URR 60 Flashcards by Billie Harney

The splenic artery and vein course between the ___ and the ___

tail of the pancreas
left adrenal gland

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A left adrenal mass can cause anterior displacement of the ___ and ___

pancreatic tail
splenic vessels

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A right adrenal mass can cause anterior displacement of the:

IVC

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An adrenal mass can cause inferior displacement of:

associated kidney

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The endocrine system includes: (9)

pancreas
pituitary gland
hypothalamus gland
pineal gland
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal glands
ovaries
testes

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outer layer of tissue of the adrenal gland

cortex

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The ___ composes 90% of the adrenal gland

cortex

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The cortex of the adrenal gland is controlled by the ___ and ___

pituitary gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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___ stimulates the cortex to increase adrenal function

ACTH

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___ adrenal function slows the pituitary production of ACTH

Increased

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Endocrine function of the cortex

synthesizes cortisol, androgens, estrogen, progesterone, and aldosterone

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produces mineralcorticoids when stimulated by aldosterone, responsible for fluid and electrolyte regulation

zona glomerulosa

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cortisol regulation, responsible for metabolism regulation

zona fasciculata

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secretes estrogens and androgens; promotes reproductive organ development

zona reticularis

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synthesizes catecholamines in the chromaffin cells

medulla of the adrenal cortex

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What are catecholamines?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Norepinephrine increases ___ and ___

heart rate
blood pressure

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continuously released to control blood pressure

norepinephrine

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Norephinephrine causes:

vasoconstriction

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epinephrine is also known as

adrenaline

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Epinephrine increases __ and ___

heart rate
blood pressure

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Epinephrine is released in response to:

stress

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redirects blood from GI tract and skin to muscles

epinephrine

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Responsible for “Fight or Flight” mechanism

medulla of the adrenal gland

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3 arteries that supply each adrenal gland

superior suprarenal artery middle suprarenal artery inferior suprarenal artery

The superior suprarenal artery originates from the:

inferior phrenic artery

The middle suprarenal artery originates from the:

abdominal aorta

The inferior suprarenal artery originates from the:

renal artery

The right suprarenal vein drains into the ___

IVC

The left suprarenal vein drains into the ___ or the ___

left renal vein left inferior phrenic vein

What does ACTH stand for?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH is produced by the:

pituitary gland

Increased ACTH released with ___ adrenal function

decreased

ACTH serum levels increase with _,__,__,___,__

Addison disease Cushing disease adrenal insufficiency adrenal tumors pituitary tumors

ACTH serum levels decrease with ___

adrenal hyperfunction

Lab tests associated with adrenal glands

ACTH Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens

Aldosterone serum levels are used to assess:

adrenal function

Aldosterone is secreted by the __

adrenal cortex

regulates sodium and water levels to control systemic blood pressure

aldosterone

Aldosterone levels can be tested in the __ or __

blood urine

Aldosterone increases with _, __, __, __, __

adrenal adenoma adrenal adenocarcinoma bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Conn syndrome renovascular HTN

Aldosterone decreases with __

Addison disease

Cortisol is secreted by the:

adrenal cortex

Aids in glucose metabolism, inflammatory response, systemic blood pressure regulation

cortisol

Cortisol increases with __, __, ___, ___, ___

pituitary tumor hyperpituitarism Cushing Syndrome Cushing disease adrenal hyperplasia

Cortisol decreases with ___, ___

Addison disease adrenal insufficiency

Androgens are secreted by the:

adrenal cortex

Androgens are __ and __

estrogen testosterone

secreted by the adrenal glands and the body turns it into testosterone

DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate_

Androgen labs are used to evaluate patients with suspected __, ___, ___, ___, or ___

congenital adrenal hyperplasia infertility delayed or early puberty Cushing disease adrenal tumor

Androgens increase with _, __, and __

Cushing syndrome polycystic ovarian syndrome abnormal adrenal function

The ___ of the adrenal gland is more hypoechoic than the ___ and the surrounding fat

cortex medulla

appears as an echogenic linear structure within the gland

medulla

The adrenal gland is __, __, or ___

flat triangular cone-shaped

The right adrenal gland is best visualized ___

intercostally at the midaxillary or anterior axillary line

To best visualize the right adrenal gland, use the __ as an acoustic window

liver

The left adrenal gland can be evaluated from the ___ or ___

epigastrium intercostally at the midaxillary or posterior axillary line

For better visualization of the left adrenal gland, use the __ as an acoustic window

spleen

Indications for adrenal us

decreased hematocrit systemic HTN virilism hirsutism

Wolman disease is an autosomal ___ disorder

recessive

causes excessive lipid storage in liver, spleen, and adrenal glands

Wolman Disease

Wolman disease is usually fatal in :

the first 6 months of life

Sonographic appearance of Wolman Disease

hepatosplenomegaly massive adrenal gland enlargement

Adrenal hemorrhage most commonly occurs in ___; caused by ___

newborns birthing process

In adults, adrenal hemorrhage is related to ___ and ___

trauma hematologic disorders

Adrenal glands are ___ vascular

highly

Adrenal hemorrhage is associated with __ and ___

jaundice anemia

Lab testing associated with adrenal hemorrhage

decreased hematocrit

Adrenal hemorrhage usually affects the __ side

right

How is adrenal hemorrhage resolved?

spontaneously

Sonographic appearance of adrenal hemorrhage

mass with varied echogenicity with age of thrombus no internal flow

most common benign tumor of the adrenal gland

pheochromocytoma

A pheochromocytoma is composed of __)

chromaffin cells

Lab testing associated with pheochromocytoma

increased secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

The pheochromocytoma originates in the ___

medulla tissue

Average size of pheochromocytoma

5-6 cm

The ___ adrenal gland is more commonly affected by a pheochromocytoma

right

Symptoms of pheochromocytoma

uncontrolled HTN anxiety headache nausea vomiting sweating tachycardia palpitations weight loss

Pheochromocytoma is associated with __, __, and __

MEN syndrome Von Hippel Lindau tuberous sclerosis

Sonographic appearance of pheochromocytoma

usually an echogenic or hypoechoic mass; highly vascular; demonstrates attentuation/propagation speed artifact due to fat content of lesion; may see calcifications

Adrenal hyperplasia is also known as:

adrenogenital syndrome

lab testing associated with adrenal hyperplasia

Elevated ACTH

Impaired cortical synthesis causes:

increased ACTH production

Elevated ___ levels cause hyperplasia of adrenal tissues as they to (unsuccessfully) produce more cortisol

ACTH

Adrenal hyperplasia is associated with ___

hirsutism

Adrenal hyperplasia can lead to:

ambiguous external genitalia in female fetus/newborn

sonographic appearance of adrenal hyperplasia

bilateral, diffuse gland enlargement; may see nodule formation that can be solid, cystic, or complex

Adrenal myelolipoma originates in the ___

adrenal medulla

Adrenal tumor that contains bony and fatty elements

adrenal myelolipoma

sonographic appearance of adrenal myelolipoma

hyperechoic, may blend into perirenal fat; attenuation artifact demonstrated; may see diaphragm disruption due to propagation speed artifact

adrenocortical insufficiency; low aldosterone and cortisol production

Addison Disease

Addison disease is most commonly associated with ___

autoimmune disorders

caused by hypersecretion of adrenocortical hormones from the pituitary gland as it keeps trying to stimulate the adrenal gland to produce more corticosteroids

Addison Disease

High levels of ___ and low ___ levels will reduce urine output and increase blood volume in the body

potassium sodium

hyperkalemia

high potassium

hypoanetremia

low sodium

In Addison disease, the adrenal glands ___ in size in acute stages

increase

In Addison disease, the adrenal glands ___ in size in chronic stages.

decrease

caused by excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland which leads to the overproduction of cortisol

Cushing Disease

URR 60 Flashcards

(100 cards)