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URR 66 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

hormone that controls the release of acid in your stomach; food triggers its release

A

gastrin

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2
Q

hormone produced by the small intestine in response to the presence of fat in the digestive tract; causes gallbladder contraction

A

cholecystokinin

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3
Q

regulates secretions of the stomach and pancreas; also regulates water homeostasis throughout the body

A

secretin

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4
Q

symptoms of GI tract disease

A

pain, cramping
diarrhea
weight loss
bloating, indigestion
nausea, vomiting
anemia
leukocytosis

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5
Q

decreased serum levels of hemoglobin/ red blood cells in the blood that can indicate bleeding in the GI tract

A

anemia

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6
Q

increased serum levels of white blood cells associated with infection

A

leukocytosis

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7
Q

tumor markers that are elevated with carcinoma; levels are not specific to a type of cancer

A

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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8
Q

elevated with infection; appendicitis, colitis, diverticulitis

A

white blood cell count

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9
Q

decreased with active GI bleed, esophageal varices

A

hematocrit

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10
Q

Transducer used for deep evaluation of GI tract

A

3MHz-5MHz curved transducer

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11
Q

Transducer used for superficial evaluation of GI tract

A

5MHz-10MHz linear transducer

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12
Q

A cross section of a piece of gut appears as a ___ or ___

A

bulls eye
target

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13
Q

___ techniques should demonstrate an easily compressible segment with mild transducer pressure

A

compression

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14
Q

___ and __ can be used to displace gas out of the FOV

A

graded compression
deep breathing

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15
Q

__ may be administered to delineate the lumen and internal wall characteritics

A

fluid

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16
Q

____ transducers may be used to evaluate for hernia or internal wall characteristics.

A

linear

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17
Q

____ evaluation aids in delineating walls, noting peristalsis, and assessing hypervascularity with infection/neoplasm.

A

Color Doppler

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18
Q

Splanchnic arteries supply the ___, ___, ___, and ___

A

GI tract
liver
spleen
pancreas

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19
Q

The splanchnic arteries include:

A

celiac axis
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
splenic artery

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20
Q

anterior most superior branch of the aorta

A

celiac axis

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21
Q

Where does the celiac axis originate?

A

within first 2 cm below diaphragm

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22
Q

The celiac axis is usually only about __ cm in length

A

1

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23
Q

The celiac axis is superior to ___

A

body of pancreas

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24
Q

The celiac axis branches into the __, ___, and __

A

common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery

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25
"seagull sign"
CHA, CA, SA
26
right branch of the celiac axis
common hepatic artery
27
The common hepatic artery branches into the __, ___, and ___
liver gallbladder stomach
28
The common hepatic artery travels along the superior border of the ____
head of the pancreas
29
The common hepatic artery is ___ to the portal vein
anterior
30
The ____ originates from the common hepatic artery
right gastric artery
31
The common hepatic artery branches into the ___, which enters the liver and the ____
proper hepatic artery gastroduodenal artery
32
The gastroduodenal artery supplies part of the ___, ___, and ___
stomach duodenum pancreas
33
largest branch of the celiac axis
splenic artery
34
The splenic artery has a tortuous course posterior and superior to the __ and ____
body and proximal tail of the pancreas
35
The splenic artery supplies the ___, ___, and ____
spleen pancreas fundus of the stomach
36
smallest branch of the celiac axis
left gastric artery
37
The left gastric artery travels ___ and ___
anterior cephalad
38
The left gastric artery supplies the ___ and ___
stomach pylorus
39
GI tract proper probe adult
2.5-6.5 MHz
40
GI tract pediatric probe
4-8 MHz
41
Patient prep GI tract study
NPO 8-12 hours
42
___ may be administered to reduce bowel gas
simethicone
43
A low resistance waveform feeds:
organs that require constant flow
44
____ may cause increased velocity and resistance in a low resistance waveform
occlusive disease
45
>70% stenosis PSV > __m/s
2.0
46
intermittent compression of the celiac axis
median arcuate ligament syndrome
47
Caused by diaphragm moving superiorly and the median arcuate ligament pinching the celiac axis
median arcuate ligament syndrome
48
Median arcuate ligament syndrome rarely causes symptoms but may see:
pain with expiration
49
In median arcuate ligament syndrome there will be ___ velocities in the celiac artery with ____
increased expiration
50
anterior branch of the aorta about 1-2 cm below the celiac axis
superior mesenteric artery
51
The superior mesenteric artery runs parallel to the ___ and posterior to the ___
aorta neck of the pancreas
52
The superior mesenteric artery is normally found to the left of the:
superior mesenteric vein
53
The superior mesenteric artery supplies the ___ and ___
small intestine proximal colon
54
Indications to scan SMA
post prandial pain weight loss "fear of food" diarrhea nausea and vomiting
55
Proper probe SMA scan adult
2.5-6.5 MHz
56
Proper probe to scan SMA pediatric
4-8 MHz
57
Patient prep to scan SMA
NPO 8-12 hours
58
tubular structure coursing parallel to anterior aorta
superior mesenteric artery
59
circular structure anterior to aorta and posterior to pancreas body
superior mesenteric artery
60
If 2 mesenteric vessels demonstrate stenosis, ____ is diagnosed
mesenteric ischemia
61
Normal post prandial flow is ___ resistance with ___ velocity
low increase
62
Most stenosis occurs in the first __-__ cm of the vessel
2 3
63
courses inferiorly in the abdomen to supply the distal colon with blood
inferior mesenteric artery
64
The IMA is __ to the IMV
medial
65
____/___ can cause mesenteric ischemia in the inferior mesenteric artery
stenosis/obstruction
66
How can the inferior mesenteric artery be identified?
locating renal artery origins in transverse and sliding inferiorly
67
Stenosis/occlusion of at least two of the three major arteries which supply the small bowel and colon with oxygenated blood
mesenteric ischemia
68
What three major arteries supply the small bowel and colon with oxygenated blood
celiac artery superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery
69
The digestive tract requires more blood flow during:
digestion process
70
Patient experiences reproducible pain soon after eating due to ____
bowel ischemia caused by stenosis
71
Acute mesenteric ischemia is caused by:
embolus
72
Chronic mesenteric ischemia is caused by:
atherosclerosis
73
Collateral pathways can occur due to chronic mesenteric ischemia; ____ ____ ___
Pancreaticoduodenal arcade Arc of Riolan Marginal artery of Drummond
74
The ___ is usually dilated with chronic mesenteric ishemia
IMA
75
____ may be identified in severe chronic causes of mesenteric ischemia causing ____ artifact from within the portal structures
portal venous gas dirty shadowing/ring down
76
____ is preferred for mesenteric, liver, and splenic arterial evaluation
Arteriography
77
Mesenteric PSV/ Aortic PSV ratio >___ indicates significant stenosis
3.0
78
SMA abnormal PSV >__ m/s > 70% stenosis; ___ diastolic flow
2.75 increased
79
Celiac axis abnormal PSV > ___ m/s indicates 70% stenosis; normally demonstrates no change in flow with digestion
2.0
80
IMA abnormal PSV >__ m/s indicates stenosis
2.0
81
If the SMA and IMA are low resistance with increased diastolic flow, even in a fasting patient, this indicates:
capillary beds constantly vasodilated due to ischemia
82
Retrograde flow in the common hepatic artery and splenic artery is highly suggestive of ____
celiac occlusion
83
The ____ should be evaluated in celiac stenosis/ occlusion is suspected
hepatic artery
84
Post-prandially, the normal hepatic artery will demonstrate a ____ resistive index due to increased portal venous inflow to the liver with digestion
increased
85
Increased RI = ____ PSV and ___ EDV
increased decreased
86
Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle controlling digestive flow out of stomach
pyloric stenosis
87
Pyloric stenosis most commonly affects:
males 2-10 weeks of age
88
Pyloric stenosis presents with:
small palpable mass just inferior to the xiphoid process
89
Pyloric stenosis is related to the ___ sign
olive
90
Common symptom of pyloric stenosis:
projectile vomiting
91
Pyloric stenosis is best evaluated with the infant in the ____ position.
right lateral decubitus
92
enlarged pylorus is palpable in the infant abdomen; feels like an olive, in size and shape
olive sign
93
used to describe cross sectional appearance of the pylorus on ultrasound
doughnut sign
94
used to describe the longitudinal section appearance of the pylorus on ultrasound
cervix sign
95
used to describe small amounts of fluid/contrast between the mucosal folds seen on Upper GI series
string sign or double tract sign
96
How is pyloric stenosis treated?
surgically
97
When evaluating for pyloric stenosis, measure ___, ___, and ___
muscle wall thickness channel length cross sectional diameter
98
Abnormal muscle thickness in pyloric stenosis
>4mm
99
Abnormal channel length in pyloric stenosis
>1.2 cm
100
Abnormal cross sectional diameter pyloric stenosis
>1.5cm

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