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URR 55 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Microbubble contrast enhances the ___/___

A

backscatter
reflection

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2
Q

used to evaluate the highly vascular parathyroid glands and parathyroid adenomas

A

contrast enhanced ultrasound

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3
Q

used to estimate tissue stiffness

A

elastography

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4
Q

___ nodules are softer while ___ nodules are more dense with elastography

A

benign
malignant

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5
Q

A ___ is used to differentiate levels of tissue stiffness during an elastography exam

A

color map

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6
Q

Scintigraphy is a form of ___ testing

A

nuclear medicine

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7
Q

radioactive tracer administered to determine a thyroid mass is hot or cold; can also detect metastasis

A

scintigraphy

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8
Q

Nuclear medicine test with tomographic imaging; can provide 3D information

A

Single Positron Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

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9
Q

Single Positron emission computed tomography is used to evaluate ___ glands and ___ malignancy

A

parathyroid
thyroid

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10
Q

Nuclear medicine exam with CT exam

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

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11
Q

PET scan provides ___ and ___ of the thyroid gland

A

3d imaging
functional assessment

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12
Q

Patient injected with radioactive tracer bonded with another molecule; after a waiting period, the patient is imaged to evaluate the concentration of the tracer

A

positron emission tomography

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13
Q

Positron emission tomography is used in ___ and ____ in the thyroid

A

diagnosis
staging of thyroid cancer

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14
Q

A ___ or ___ is most useful when thyroid tissue extends into the mediastinum

A

CT scan
MRI scan

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15
Q

Not commonly used to evaluate the thyroid, US and MRI preferred due to lack of radiation

A

CT scan

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16
Q

used to monitor disease progression/regression before and after treatment

A

MRI scan

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17
Q

_ results from migration failure and __ results from regression failure during thyroid development.
a. isthmus formation, agenesis of a lobe
b. ectopic thyroid tissue, thyroglossal duct cyst
c. thyroglossal duct cyst, ectopic thyroid tissue
d. adenoma formation, cyst formation

A

b

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18
Q

What artifact is demonstrated with a colloid cyst of the thyroid?
a. comet tail
b. posterior shadowing
c. mirror image
d. refraction

A

a

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19
Q

Which of the following is a benign characteristic of a thyroid mass?
a. taller than wide
b. punctate calcifications
c. hypervascularity
d. thin peripheral halo

A

d

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20
Q

Which of the following is a malignant characteristic of a thyroid mass?
a. AP/transverse diameter ratio >1
b. coarse calcifications
c. hypovascularity
d. all the above

A

a

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21
Q

cold thyroid nodules are most commonly:
a. benign
b. malignant
c. hypervascular
d. hyperechogenic

A

a

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22
Q

An esophageal diverticulum is most commonly mistaken for:
a. thyroid mass
b. carotid stenosis
c. thyroid cyst
d. sternocleidomastoid mass

A

a

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23
Q

Which of the following indicate the expected lab results for a multinodular goiter?
a. high levels of T3 and T4
b. low levels of T3 and high levels of T4
c. high levels of T4 and low levels of T3
d. low levels of T3 and T4

A

d

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24
Q

Why does the thyroid enlarge with goiter formation?
a. excessive TSH production
b. lack of TSH production
c. excessive T3 and T4 levels
d. excessive cyst formation

A

a

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25
Which of the following usually presents as painful hyperthyroidism in first 4-6 weeks? a. Hashimoto thyroiditis b. De Quervain thyroiditis c. Graves' disease d. all the above
b
26
Exophthalmos is a symptom of: a. Hashimoto thyroiditis b. De Quervain thyroiditis c. Graves' disease d. multinodular goiter
c
27
The inferno sign is a sonographic characteristic most associated with: a. Hashimoto thyroiditis b. De Quervain thyroiditis c. Graves' disease d. multinodular goiter
c
28
Hypothyroidism would present with: a. elevated TSH, low T3 and T4 b. elevated TSH, T3 and T4 c. low levels of TSH, T3 and T4 d. low levels of TSH, elevated T3 and T4
a
29
migration failure defect of thyroid
ectopic thyroid tissue
30
thyroid tissue left behind on its descent to the "adult" position of gland at base of neck
ectopic thyroid tissue
31
Most common location in the neck of ectopic thyroid tissue
sublingual area
32
Most common location outside of the neck for ectopic thyroid tissue
mediastinum
33
most common congenital neck cyst
thyroglossal duct cyst
34
___ connects the thyroid to the pharynx and regresses after gland reaches its normal position in the neck
thyroglossal duct
35
Thyroglossal duct fails to regress completely leaving a cystic structure behind; forms high in neck, near midline; can be palpable
thyroglossal duct cyst
36
appears as anechoic structure anterior to the pharynx and superior to thyroid gland; has all qualities of a simply cyst; may see debris
thyroglossal duct cyst
37
formed from the remnant of the 2nd branchial cleft
branchial cleft cyst
38
cystic structure on lateral neck at angle of mandible under sternocleidomastoid muscle
branchial cleft cyst
39
cone-like mass of thyroid tissue protruding superiorly from the isthmus midline or at the junction of the isthmus and left lobe; considered more of a normal variant
pyramidal lobe
40
A cyst within the thyroid may be ___, ____, or ___
large follicle necrotic adenoma old hemorrhage
41
thin walled, round anechoic structure; through transmission; posterior enhancement; may contain echogenic foci with the comet tail artifact and debris if filled with colloid substance
cyst of the thyroid
42
What to evaluate when assessing thyroid nodules:
internal consistency echogenicity related to thyroid tissue margins shape presence and pattern of calcification peripheral halo characteristics presence and distribution of blood flow
43
Hypoechoic thyroid nodule
can be benign or malignant, but most are benign
44
Hyperechoic thyroid nodule
more commonly benign
45
Isoechoic thyroid nodule
more commonly benign
46
Thyroid nodule with smooth, well-defined borders
benign
47
Thyroid nodule with irregular, ill-defined margins
malignancy
48
Wider than tall thyroid nodule
benign
49
Taller than wide thyroid nodule
malignant
50
Thyroid nodule AP/Transverse diameter ratio >1
malignancy
51
Thyroid nodule with peripheral or eggshell calcifcations
benign
52
Thyroid nodule with thickened or interrupted peripheral calcifications
malignant
53
Thyroid nodule with large and coarse calcifications
benign
54
Thyroid nodule with fine and punctate calcifications
malignant
55
Thyroid nodule with thin peripheral halo characteristic that surrounds mass
benign
56
Thyroid nodule with thick peripheral halo characteristic that incompletely surrounds mass
malignant
57
Hypovascular with peripheral blood flow thyroid nodule
benign
58
Hypervascular thyroid nodule with internal blood flow
malignant
59
most common solid lesion of a thyroid
adenoma
60
encapsulated solid mass, usually slow growing, can be single usually multiple, located within thyroid
adenoma
61
Adenomas of the thyroid are more common in __
women
62
Adenomas usually appear ___ on nuclear medicine scan because they are non-functioning
cold
63
Hyperfunction adenomas will appear __ on nuclear medicine scan
hot
64
usually hypoechoic; hemorrhage, necrosis and calcification may be seen causing complex appearance; hypovascular internally, may see peripheral vascularity
adenoma
65
Ring of hypoechoic tissue surrounding thyroid nodule
Halo sign
66
__% of thyroid adenomas have the Halo sign
60
67
outpouching of a weak spot in the esophageal wall
esophageal diverticulum
68
protrudes from anterolateral wall of the cervical esophagus
Killian- Jameson diverticulum
69
located at the back of throat, protrudes posterior midline
Zenker diverticulum
70
aka multinodular goiter
goiter
71
Goiter is more common in __
women
72
80% of thyroid disease is related to ___
hyperplasia
73
Goiter is most commonly caused by:
decreased levels of iodine in diet/body
74
Lab tests goiter
low levels of T3 and T4 with low iodine levels increased TSH levels as body tries to make more T3 and T4
75
Thyroid gland is usually palpable and visible; patient is usually overweight due to a low metabolic rate
goiter
76
Goiter is treated with:
Synthroid hormone, thyroid gland will shrink over time with treatment
77
appears heterogenous; multiple nodular formation occurs within parenchyma; may see areas of necrosis within thyroid gland
goiter
78
may involve one lobe or a portion of a lobe; patients presents with pain and swelling; affected area will appear hypoechoic; increased vascularity
focal thyroiditis
79
Increased vascularity within thyroid
inferno sign
80
____ is associated with inferno sign
focal thyroiditis diffuse thyroiditis Graves' disease
81
Entire thyroid gland inflamed; tender and usually palpable; appears hypoechoic with increased vascularity
diffuse thyroiditis
82
___ and ___ are common causes of diffuse thyroiditis (bacterial)
Graves' disease Hashimoto thyroiditis
83
____ disease refers to subacute thyroiditis caused by virus
DeQuervain
84
De Quervain disease is also known as:
subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
85
Lab tests De Quervain disease
low TSH in both stages elevated T3 and T4 in acute phase and decreased in later stages
86
Clinical symptoms of De Quervain disease
fevers myalgia malaise hoarseness painful thyroid
87
usually presents as painful hyperthyroidism in first 4-6 weeks
De Quervains disease
88
In recovery phase, after acute phase of De Quervains disease, ___ usually occurs
hypothyroidism
89
Normal size gland in most cases; poorly defined areas of decreased echogenicity; decreased vascular flow in these area in the acute phase; increased vascularity in these areas in the recovery phase
De Quervain Disease
90
most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease
91
Lab testing Graves' disease
low TSH elevated T3 and T4
92
Symptoms of Graves' Disease
weight loss tremors nervousness exophthalmos (bulging eyes) enlarged lymph nodes myxedema
93
exophthalmos
bulging eyes
94
If Graves' disease goes untreated, ____ can occur
severe thyrotoxicosis
95
diffuse enlargement of thyroid; similar appearance to goiter; increased vascularity
Graves' disease
96
Hashimoto Disease/ Thyroiditis is also known as
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
97
most common cause of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto disease/thyroiditis
98
Lab testing Hashimoto's
elevated TSH low T3 and T4
99
Symptoms of Hashimoto Disease
fatigue weight gain constipation dry skin depression thinning hair muscle aches irregular or heavy periods
100
Autoimmune thyroid disease
Hashimoto Disease

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