URR 43 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Of all body systems, the ____ system demonstrates the most congenital anomalies
A
genitourinary
2
Q
Anomalies of the ___ system are commonly seen with urinary anomalies.
A
reproductove
3
Q
___ anomalies are commonly associated with urinary system anomalies
A
uterine
4
Q
Anomalies can lead to complications such as ___, ___, ___, and ___
A
infection
abnormal renal function
urinary stasis
stone formation
5
Q
failure of kidneys and ureters to develop
A
renal agenesis
6
Q
Unilateral renal agenesis is associated with ___ or ___
A
bicornuate uterus
seminal vesicle agenesis
7
Q
Bilateral renal agenesis is fatal soon after birth due to associated ___
A
pulmonary hypoplasia
8
Q
Renal agenesis is more common in ___
A
males
9
Q
Commonly associated anomalies with renal agenesis
A
bicornuate uterus
seminal vesicle agenesis
pulmonary hypoplasia
oligohydramnios
single umbilical artery
10
Q
Related anomalies in other systems with renal agenesis
A
genitourinary
skeletal
cardiovascular
GI
11
Q
sonographic appearance of renal agenesis
A
empty renal fossa
12
Q
Potter Syndrome is caused by:
A
oligohydramnios
13
Q
bilateral renal agenesis, ARPCKD, ADPCKD, urethral obstruction, or premature rupture of amniotic membranes
A
Potter Syndrome
14
Q
Potter Syndrome symptoms
A
abnormal fascial characteristics
pulmonary hypoplasia
cardiac defects
not compatible with life
15
Q
kidney that fails to ascend
A
ectopic kidney
16
Q
Where is an ectopic kidney found?
A
pelvis
17
Q
An ectopic kidney has the characteristic of:
A
short ureters
18
Q
sonographic appearance of ectopic kidneys
A
kidney located outside normal fossa, usually in the ipsilateral pelvic region
19
Q
aka pancake kidney or discoid kidney
A
fused pelvic kidney
20
Q
kidneys fuse to form a round mass in the pelvis
A
fused pelvic kidney
21
Q
kidneys fused on one side of the spine/body
A
cross fused renal ectopia
22
Q
appears as a duplicated kidney on one side of the body and empty renal fossa on the contralateral side
A
cross fused renal ectopia
23
Q
The upper pole of the ectopic kidney is usually fused to the lower pole of the other kidney
A
cross fused renal ectopia
24
Q
two kidneys on one side of the body; empty renal fossa on the contralateral side
A
cross fused renal ectopia
25
most common fusion anomaly of the kidneys
horseshoe kidney
26
improper ascent and malrotation with fusion; kidneys do not separate during embryological development
horseshoe kidney
27
Horseshoe kidneys are in a low position because the _____ stops the ascent of the U shaped kidney
inferior mesenteric artery
28
The ureters are located ____ with horseshoe kidneys
ventrally
29
Horseshoe kidneys are usually fused at the ___ poles, across the midline
lower
30
The midline connection of horseshoe kidneys is called the:
isthmus
31
Kidneys fused across midline
horseshoe kidneys
32
The isthmus of horseshoe kidneys crosses ____ to the great vessels
anterior
33
With horseshoe kidneys, the ureter is normally located ___ to the isthmus
anteriro
34
With horseshoe kidneys, ____ is common due to abnormal structure of collecting system and course and location of ureter
hydronephrosis
35
Horseshoe kidneys common findings
hydronephrosis
calculi
pyelocaliectasis
36
variant of the horseshoe kidney
sigmoid kidney
37
upper pole of one kidney is fused with the lower pole of the opposite kidney
sigmoid kidney
38
normal variant of the kidney; thicker cortex on the lateral aspect of the kidney
dromedary hump
39
most commonly occurs as lobulation of the lateral aspect of the left kidney at the site; usually appears as a single bulge of normal cortical tissues
dromedary hump
40
normal variant; persistent lobulation after 5 years of age
fetal lobulation
41
normal variant; triangular or wedge-shaped hyperechoic defect in the anterior kidney near the junction of the upper and mid poles of the kidney; similar appearance to scar tissue or angiomyolipoma
junctional parenchymal defect
42
Junctional parenchymal defect is more common in the ___ kidney
right
43
normal variant; prominent renal cortical parenchyma located between 2 medullary pyramids; columns of tissue are isoechoic and contiguous with the rest of the renal cortex; normal vascularity; no mass effect
column of Bertin
44
2 renal pelvi
duplicated collecting system
45
most common congenital urinary anomaly
duplicated collecting system
46
ridge of renal cortex extending through the kidney which separates two renal pelvi
cortical break
47
A cortical break can be seen with:
duplicated collecting system
48
two separate collecting systems and ureters
complete duplication
49
One ureter drains the upper pole, one ureter drains the lower pole
complete duplication
50
____ is a common finding with a complete duplication
upper pole hydronephrosis
51
The ureter draining the upper pole of the kidney is more commonly affected by an:
abnormal distal ureter connection
52
____ is a common complication of the distal insertion site of the upper pole ureter
ureterocele
53
___ is common in the lower pole ureter
reflux
54
two renal pelvi with a single ureter
incomplete duplication
55
Incomplete duplication can be associated with:
vesicouretheral reflex
56
Narrowing or obstruction of the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter
ureteropelvic obstruction
57
In ureteropelvic obstruction the ureter:
will not be dilated outside the kidney
58
___ and ___ will be chronically dilated in ureteropelvic obstruction due to the constant obstruction of urine excretion into the ureter
calyces
pelvis
59
Because urine is being blocked at the kidney level, ____ will NOT affect the presentation of ureteropelvic obstruction
bladder distention
60
genetic disorder; can lead to renal cysts; associated with multiple bilateral angiomyolipomas
tuberous sclerosis
61
Congenital anomalies of what other body system are commonly associated with urinary system anomalies?
a. gastrointestinal tract
b. reproductive system
c. circulatory system
d. endocrine system
b
62
If renal agenesis is suspected, the pelvic region of the patient should be evaluated for:
a. possible ectopic kidney
b. possible seminal vesicle agenesis
c. bicornuate uterus
d. all the above
d
63
Where is the most common location of an ectopic kidney?
a. ipsilateral pelvic area
b. subxiphoid region
c. suprephrenic space
d. Morison pouch
a
64
Which renal anomaly appears as a duplicated kidney on one side of the body and empty renal fossa on the contralateral side?
a. pancake kidney
b. horseshoe kidney
c. cross fused renal ectopia
d. dromedary hump
c
65
What is the term for the lower pole tissue connection across the aorta in a horseshoe kidney?
a. hump
b. isthmus
c. bridge
d. tunnel
b
66
Why is a horseshoe kidney typically found lower in the abdomen than normal kidneys?
a. migration is inhibited by the inferior mesenteric artery
b. the liver is usually malpositioned lower too which affects the kidney position
c. the spleen is usually malpositioned lower too which affects the kidney position
d. there is usually an associated diaphragmatic hernia preventing migration
a
67
A dromedary hump is typically indentified on the:
a. right lateral kidney
b. right medial kidney
c. left lateral kidney
d. left medial kidney
c
68
What renal anomaly is demonstrated as a triangular or wedge-shaped hyperechoic defect in the anterior kidney near the junction of the upper and mid poles of the kidney?
a. dromedary hump
b. pancake kidney
c. fetal lobulation
d. junctional parenchymal defect
d
69
Which of the following describes a column of Bertin?
a. area is isoechoic and contiguous with the rest of the renal cortex
b. lack of mass effect with this normal variant
c. normal vascularity in the area
d. all the above
d
70
Which of the following is a sign of a duplicated collecting system?
a. hydronephrosis occurring in the upper or lower pole
b. hydronephrosis occurring in the upper and lower pole
c. a single renal artery that splits inside the kidney
d. dilated renal pelvis with no dilatation inside the kidney
a
71
Why type of imaging exam is preferred to detect a duplicated collecting system?
a. renal ultrasound
b. angiography
c. intravenous pyelogram
d. voiding cystourethrogram
c
72
All the following will be dilated with ureteropelvic obstruction, except?
a. renal pelvis
b. minor calyces
c. ureter
d. major calyces
c
73
__% of people over __ years have renal cysts
50
50
74
Simple cysts do not communicate with:
collecting system
75
Simple cysts originate from:
obstructed uriniferous tubules
76
Cyst that originates in the cortex of the kidney
cortical cyst
77
Bulging calyx that appears as a cyst
pyelogenic cyst
78
cortical lymphatic cyst that bulges into the central sinus of the kidney; does not connect to collecting system
parapelvic cyst
79
lymphatic cysts in the central sinus of the kidney; usually multiple
peripelvic cyst
80
Sonographic appearance of simple renal cysts
anechoic
through transmission
round with smooth borders
posterior enhancement
81
any cystic structure that does not meet the criteria for a simple cyst
complex cyst
82
Septations in a complex cyst <__mm are mostly benign
1
83
Type 1 Bosniak cyst
simple cyst
84
Type 2 bosniak cyst
benign complex cyst
85
Type 3 Bosniak cyst
has both benign and malignant characteristics
86
Type 4 Bosniak cyst
complex cyst with highest risk of malignancy (septations, calcifications, wall nodularity, increased vascularity to septations/nodules)
87
Potentially malignant cyst characteristics
thick and/or irregular septations
multiple septations
calcification within the septations
wall nodularity
contrast enhancement of the septations and nodules
88
benign cyst renal neoplasm containing epithelial and stromal contents; typically unilateral
cystic nephroma
89
Symptoms of cystic nephroma
hematuria
flank pain
palpable mass
90
How are cystic nephromas treated?
surgical excision
91
encapsulated, multilocular, cystic renal mass herniating into the renal hilum; numerous anechoic cysts with hyperechoic septa
cystic nephroma
92
The hyperechoic, thick fibrous capsule surrounding a cystic nephroma aids in differentiation from:
renal cell carcinoma
93
colloidal suspension of calcium salts
milk of calcium cysts
94
calcium salts
carbonate
phosphate
oxalate
95
Cause of milk of calcium cysts
suboptimal drainage from a pelvic or calyceal diverticulum
96
Milk of calcium cysts are related to ____, ____, or ____
urinary stasis
infection
immobility of the patient for an extended period of time
97
echogenic material layering in dependent part of cyst; larger amounts of calcium will cause posterior shadowing
milk of calcium cyst
98
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease is also known as:
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
99
ADPKD in an inherited disorder, which means:
one parent has the disorder, and it is seen in every generation
100
An autosomal dominant disorder requires:
one abnormal gene that dominates the pair of genes
