Flashcards Davies Abdomen 6
(100 cards)
1
Q
result from injury to the vessel wall where blood extravasates from the vessel. The blood surrounding the vessel is retained and walled off by the surrounding tissues
A
false aneurysms
2
Q
false aneurysms are also known as
A
pseudoaneurysms
3
Q
Pseudoaneurysms are also known as
A
false aneurysms
4
Q
Pseudoaneurysms are more commonly found in the ____, results from catheters introduced into the common femoral artery during angiographic procedures
A
groin
5
Q
What is a dissecting aneurysm?
A
result from the dissection of the intima away from the aortic wall
6
Q
result from the dissection of the intima away from the aortic wall
A
dissecting aneurysms
7
Q
Dissecting aneurysms usually start in the ______
A
thoracic aorta
8
Q
Describe the sonographic appearance of a dissecting aneurysm
A
septation dividing the aorta into a true lumen and a false lumen
9
Q
Type A dissecting aneurysms involve the :
A
ascending thoracic aorta
10
Q
Type B dissecting aneurysms start at the origin of the:
A
left subclavian artery
11
Q
Involve the ascending thoracic aorta
A
Type A dissecting aneurysm
12
Q
Start at the origin of the left subclavian artery
A
Type B dissecting aneurysm
13
Q
The _______ are branches of the common iliac veins.
A
ascending lumbar veins
14
Q
The ascending lumbar veins are branches of the _______>
A
common iliac veins
15
Q
What is the thoracic continuation of ascending lumbar veins?
A
right continues as the azygos vein
left continues as the hemiazygos vein
16
Q
The right ascending lumbar vein continues as the ____ vein
A
azygos
17
Q
The left ascending lumbar vein continues as the _____ vein
A
hemiazygos
18
Q
The ____ continues as the azygos vein
A
right ascending lumbar vein
19
Q
The ____ continues as the hemiazygos vein
A
left ascending lumbar vein
20
Q
The azygos and hemiazygos veins drain into the ____
A
inferior vena cava
21
Q
The gonadal arteries originate symmetrically from the ____
A
aorta
22
Q
The gonadal arteries are below the origin of the _____
A
renal arteries
23
Q
Where does the right gonadal vein drain?
A
right side of the inferior vena cava below the right renal vein
24
Q
The right gonadal vein drains the ____ or ____.
A
right ovary
right testicle
25
The _____ drains the right ovary or the right testicle.
right gonadal vein
26
The left gonadal vein drains the _____ or _____.
left ovary
left testicle
27
The _____ drains the left ovary or left testicle
left gonadal vein
28
The left gonadal vein inserts into the _____
left renal vein
29
The left renal vein drains into the _____
inferior vena cava
30
Define retroperitoneal fibrosis
a dense, fibrous tissue proliferation that is confined to the paravertebral and central abdominal region, usually at the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebar, overlying the aortic bifurcaion
31
a dense, fibrous tissue proliferation that is confined to the paravertebral and central abdominal region, usually at the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra, overlying the aortic bifurcation
retroperitoneal fibrosis
32
Describe the sonographic appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis
smooth-marginated, hypoechoic soft tissue mass encasing the aorta and inferior vena cava
33
smooth-marginated hypoechoic soft tissue mass encasing the aorta and inferior vena cava
retroperitoneal fibrosis
34
Describe the etiology of retroperitoneal fibrosis
usually idiopathic (unknown origin)
35
Causes of retroperitoneal fibrosis
autoimmune response
drugs
abdominal aortic aneurysm
infection
retroperitoneal malignancy
radiation therapy
chemotherapy
36
The strap muscles of the neck are ____ to the thyroid gland
anterior
37
The stenocleidomastoid muscle of the neck is _____ to the thyroid gland
anterolateral
38
The common carotid artery and internal jugular vein are ____ to the thyroid gland
lateral
39
The longus colli muscle is ____ to the thyroid gland
posterior
40
The minor neurovascular bundle is ____ to the thyroid gland.
posterior
41
The normally located parathyroid glands are _____ to the thyroid gland.
posterior
42
What is the thyroglossal duct?
Embryologically, as primitive cells migrate from the pharyngeal floor to become the thyroid, a residual thyroglossal duct is formed. The thyroglossal duct normally becomes obliterated in fetal life.
43
Embryologically, as primitive cells migrate from the pharyngeal floor to the become the thyroid, a residual ______ is formed. It normally becomes obliterated in fetal life.
thyroglossal duct
44
What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?
a congenital anomaly that appears as a superficial cyst in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea and superior to the thyroid.
45
a congenital anomaly that appears as a superficial cyst in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea and superior to the thyroid gland
thyroglossal duct cyst
46
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a congenital anomaly that appears as a superficial cyst in the ____ of the neck _____ to the trachea and _____ to the thyroid gland.
midline
anterior
superior
47
A _____ is commonly diagnosed in preschool aged children or during mid-adolescence and often appears following an upper respiratory infection
thyroglossal duct cyst
48
What is the most common malignancy of the thyroid gland?
papillary carcinoma
49
the most common primary thyroid cancer, accounting for 75-90% of all cases
papillary carcinoma
50
Papillary carcinoma accounts for __-__% of all primary thyroid cancer diagnoses
75
90
51
What is the usual presentation of patients with papillary carcinoma>
spreads through the lymphatics to nearby cervical lymph nodes
52
Sonographic appearance of papillary carcinoma
hypoechoic thyroid mass and adjacent enlarged cervical nodes
53
Name five tumors associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) syndrome
pituitary adenoma
parathyroid adenoma
medullary thyroid cancer
pancreatic islet cell tumor
pheochromocytoma
54
Describe the clinical presentation of patients with chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis
painless, diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland in young or middle-aged women, and is often associated with hypothyroidism
55
Hashimoto's is most often associated with
hypothyroidism
56
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is ______ disease
autoimmune
57
Describe the sonographic appearance of chronic lymphocytic (hashimoto's) thyroiditis
diffusely enlarged thyroid, with a homogeneous but coarse parenchymal echo texture. Thyroid is generally more hypoechoic than the normal thyroid.
58
Diffusely enlarged thyroid, with a homogeneous but coarse parenchymal echo texture. Thyroid is generally more hypoechoic than normal thyroid.
chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis
59
What is the appendix testis?
a remnant of the Mullerian duct
60
What is the sonographic appearance of the appendix testis?
small ovoid structure near the head of the epididymis
61
What the is appendix epididymis?
a detached efferent duct, which is seen as a small stalk projecting off the epididymis.
62
small ovoid structure near the head of the epididymis
appendix testis
63
a detached efferent duct which is seen as a small stalk projecting off the epididymis
appendix epididymis
64
What is the tunica albuginea?
the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testicle
65
the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testicle
tunica albuginea
66
What is the tunica vaginalis?
an extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal chamber, which resides along side the testicle.
67
an extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal chamber, which resides along side the testicle
tunica vaginalis
68
The inner, or visceral layer of the _____ covers the testis and epididymis.
tunica vaginalis
69
The inner, or visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis covers the ____ and the ______
testis
epididymis
70
The outer, or parietal layer of the _____ lines the walls of the scrotal chamber
tunica vaginalis
71
The outer, or parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis lines the walls of the _____
scrotal chamber
72
What is a hydrocele?
a collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum
73
A collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum
hydrocele
74
A hydrocele is a collection of serous fluid within the _____ lining the scrotum.
tunica vaginalis
75
What is a hematocele.
A collection of blood within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum
76
A collection of blood within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum
hematocele
77
What is a pyocele?
A collection of pus within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum
78
A collection of pus within the tunica vaginalis lining the scrotum
pyocele
79
Describe the sonographic appearance of a hydrocele
fluid collection surrounding the testicle
low-level echoes from fibrin or cholesterol crystals may be visualized within hydrocele
80
Describe the etiology of hydroceles
acquired or congenital
81
Causes of acquired hydroceles
trauma
torsion
neoplasms
epididymitis
epididymo- orchitis
82
What are varicoceles?
dilated, tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus, located posterior to the testis.
83
Varicoceles are located ____ to the testis.
posterior
84
Varicoceles are associated with:
male infertility
85
dilated, tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus, located posterior to the testis.
varicoceles
86
What is the cause of varicoceles?
believed to be caused by incompetent valves in the internal spermatic vein.
87
Varicoceles are believed to be caused by incompetent valves in the _____
internal spermatic vein
88
Where do varicoceles most commonly appear?
left side
89
The left gonadal vein drains into the_____
left renal vein
90
The _____ drains into the left renal vein
left gonadal vein
91
When do varicoceles distend?
patient is upright
performing valsalva
abdominal compression
92
What are the two most common causes of acute scrotal pain
torsion of the spermatic cord
epididymo- orchitis
93
1-6 hours after the onset of torsion, the testicle becomes _____, _____, and _____ when compared to the contralateral normal testis.
enlarged
inhomogeneous
hypoechoic
94
Extratesticular findings associated with torsion:
enlarged epididymis
skin thickening
reactive hydrocele formation
95
At least ____ degrees of torsion is considered necessary to completely occlude testicular flow.
540
96
Describe the sonographic findings associated with acute epididymitis.
enlarged epididymis, with decreased echogenicity and inhomogeneous echotexture.
Reactive hydrocele formation and skin thickening are associated findings.
97
Both orchitis and testicular torsion sonographically appear as an _______
enlarged hypoechoic testicle
98
How would you differentiate between orchitis and testicular torsion?
complete testicular torsion = absence of intratesticular flow
Orchitis = hypervascularity
99
cryptorchidism
undescended testicles
100
undescended testicles is also known as
cryptorchidism
