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URR 63 Flashcards

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1
Q

also known as the anterior cul-de-sac

A

vesicouterine space

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2
Q

peritoneal reflection between the bladder and anterior uterine wall

A

vesicouterine space

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3
Q

between the anterior bladder wall and symphysis pubis

A

Space of Retzius

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4
Q

Peritoneal Spaces

A

left anterior suprahepatic (subphrenic) space

left posterior suprahepatic (subphrenic) space

right suprahepatic (subphrenic) space

left subhepatic space

right subhepatic space

hepatorenal space

right and left paracolic gutters

rectouterine space

vesicoureteral space

vesicouterine space

space of Retzius

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5
Q

serous fluid collection in abdominal and/or pelvic cavity

A

ascites

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6
Q

Fluid accumulation is ___ dependent

A

gravity

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7
Q

most common locations of free fluid in the supine patient

A

paracolic gutters
Morison pouch
pouch of Douglas

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8
Q

____ ascites does not contain protein or cellular materials; usually appears anechoic without debris

A

transudative

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9
Q

contains increased amounts of protein and cellular fluid; usually demonstrates fluid levels, debris, septations with infection or internal bleeding

A

exudative ascites

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10
Q

The IVC diameter and fluid pockets will vary in size with ___

A

respiration

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11
Q

____ is effective in differentiating the IVC from free fluid

A

Color Doppler

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12
Q

Free fluid tends to:

A

fill spaces around organs

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13
Q

____ fluid tends to displace surrounding structures

A

loculated

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14
Q

most common causes for asccites

A

cirrhosis
malignancy

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15
Q

____ can cause a reduction in albumin production

A

liver disease

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16
Q

___ levels are associated with ascites formation and other fluid collections

A

Low albumin

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17
Q

causes of ascites formation and other fluid collectiosn

A

low albumin levels
CHF
hepatitis
pancreatitis
portal HTN

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18
Q

Ascites may appear complex and contain debris/septations if there is associated ___, ___, or ___

A

bacterial infection
internal bleeding
viral infection

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19
Q

anechoic fluid with free-floating bowel

A

benign ascites

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20
Q

complex fluid collection with matted bowel loops

A

malignant ascites

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21
Q

FAST evaluation

A

Focused assessment with Sonography in Trauma

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22
Q

used to evaluate the abdomen for fluid or blood in trauma patients in the emergency room

A

FAST evaluation

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23
Q

A FAST evaluation includes a limited scan in what areas?

A

chest, RUQ, LUQ, LLQ, RLQ, midline pelvis

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24
Q

During a FAST evaluation, the chest is scanned to evaluate for ___ or ___

A

pericardial effusion
pleural effusion

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25
During a FAST evaluation, the RUQ is scanned to rule out pathology in the ____ space and ___
hepatorenal space Morison pouch
26
During a FAST evaluation, the LUQ to evaluate the ____ space
splenorenal
27
During a FAST evaluation, the LLQ and RLQ to evaluate for fluid in the _____
paracolic gutters
28
During a FAST evaluation, the midline pelvis is scanned to check for fluid in the ___
cul-de-sacs
29
can be caused by ruptured benign appendiceal or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix
pseudomyxoma peritonei
30
cells released form peritoneal implants that secrete mucous and fill the peritoneal cavity with mucinous fluid
pseudomyxoma peritonei
31
adhesions and ascites form; bowel entangled, matted and pushed posteriorly; scalloping of the liver
pseudomyxoma peritonei
32
The retroperitoneum is located between the ____ and ____
parietal peritoneum transversalis fascia
33
Retroperitoneal structures
urinary system adrenal glands ascending and descending colon horizontal part of duodenum (segment 2, 3, 4) pancreas IVC aorta uterus/prostate lymph nodes psoas muscle quadratus lumborum muscle
34
The perirenal space holds __, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___
kidney perirenal fat proximal ureter adrenal gland aorta IVC
35
Fluid collections in the ___ space are usually associated with renal abnormalities
perirenal
36
___ can lead to fluid, abscess or gas within the space which will distort renal fascia
Renal infection
37
____ can lead to blood pooling in the perirenal space first
AAA rupture
38
The ____ is located outside of the perirenal space
anterior pararenal space
39
The anterior pararenal space is between the ____ and ____
anterior renal fascia posterior peritoneum
40
The anterior pararenal space contains ___, ___, and ___
GI structures pancreas distal CBD
41
most common site of retroperitoneal infection
anterior pararenal space
42
The anterior pararenal space can demonstrate fluid or gas accumulation due to ___, __ which can lead to ____ formation in the left anterior pararenal space
GI tract perforation pancreatitis pseudocyst
43
The posterior pararenal space is located between the __ and ___
posterior renal fascia transversalis fascia
44
The posterior pararenal space contains:
just fat, no organs
45
The ___ and ____ muscles are located posterior and medial to the posterior pararenal space
psoas quadratus lumborum
46
Fluid collections in the posterior pararenal space are usually related to ____
aortic disease
47
The retrofascial space is located posterior to __
transveralis fascia
48
The retrofascial space contains __ and ____ muscles
psoas quadratus lumborum
49
The psoas muscle is located posteromedial to the ___
kidney
50
____ muscle lies directly posterior to the kidney
quadratus lumborum
51
Retroperitoneal spaces
perineal space anterior pararenal space posterior pararenal space retrofascial space
52
benign retroperitoneal fatty mass, hyperechoic and well- circumscribed
lipoma
53
Benign retroperitoneal mass, composed of epithelial cells, echogenic mass with irregular margins
mesothelioma
54
Benign retroperitoneal mass, composed of connective tissue, hyperechoic and well-circumscribed
fibroma
55
Benign retroperitoneal mass composed of connective tissue, typically forms in the heart, but can form in retroperitoneum, echogenic mass, well-circumscribed, lobulated
myxoma
56
Malignant fatty mass found in the retroperitoneum, hyperechoic with areas of necrosis
liposarcoma
57
most common retroperitoneal neoplasm
liposarcoma
58
malignant retroperitoneal mass; composed of malignant connect tissue; hypoechoic; infiltrative mass
fibrosarcoma
59
malignant retroperitoneal mass; composed of malignant striated muscle tissue; hyperechoic with areas of necrosis
rhabdomyosarcoma
60
Malignant retroperitoneal mass; composed of malignant smooth muscle tissue; hyperechoic with areas of necrosis
leiomyosarcoma
61
___ drains surplus fluid from extracellular spaces and returns it to the bloodstream
lymphatic system
62
The lymphatic system functions as a defense against ___ and ___
infection inflammation
63
The lymphatic system produces ____ cells that destroy "invaders" like bacteria and viruses
phagocytic
64
Major lymphatic vessels and nodal chains lie along the __, __, and ___ vessels
aorta IVC iliac
65
Lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity
preaortic paraaortic retroaortic iliac inguinal
66
___ lymph nodes are in the peritoneum
visceral
67
appearance of normal lymph nodes
elliptical shape echogenic fatty hilum uniformly hypoechoic cortex rarely detected on US
68
appearance of abnormal lymph nodes
>10mm central necrosis cystic change calcification rounded shape thickened cortex loss of hilar definition irregular margin
69
An enlarged, rounded lymph node with loss of hilar definition is suspicious for:
underlying malignancy
70
An enlarged, oval lymph node with normal hilar characteristics is suspicious for:
underlying infection
71
swelling of lymph nodes related to pathologic processes
lymphadenopathy
72
Location of lymphadenopathy is related to:
location of pathology
73
lymphadenopathy in the gastrohepatic location
associated with gastric and pancreatic carcinoma
74
Lymphadenopathy in the periportal location
associated with biliary, hepatic, gastric, and pancreatic carcinoma
75
Lymphadenopathy in the pancreaticduodenal location
associated with gastric and pancreatic carcinoma
76
Lymphadenopathy in the perisplenic location
associated with small and large bowel carcinoma, leukemia
77
Lymphadenopathy in the mesenteric location
associated with small bowel carcinoma or inflammatory bowel disease
78
lymphadenopathy in the retroperitoneal location
associated with renal carcinoma
79
lymphadenopathy in the pelvic location
associated with cancers of the pelvis (uterine/prostate)
80
enlarged lymph nodes surrounding great vessels and retroperitoneal structures
retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
81
Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy includes lymph nodes from the ___, ___, ___, ___ areas
para-aortic splenic hilum renal hilum porta hepatis
82
nodes enlarged anterior and posterior to aorta
sandwich sign
83
Anytime a potential primary cancer or metastatic lesion is identified, the ___, ___, ___, and ___ should be evaluated for lymphadenopathy
para-aortic splenic hilum renal hilum porta hepatis
84
retroperitoneal lymph nodes are removed for evaluation for signs of metastasis
retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
85
RLND stands for:
retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
86
___ cancer usually spreads to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes first
testicular
87
Patients with cancer may require an RLND to determine whether ____ is needed
chemotherapy
88
___ is a common post-procedure complication of RLND
lymphocele formation
89
Sonographic appearance of abnormal retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
node larger than 1 cm anechoic/hypoechoic masses with posterior enhancement nodes are rounded in appearance with increased size decreased visualization of small echogenic central hilum can displace IVC anteriorly
90
Retroperitoneal disease is also known as:
Ormond disease
91
Retroperitoneal fibrosis most commonly occurs at the levels of the ____ and below in the ___
aortic bifurcation pelvis
92
Idiopathic (usually) overgrowth of fibrous tissue around an atherosclerotic aorta
retroperitoneal fibrosis
93
Retroperitoneal fibrosis can be related to __, __, ___, or ___
drugs infection malignancy cancer therapy
94
Retroperitoneal fibrosis may lead to ____ causing ___
ureteral obstruction hydronephrosis
95
Retroperitoneal fibrosis may compress the IVC causing ___
bilateral pedal edema
96
Retroperitoneal fibrosis may compress the gonadal veins causing ___
scrotal swelling
97
sonographic appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis
soft tissue mass surrounding great vessels hypoechoic smooth borders
98
The anterior abdominal wall is bordered superiorly by the ___ and ___
xiphoid process costal cartilages of 7th-10th ribs
99
The anterior abdominal wall is bordered inferiorly by the __, _, __, and __
iliac crest iliac spine inguinal ligament pubis
100
The rectus abdominis muscle originates at the ___ and extends to the ___
symphysis pubis xiphoid process

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