URR 51 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
The globus major is __-__ in width
A
10-12 mm
2
Q
The tubules converge into ____ which forms the body and tail of the epididymis
A
ductus epididymis
3
Q
Globus minor
A
body and tail of epididymis
4
Q
The globus minor is between __-__ width
A
1-2mm
5
Q
The appendix testis is a remnant of the ____
A
Mullerian duct
6
Q
small ovoid structure usually located between the superior pole and epididymal head
A
appendix testis
7
Q
Holds the vas deferens, cremasteric, deferential and testicular arteries, pampiniform plexus of veins, lymph vessels, nerves
A
spermatic cord
8
Q
___ manipulates the position of the testicles in the scrotum
A
cremasteric muscle
9
Q
outermost layer of the scrotal wall
A
skin
10
Q
muscle layer that forms scrotal raphe and separates the two testicles
A
dartos
11
Q
inner layer of scrotal wall
A
tunica vaginalis
12
Q
3 layers of the scrotal wall inner to outer
A
tunica vaginalis
dartos
skin
13
Q
originate from the anterior aorta to supply blood to the testicles
A
testicular arteries
14
Q
Testicular arteries are normally __ resistance
A
low
15
Q
Normal RI testicular arteries
A
0.5-0.75
16
Q
Capsular artery courses along testicle periphery and produces branches called:
A
centripetal arteries
17
Q
course through the parenchyma to deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues
A
centripetal arteries
18
Q
Centripetal arteries are sample with Doppler to assess ____
A
testicular perfusion
19
Q
Centripetal arteries normally demonstrate __ resistance, ___ flow volume
A
low
high
20
Q
The deferential artery originates from the ___
A
internal iliac artery
21
Q
The deferential artery feeds the ___ and ___
A
epididymis
vas deferens
22
Q
The deferential artery is normally __ resistance
A
high
23
Q
The noraml RI of deferential artery is
A
> 0.75
24
Q
The cremasteric artery originates from the ____
A
external iliac artery
25
The cremasteric artery feeds the ___
peritesticular tissues
26
The cremasteric artery is normally ___ reistance
high
27
The normal cremasteric artery RI is:
>0.75
28
the network of small veins that merge to form the testicular vein
pampiniform plexus
29
The __ testicular vein drains directly into the IVC
right
30
The ___ testicular vein drains into the left renal vein
left
31
Are the testicles endocrine or exocrine organs?
both
32
Exocrine function of testicles
sperm production
33
Endocrine function of testicles
testosterone secretion
34
What is the job of the epididymis?
sperm maturation
35
hold sperm and produce seminal vesicle fluid
ejaculatory duct
36
drainage channel for semen, sperm, and urine
urethra
37
secretes alkaline component of semen and nutrients for sperm
seminal vesicle
38
secretes alkaline fluid into semen
prostate
39
secretes mucous for lubrication
Cowper gland
40
Indications for scrotal exam
palpable mass
pain
swelling
hydrocele
trauma
torsion
neoplasm
41
#1 indication for scrotal exam
palpable mas
42
What kind of probe is used for scrotal exam?
7-12 MHz linear probe
43
Doppler evaluation is required for a scrotal exam when the indication is:
acute scrotal pain
44
When a patient presents with acute scrotal pain, begin the scrotal ultrasound by imaging the:
unaffected side
45
Use dual screen function in scrotal exam for comparison views for ___ and ___
echotexture
perfusion
46
Comparison views of the scrotum should be taken with equipment settings optimized for the:
unaffected side
47
Normal sonographic appearance of testicles
homogeneous, uniform, medium level echoes
48
seen as a linear echogenic band within testicle
mediastinum testis
49
The tunica ____ is not normally visualized on ultrasound
albuginea
50
Doppler waveforms of the testicles demonstrate:
antegrade, monophasic flow
51
The epididymis is normally ___ to the testicle
isoechoic or mildly hyperechoic
52
The ____ is best evaluated in the longitudinal plane as a triangular or crescent shaped structure superior to the upper pole of the testis
epididymal head
53
The body and tail of the epididymis are usually located __ and __ to the head of the epididymis
posterior
inferior
54
Normal variants of the testicles
epididymal cysts (<4mm)
epididymal calcification
minimal hydrocele
testicular cyst (2-3mm)
testicular band
bilobed testicle
polyorchidism
55
What is the dense fibrous layer that is in direct contact with the testicle?
a. mediastinum testis
b. rete testis
c. tunica vaginalis
d. tunica albuginea
d
56
Which of the following is an extension of the peritoneum?
a. mediastinum testis
b. rete testis
c. tunica vaginalis
d. tunica albuginea
c
57
The mediastinum testis is formed by folds of the:
a. parietal tunica vaginalis
b. visceral tunica vaginalis
c. tunica albuginea
d. rete testis
c
58
Which of the follow lies posterior lateral to the testicle?
a. rete testis
b. epididymis
c. median raphe
d. dartos muscle
b
59
The __ arteries encircle the testicle and the __ arteries penetrate the testicular parenchyma/
a. capsular, centripetal
b. centripetal, cavernosal
c. deferential, capsular
d. cremasteric, centripetal
a
60
The centripetal arteries normally demonstrate ___ flow, while the deferential arteries normally demonstrate ___ flow.
a. high resistance, low resistance
b. low resistance, high resistance
c. continuous, biphasic
d. biphasic, continuous
b
61
The left testicular artery originates from the ___ and the left testicular vein empties into __.
a. left renal artery, left renal vein
b. left suprarenal artery, IVC
c. aorta, IVC
d. Aorta, left renal vein
d
62
When evaluating a patient with testicular pain:
a. the US system settings should be established while scanning the unaffected side and remain unchanged when scanning the affected side
b. the US system settings should be established while scanning the affected side and remain unchanged when scanning the unaffected side
c. the testicle on the affected side should be scanned first
d. the epididymis on the affected side should be scanned first
a
63
Which of the following terms describe the US appearance of a normal testicle?
a. homogeneous
b. uniform echogenicity
c. medium level echoes
d. all the above
d
64
three or more testicles present
polyorchidism
65
The testes normally descend into the scrotal sac between __ and __ weeks of gestational age
26
34
66
Most undescended testes are palpable at the ___ area (70-80%)
inguinal canal
67
Common complications of cryptorchidism include __ and __
infertility
cancer
68
CT or MRI may be needed to locate the testes if they are located in the:
abdomen
69
The undescended testicle is usually removed because:
risk of cancer
70
the surgical procedure performed to correct cyptorchidism
orchiopexy
71
Identify the echogenic ____ to distinguish cryptorchid testis from other inguinal masses
mediastinum testis
72
absent testicle in scrotal sac; usually found along the ipsilateral inguinal canal; hypoechoic, homogeneous; almond shaped; well circumscribed
Cryptorchidism
73
cyst located within the tunica surrounding testis; located at the outer border of the testicle; usually solitary and unilocular; well defined margins; through transmission and enhancement
tunica albuginea cyst
74
cyst; rare; can be single or multiple; may contain septations or hemorrhage; difficult to differentiate from tunica albuginea cysts
tunica vaginalis cysts
75
simple cysts; usually <2cm; thought to originate from the rete testis; located within the testicular parenchyma; well defined smooth walls; anechoic; through transmission and posterior enhancement
intratesticular cyst
76
Tubular ectasia of the rete testis is associated with epididymal __ or __
inflammation
trauma
77
Tubular ectasia of the rete testis is usually bilateral and seen with ___
spermatocele
78
If color Doppler demonstrates flow within tiny cystic areas, an _____ is present and the scrotal veins should be evaluated for ___ and ___
intratesticular varicocele
dilatation
reflux
79
Multiple tiny cystic areas in the area of the mediastinum testes that no fill with color
Tubular ectasia of the Rete Testis
80
rare congenital malformation; multiple cysts of different sizes with septations; begins at mediastinum testes area and extends into nearby parenchyma
cystic dysplasia
81
Cystic dysplasia is frequently seen with ___ or ___
renal ageneseis
dysplasia
82
benign teratoma of the testicle
epidermoid cysts
83
walls are fibrous, may calcify; described as having an onion or target appearance due to alternating rings of hyperechoic and hypoechoic tissues; cyst contains thick keratin
epidermoid cysts
84
well defined hypoechoic mass; thickened or calcified wall; may have "onion" appearance internally; avascular
epidermoid cyst
85
A simple epididymal cyst is caused by:
dilatation of the epididymal tubules
86
Found throughout epididymis; contain serous fluid; anechoic, well circumscribed; can be multiple
simple epididymal cyst
87
most common scrotal mass
spermatocele
88
Spermatoceles are caused by:
dilatation of the epididymal tubules
89
Spermatoceles are usually found only in the ___ of the epididymis
head
90
A spermatocele contains ___ and ___
spermatozoa
sediment
91
Spermatoceles are most commonly seen in the ___ patients
postvasectomy
92
Scattered calcifications throughout testicle are seen with __, ___, and ___
tuberculosis
filiarsis
previous trama
93
Coarse calcifications in the testicle are associated wtih ___ and ___
Sertoli cell tumors
burned out germ cell tumors
94
Microlithiasis in the testicle is seen with ___, ___, ___, ___
germ cell tumors
cryptorchidism
Trisomy 21 and Klinefelter syndrome
Previous radiotherapy
95
extrascrotal calcification
scrotal pearls
96
Scrotal pearls arise between 2 layers of:
tunica vaginalis
97
may be loose within scrotal sac
scrotal pearl
98
Echogenic foci with posterior shadowing outside of testicle, but within scrotal sac, mobile, twinkle artifact on color Doppler
scrotal pearls
99
Postvasectomy changes
epididymal enlargement
tubular ectasia of the epididymis
spermatoceles and cysts
dilated vas deferens
100
How can you differentiate an undescended testicle from an inguinal mass?
a. locate the epididymis
b. activate color Doppler
c. located the mediastinum testis
d. activate PW Doppler
c
