URR 59 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
____ used to classify prostate cancer; 1-10 with 10 as most aggressive
A
Gleason score
2
Q
___ used to measure prostate volume, guide biopsy and guide therapy
A
TRUS
3
Q
A prostate biopsy requires a ___ before the procedure
A
cleaning enema
4
Q
A prostate biopsy requires ____ before and after the procedure
A
antibiotics
5
Q
At least 5 days prior to prostate biopsy, a patient should discontinue ___
A
blood thinners
6
Q
Before a prostate biopsy, INR levels should be <__ to prevent increased risk of hemorrhage from biopsy
A
1.5
7
Q
The patient is placed in the ____ position for a prostate biopsy
A
decubitus
8
Q
___ is injected into the prostate before the sample is taken
A
lidocaine
9
Q
A ____ device is used to obtain prostate sample
A
spring loaded biopsy
10
Q
____ evaluates sample take from prostate biopsy
A
Histology
11
Q
contraindication for prostate biopsy
A
UTI
12
Q
Sonographic appearance of extra-capsular prostate carcinoma
A
focal mass; most commonly hypoechoic; may see some shadowing from denses masses; peripherally oriented
13
Q
Only __% of hypoechoic prostate masses are cancer
A
50
14
Q
Intra-capsular carcinoma of the prostate is usually detected by ___
A
four quadrant biopsy
15
Q
bulging of capsule of prostate; disruption of tissues; hypervascularity
A
intra-capsular prostate carcinoma
16
Q
Asymmetrical enlargement; disruption of tubular configuration
A
metastasis to seminal vesicles
17
Q
used in non aggressive in situ cancers
A
brachytherapy
18
Q
sugical implantation of radioactive seeds into the prostate; sequential scan performed to obtain volume and shape of prostate; determines number of seeds and distribution
A
brachytherapy
19
Q
The pre-procedure scan for brachytherapy also aids in identifying ___ interference that limits access to the gland for seed implantation
A
pubic arch
20
Q
two main erectile structure of the penis
A
corpus cavernosa
21
Q
In the penis, the ___ fill with blood during an erection
A
sinusoids
22
Q
The corpus cavernosa are covered by ___
A
tunica albuginea
23
Q
The __ and __ ___ arteries course through the right and left corpus cavernosa
A
right
left
cavernosal
24
Q
The ___ extends over ends of corpora cavernosa
A
glans penis
25
The urethra and urethral arteries travel through the ____
corpus spongiosum
26
The corpus spongiosum is covered by ___
tunica albuginea
27
The internal iliac arteries give rise to the penile vasculature which includes ___, ___, and ___
internal pudendal arteries
bulbourethral artery
penile arteries
28
The penile artery branches into the __ and __ arteries
dorsal
cavernosal
29
multiple tiny branches of the cavernosal arteries that penetrate the tissue
helicine
30
The ___ and ____ proved the primary venous outflow routes for the penis
superficial dorsal vein
deep dorsal vein
31
Indications for penile exam
erectile dysfunction
priapism
Peyronie disease
Palpable areas of interest
trauma
32
For a penile exam, what kind of transducer should be used?
7-10 MHz linear
33
Dorsal approach penile exam
patient supine with penis supported by a towel
34
ventral approach penile exam
patient supine with penis pointing cephalad on lower pelvic area
35
The corpus spongiosum will be seen on the ___ of the image from a ventral transducer position
top
36
The corpus spongiosum will be seen on the ___ of the image with a dorsal transducer position
bottom
37
The corpus spongiosum will be seen on the ___ of the image with a lateral transducer position
side
38
___ is used to evaluate Peyronie disease
2D imaging
39
PW Doppler is used to identify ____ as the cause for erectile dysfunction
vascular insufficiency
40
PW Doppler is used to evaluate patients with ___
priapism
41
inability to achieve a full and persistent erection
Erectile dysfunction
42
Causes of erectile dysfunction
vascular insufficiency
obesity
diabetes
metabolic syndromes
certain medications
Peyronie disease
substance abuse
enlarged prostate
prior treatment for prostate cancer of pelvic surgery
43
For a penile exam for erectile dysfunction, the cavernosal diameters and velocities are evaluated before and after an injection of ___
vasoactive substance
44
The ___ vein of the penis is also evaluated after injection of vasoactive substance
dorsal
45
unwanted, persistent, painful erection that lasts more than 4 hours
priapism
46
Priapism can be ___ or caused by __
spontaneous
certain medications
47
Priapism requires immediate treatment to:
reduce penile blood flow
48
development of scar tissue and fibrous plaque formation that usually involves tunica albuginea
Peyronie disease
49
causes restriction and curvature of the affected side of the penis during erection
peyronie disease
50
2D imaging demonstrates hypoechoic areas along the outer margins of the corpus cavernosa
Peyronie disease
51
Penile cancer is usually identified on the ___ or on the ____ in uncircumcised men
glans penis
foreskin
52
Symptoms of penile cancer
focal area of skin thickening or discoloration
palpable lump
an ulcer that may bleed
a reddish, velvety rash under the foreskin
small, crusty bumps
flat, bluish, brown growths
odorous discharge or bleeding under the foreskin
inguinal lymphadenopathy
53
The most common cancer to affect the penis is:
squamous cell carcinoma
54
If a focal mass is present with penile cancer, it is usually ___ and ___ with __ and ___
solid
hypoechoic
irregular borders
internal vascularity
55
___ of the penis can occur with blunt force during an erection
Fracture
56
The ____ on or both sides of the penis can be fractured causing subcuteaneous bleeding and significant pain
corpus cavernosum
57
With penile trauma, patients usually describe a ___ sound that occurred during intercourse followed by:
popping
significant pain
58
Ultrasound in the case of penile trauma can be helpful in identifying damage to the ___, ___, and ___ structures
soft tissues
vascular
urethra
59
BPH most commonly occurs in the ___ zone
transitional
60
Prostate carcinoma most commonly occurs in the __ zone
peripheral
61
most common after age 65 years and in African American men
Prostate carcinoma
62
Carcinoma usually presents as a ____
hypoechoic mass
63
Prostate biopsy most commonly performed with the patient in the ___ position
LLD
64
The most common cancer to affect the penis is:
squamous cell carcinoma
65
The base of the prostate is just inferior to the ____, while the apex is just superior to the___.
a. symphysis pubis, bladder
b. urogenital diaphragm, bladder
c. bladder, urogenital diaphragm
d. inguinal ligament, symphysis pubis
c
66
Arterial blood supply to the prostate comes from the:
a. gonadal arteries
b. internal iliac arteries
c. external iliac arteries
d. cavernosal arteries
b
67
The ejaculatory ducts course through the __ zone to join the urethra.
a. transitional
b. anterior
c. fibromuscular
d. central
d
68
Benign prostatic hypertrophy is most commonly identified in the ___ zone, while prostatic cancer is most commonly identified in the ___ zone.
a. transitional, peripheral
b. periurethral glandular, peripheral
c. central, peripheral
d. peripheral, central
a
69
What portion of the prostate is unaffected by inflammation and cancer?
a. central
b. fibromuscular
c. peripheral
d. transitional
b
70
Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is secreted by the:
a. seminal vesicles
b. beta cells
c. alpha cells
d. acinar cells
d
71
What is the minimum PSA level that indicates prostate cancer?
a. >4 ng/ml
b. >6 ng/ml
c. >10 ng/ml
d. >25 ng/ml
c
72
The seminal vesicles secrete:
a. fructose
b. sperm
c. semen
d. testosterone
a
73
Which of the following describes the patient position for a transrectal prostate ultrasound?
a. left lateral decubitus or lithotomy position
b. Prone or Fowler
c. Lithotomy or prone
d. Trendelenburg or spine
a
74
__ should be taken before a prostate biopsy, while __ should be stopped at least 5 days before the procedure.
a. aspirin, HTN medication
b. antibiotics, insulin
c. antibiotics, warfarin
d. warfarin, insulin
c
75
What is the term used for the shadowing created by dense tissues in the area of the urethra and verumontanum?
a. Olive sign
b. sandwich sign
c. seagull sign
d. eiffel tower sign
d
76
Which of the following is a symptom of BPH?
a. urinary frequency
b. nocturia
c. weak urine stream
d. all the above
d
77
Which of the following refers to benign calcifications in the central prostate caused by waste products collecting in acinar cells?
a. microlithiasis
b. corpora amylacea
c. colloid cysts
d. spermatocele
b
78
If significant BPH is identified on prostate ultrasound, what other organ should be evaluated for a commonly associated complication?
a. liver
b. spleen
c. kidneys
d. testicles
c
79
The Gleason score is used to classify:
a. severity of BPH
b. aggressiveness of carcinoma
c. severity of urinary retention
d. characterize the increase in gland size
b
80
Which of the following is part of the prostate biopsy protocol?
a. patient must signed an informed consent form
b. requires a cleansing enema before the procedure
c. a urinary tract infection is a contraindication for a prostate biopsy
d. all the above
d
81
What are the two primary arteries that supply the penis with blood?
a. dorsal and cavernosal arteries
b. right and left gonadal arteries
c. right and left inferior vesicular arteries
d. internal and external iliac arteries
a
82
2D imaging of the penis is used to evaluate __, while PW Doppler is used to identify __.
a. venous reflux, arterial insufficiency
b. Peyronie disease, vascular insufficiency
c. arterial insufficiency, venous reflux
d. penile cancer, Peyronie disease
b
83
Which of the following correctly describes penile cancer?
a. usually identified at the base of the penis
b. the most common cancer to affect the penis is adenocarcinoma
c. it presents as a palpable lump or an ulcer that may bleed
d. all the above
c
84
What structure is fractured in cases of penile trauma?
a. the corpus cavernosum
b. the corpus spongiosum
c. the glans penis
d. the denonvillier fascia
a
85
The adrenal glands are located in the ___ space.
perirenal
86
The adrenal glands are __ the size of the kidney
1/3
87
The adrenal glands are situated on the ____ of the kidneys
medial upper poles
88
The adrenal glands are surrounded by the ___ along with the kidneys
Gerota Fascia
89
produce substances transported by the circulatory system
endocrine glands
90
Are adrenal glands endocrine or exocrine glands
endocrine
91
The right adrenal gland is ___ shaped.
triangle
92
The right adrenal gland is medial to:
right lobe of liver
93
The right adrenal gland is posterior to the:
IVC
94
The right adrenal gland is superomedial to the:
anterior aspect of the upper pole of the kidney
95
The right adrenal gland is lateral and anterior to the ___
diaphragm crus
96
The left adrenal gland is ___ shaped
crescent
97
The left adrenal gland is medial to the:
spleen
98
The left adrenal gland is posterior to the __ and __
pancreas tail
stomach
99
The left adrenal gland is lateral to the:
aorta
100
The left adrenal gland is lateral and anterior to the:
diaphragm crus
