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URR 49 Flashcards

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1
Q

mucous layer of the bladder made of transitional epithelial cells, allows bladder wall to stretch

A

mucosa

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2
Q

dense connective tissue which connects the mucosa and muscularis layers of the bladder

A

submucosa

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3
Q

coat of smooth muscle which consists of three layers, detrusor muscle of the bladder

A

muscularis

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4
Q

outer most layer which covers superior portion of the bladder

A

serosa

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5
Q

The bladder is supported posteriorly by the ___, and laterally by the ___

A

levator ani muscles
obturator internus muscles

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6
Q

Blood is supplied to the bladder by the ____ arteries

A

superior, middle, inferior vesicle arteries

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7
Q

The neck of the bladder lies on the superior surface of the _____

A

urogenital diaphragm

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8
Q

The inferior portion of the bladder is comprised of the ___ and the ___ which is continuous with the urethra

A

trigone
neck

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9
Q

The trigone region is defined by:

A

the orifices of the two ureters

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10
Q

The trigone region is also called the:

A

ureterovesicular junction

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11
Q

The proximal ureters emerge from the ____, posterior to the ___

A

anterior medial renal pelvis
main renal vessels

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12
Q

The ureters run caudally to insert into the bladder at the __

A

trigone region

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13
Q

The ureters course through the pelvis and lie anterior to the ___ and ___

A

psoas muscle
iliac vessels

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14
Q

The base of the bladder is in direct contact with the:

A

anterior vaginal wall/prostate

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15
Q

The superior portion of the bladder is termed the __ and is covered by the __

A

dome
peritoneum

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16
Q

The anterior superior portion of the bladder is called the:

A

apex

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17
Q

The posterior superior portion is called the:

A

fundus

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18
Q

When the bladder is distended the lateral caudal margins are bordered by the ___, which constricts its shape

A

acetabula

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19
Q

There are no bony constrictions ____ to restrict bladder distention

A

superiorly

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20
Q

Urine is passed out of the body through the ___, which attaches into the lowest point of the bladder

A

urethra

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21
Q

A circular muscle called a ___ controls urine flow through this passage

A

sphincter

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22
Q

3 sections of the male urethra

A

prostatic section
membranous urethra
cavernous urethra

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23
Q

The prostatic section comprises the first ___, passes from the outlet of the bladder through the middle of the prostate

A

2.5 cm

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24
Q

The membranous urethra is approximately __ long

A

12 mm

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25
The middle part of the male urethra
membranous urethra
26
The cavernous urethra is approximately ____ long
15mm
27
The final section of the male urethra
cavernous urethra
28
As the bladder fills, bowel is displaced ____ out of the pelvis
cephalad
29
In longitudinal views, the bladder appears ___ in shape
triangular
30
In transverse views, the bladder appears ____ in shape
square with a round top
31
Normal bladder wall thickness varies with:
degree of bladder distention
32
< ___ AP wall thickness normal bladder when fully distended
3 nn
33
<__ AP wall thickness normal bladder wall thickness when nearly empty
5 mm
34
____ artifacts obscure the anterior wall of the bladder and can create the appearance of debris
Reverberation
35
The urine usually flows into the bladder at an angle toward the ____
anterior lateral wall
36
Bladder volume equation
L x W x AP x 0.52
37
<65 years = normal post-residual volume is less than or equal to ___ (within 5 minutes of voiding)
50ml
38
>65 years = normal post-residual volume is less than or equal to ___ (within 5 minutes of voiding)
100ml
39
#1 evaluation tool for bladder evaluation
cystoscopy
40
___% of tumors >2cm found on us of the bladder
95
41
The urachus normally closes in the ___ half of fetal life
second
42
Anomalies of the urachus
patent urachus urachal cyst sinus diverticulum
43
Anomalies of the urachus causes dilatation of the ____
median umbilical ligament
44
The bladder apex is connected to the umbilicus by:
medial umbilical ligament
45
The medial umbilical ligament courses through the:
Space of Retzius
46
Anechoic structure connecting the bladder to the umbilicus, no blood flow detected within
urachus
47
urine moves from the bladder back into the ureters
vesicoureteral reflux
48
Vesicoureteral reflux can lead to ____ that reaches the kidney
ascending infection
49
Vesicoureteral reflux is most commonly caused by:
an incompetent ureteral valve due to an abnormal angle of the ureteral junction with the bladder
50
Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with:
duplicated collecting systems
51
Symptoms of vesicoureteral reflux
infection fever leukocytosis urinary frequency, urgency dysuria hematuria
52
Vesicoureteral reflux is usually diagnosed by:
voiding cystourethrogram
53
A ___ is an abnormal connection between two structures
fistula
54
bladder connection to the uterine cavity
vesicouterine fistula
55
bladder connection to the vaginal canal
vesicovaginal
56
most common fistula in women
vesicovaginal fistual
57
Fistulas allow urine to flow into the ___ or ____
uterine cavity vaginal canal
58
Fistulas can be congenital or acquired due to ___, ____, ____, ___
trauma pelvic fractures hysterectomy pelvic surgery
59
____ is a common symptom of vesicovaginal fistula
urinary incontinence
60
With a vesicovaginal fistula, pre and post void imaging can assist in diagnosis because:
the fluid in the vaginal canal will resolve when the bladder empties
61
Neurogenic bladder is related to a history of ____ or ___
brain/spinal injury malformation
62
Neurogenic bladder is also seen in patients with:
diabetes
63
Patient has urinary infrequency and a lack of urge to void; requires frequent catheterization
neurogenic bladder
64
enlarged thin walled bladder that may extend into the abdomen; wall thickening with multiple trabeculae after voiding; significant urinary retention
neurogenic bladder
65
Neurogenic bladder can be associated with:
bladder calculi
66
pour like eversion of the bladder wall
diverticulum
67
Diverticulum of the bladder is usually located near the:
ureteral orifice
68
If diverticulum is congenital, it is also called:
Hutch diverticulum
69
If diverticulum is acquired, it is caused by:
bladder outlet obstruction
70
Diverticulum of the bladder causes an increased risk for:
infection due to urinary stasis in the pouch
71
sonographic appearance of diverticulum of the bladder
vary in size; well-defined; thin walled; fluid filled mass with acoustic enhancement; direct communication with the bladder
72
Thin walled structures covering the uretero-vesicular junction; increase in size with incoming urine
ureterocele
73
Ureteroceles are commonly associated with:
complete duplicated collecting system
74
Sonographic appearance of ureterocele
distal 1/3 ureters dilated; simple cystic structures projecting into the bladder lumen; usually bilateral; hydronephrosis
75
connective tissues forms valve-like structure in urethra; obstructs normal urine outflow from the bladder
posterior uretheral valve
76
#1 cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males
posterior uretheral valves
77
dilated bladder, ureters, and collecting system of kidneys; bilateral
posterior uretheral valves
78
most common bladder pathology
cystitis
79
Cystitis is most commonly caused by:
E Coli
80
inflammation of the bladder
cystitis
81
Chronic cystitis causes:
diffuse wall fibrosis calcification thickening with loss of elasticity
82
Symptoms of cystitis
fever urinary frequency dysuria increased white blood cell count hematuria
83
irregular bladder surface, wall thickness measures >3mm in AP when moderately distended; linear calcification within the wall with chronic infection
cystitis
84
may develop in bladder or pass into bladder from kidneys; usually solitary
bladder calculi
85
Bladder calculi may obstruct ___
bladder neck
86
Symptoms of bladder calculi
pain foul smelling urine possible hematuria
87
echogenic, mobile structure(s) with posterior shadowing and twinkle artifact within bladder
bladder calculi
88
Bladder thrombus is a possible complication of ___, ___, or ___
renal biopsy recent catheterization calculi
89
Transitional cell carcinoma is also known as:
urothelial carcinoma
90
Transitional cell carcinoma forms in transitional cells that line the ___. ___, and ___
renal pelvis ureters bladder
91
Most common bladder neoplasm
transitional cell carcinoma
92
Most common symptom of transitional cell carcinoma
painless macroscopic hematuria
93
Transitional cell carcinoma is more common in __
men
94
mass or focal wall thickening; may obstruct ureter inflow to bladder or urethral outflow; asymmetric
transitional cell carcinoma
95
hypoechoic mass within bladder wall, solitary or multiple, may see invasion into surrounding tissues
transitional cell carcinoma
96
Unilateral hydronephrosis can be present with transitional cell carcinoma with ____
ureteral involvement
97
Bilateral hydronephrosis can be present with transitional cell carcinoma with ____
bilateral ureteral or urethral involvement
98
2nd most common urothelial malignancy
squamous cell carcinoma
99
Squamous cell carcinoma is usually identified in the:
renal pelvis
100
solid, infiltrating lesion with extensive ulceration; renal echotexture is destroyed and a stone is usually present; metastasis is usually present at time of diagnosis
squamous cell carcinoma

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