is produced by:
acinar cells
41
measured to assess increasing levels of benign and/or malignant tissue in the prostate
PSA
42
PSA levels >__ng/ml usually related to malignancy
10
43
PSA levels vary with __, __, __ or __
patient age gland volume BPH malignancy
44
PSA is significantly higher with ___
cancer
45
elevated with prostate cancer
PAP
46
PAP stands for
Prostatic Acid phosphatase
47
paired pouch-like glands at the base of the bladder
seminal vesicles
48
The seminal vesicles are located ____ to the prostate
superior posterior
49
The seminal vesicles are located posterior inferior to the
bladder
50
The seminal vesicles are anterior to the ___
rectum
51
What is the role of the seminal vesicles?
store sperm and secrete fructose for ejaculation
52
Secretions from the seminal vesicles mix with prostatic fluid to form ____ during ejaculation
semen
53
Seminal vesicles secrete ___ to provide an energy source for sperm
fructose
54
Seminal vesicles secrete ___ to enhance sperm mobility
alkalinity
55
A ___ bladder is required for a transabdominal evaluation of the prostate
full
56
For a transrectal evaluation of the prostate a ____ transducer is used.
7.5-11 MHz
57
A transrectal ultrasound of the prostate is usually only performed as:
biopsy guidance
58
Contraindications of transrectal ultrasound of prostate
significant rectal abnormalities that prevent tolerable probe insertion such as rectal fissures rectal neoplasms hemorrhoids prostatitis
59
Patient prep transrectal ultrasound
small cleansing enema 30-60 minutes prior Drink 8-16 oz water 30 min prior
60
Transrectal ultrasound patient positioning
left lateral decubitus lithotomy
61
Transrectal biopsy requires ___ the day before and after the procedure
antiobiotics
62
Anticoagulant therapy should be stopped at least __ days prior to biopsy procedure
5
63
Areas of assessment for prostate ultrasound
gland symmetry capsule integrity echogenicity and texture blood flow pattern across gland measure gland volume
64
In an axial orientation of the prostate, the rectum is ___, the bladder is ___, the left prostate is on the ___ and the right prostate is on the ___
posterior anterior right left
65
In a sagittal orientation of the prostate the rectum is ___, the bladder is ___ the apex is to the ___ and the base is to the ___
posterior anterior right left
66
Normal sonographic appearance of prostate
homogeneous, medium-level grey, symmetric oval shape, smooth capsule
67
The ___ zone of the normal prostate gland appears slightly hyperechoic to adjacent parenchyma
peripheral
68
shadowing created by dense tissues in the area of the urethra
Eiffel Tower sign
69
The __ and __ zones of the prostate gland are not differentiated by sonography
central transitional
70
Normal prostate volume =
30 mL
71
hypoechoic compared to prostate; diamond or oval shape; irregular borders; similar in size, shape and echogenicity
seminal vesicles
72
BPH stands for:
benign prostatic hypertrophy
73
BPH begins as early as __ years of age
30
74
BPH is related to ___
testosterone
75
BPH causes increased ___
PSA
76
Normal levels of PSA _ ng/ml to __ ng/ml
0 4
77
If the PSA is >__ ng/ml, indicates cancer
10
78
95% of BPH occurs in the ___ zone
transitional zone
79
General increase in prostate size; formation of nodules, may have cystic changes; corpora amylacea
BPH
80
benign calcifications in the central prostate gland caused by waste products collecting in acinar cells
corpora amylacea
81
Symptoms of BPH
urinary frequency nocturia weak urine stream incomplete emptying
82
Sonographic appearance early stages of BPH
inner gland more coarse than peripheral/central zones; punctate calcifications; diffuse enlargement
83
Sonographic appearance later stages of BPH
nodularity more evident, more calcifications, necrosis of cysts; increased Color Dopper inner gland
84
An enlarged prostate can cause ___ in the bladder and associated ___
urine retention hydronephrosis
85
Inflammation of the prostate
prostatitis
86
Prostatitis can have a __ or __ cause
bacterial non-bacterial
87
Prostadynia
prostate pain
88
Symptoms of prostatitis
prostadynia fever pain urinary frequency/urgency/difficulty
89
Heterogeneous peripheral gland; hypoechoic halo at periretheral area; later, abscess formation; marked vascularity in tissues affected
prostatitis
90
An ejaculatory duct cyst can lead to ___
inferitlity
91
Prostate Cysts simulate ___ on manual rectal exam
cancer
92
calcifications commonly seen in central zone
corpora amylacea
93
Prostate calcifications can be related to ___
prior infection
94
most frequently diagnosed malignancy in a male
extra-capsular prostate carcinoma
95
With extra-capsular prostate carcinoma, PSA levels can be significantly elevated (>__ng/ml)
4
96
____ are elevated with prostate cancer
PSA PAP
97
Prostate cancer is most common after age __
65
98
Prostate cancer is most common in men of ___ descent
African American
99
____ increases risk of prostate cancer
family history
100
Prostate cancer location __% peripheral zone __% transitional zone __% central zone
70 20 10

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