A&P CHAPTER 3: CELLS

Question 1

CYTOLOGY

Answer 1

STUDY OF CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Question 2

2 CLASSES OF CELLS

Answer 2

SEX AND SOMATIC

Question 3

3 MAJOR PARTS TO CELL AND THEIR ORGANIZATION

Answer 3

CELL MEMBRANE: ENCLOSES THE CELL
NUCLEUS: CONTAIN’S CELLS GENERTIC MATERIAL AND CONTROLS ACTIVITY
CYTOPLASM: FILLS OUT THE CELL

Question 4

CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION

Answer 4

CONTROLS MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN/OUT OF CELL
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

Question 5

CELL MEMBRANE IS FORMED BY THE ____

Answer 5

BILIPID LAYER

Question 6

MEMBRANE PROTEINS FUNCTION

Answer 6

ALLOW CELLS TO COMMUNICATE WITH ENVIRONMENT
RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF SPECIALIZED MEMBRANE FUNCTION

Question 7

INTEGRAL VS PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

Answer 7

INTEGRAL: TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN LIPID BILAYER
PERIPHERAL: NOT EMBEDDED IN BILAYER, LOOSELY ATTACHED TO INTEGRAL PROTEINS

Question 8

FUNCTIONS OF GLYCOCALYX

Answer 8

ANCHORING AND LOCOMOTION, BINDING TO OTHER CELLS, LUBRICATION AND PROTECTION, RECOGNIZED BY IMMUNE SYSTEM AS “SELF”

Question 9

CYTOPLASM FUNCTION

Answer 9

WHERE MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCUR
SUSPENDS THE ORGANELLES

Question 10

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND 2 TYPES

Answer 10

INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES CONNECTED TO NUCLEUS ENVELOPE
2 TYPES: SMOOTH AND ROUGH

Question 11

SMOOTH ER FUNCTIONS

Answer 11

SYNTHESIZE PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL FOR CELL GROWTH
ENZYMES THAT CALALYZE REACTIONS
VERY LITTLE OF IT IN BODY

Question 12

ROUGH ER FUNCTIONS

Answer 12

SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
CELL’S MEMBRANE FACTORY

Question 13

GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTIONS

Answer 13

MODIFYING SECRETIONS RELEASED VIA EXOCYTOSIS
PACKAGING SPECIAL ENZYMES INSIDE VESICLES FOR USE IN CYTOSOL
RENEWING/MODIFYING CELL MEMBRANE

Question 14

LYSOSOMES

Answer 14

DISPOSE CELL WASTE
BREAK DOWN FOREIGN PARTICLES
DESTROY OLD PARTS OF CELL

Question 15

MITOCHONDRIA FUNCTIONS

Answer 15

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

Question 16

PEROXISOME FUNCTIONS

Answer 16

SPEED UP BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

Question 17

RIBOSOMES

Answer 17

PROTEIN FACTORIES OF THE CELL

Question 18

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYTOSOL AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

Answer 18

CYTOSOL HAS MORE PROTEINS AND POTASSIUM IONS (LOWER CONCENTRATION)

Question 19

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

Answer 19

ORGANELLES THAT PRODUCE AND DEGRADE BIOLOGIC MOLEUCLES

Question 20

NITROGENOUS BASES DO WHAT AND INCLUDE: (4)

Answer 20

STORE INFO IN A SEQUENCE
ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE (ATCG)

Question 21

GENE ACTIVATION

Answer 21

REMOVING HISTONES FROM GENES ALLOWING IT TO AFFECT THE CELL

Question 22

MESSENGER RNA

Answer 22

CARRIES INFO REQUIRED TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS

Question 23

TWO LEVELS OF NUCLEUS CONTROL

Answer 23

DIRECT CONTROL: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
INDIRECT CONTROL: CELLULAR METABOLSIM /FUNCTIONS

Question 24

DIFFUSION AND TWO TYPES

Answer 24

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
SUBSTANCES MOVE FROM HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER
SIMPLE: UNASSISTED OF SMALL PARTICLES
FACILITATED: REQUIRES MEMBRANE PROTEINS TO ASSIST

Question 25

GATED CHANNELS

Answer 25

OPENED OR CLOSED BY CHEMICAL/ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

Question 26

LEAKAGE CHANNELS

Answer 26

ALWAYS OPEN

Question 27

OSMOSIS

Answer 27

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
WATER MOLECULES DIFFUSE FROM AREA OF HIGHER WATER CONCENTRATION TO AREA OF LOWER WATER CONCENTRATION

Question 28

WATER ALWAYS DIFFUSES TOWARD ___

Answer 28

SOLUTIONS OF GREATER OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Question 29

OSMOLARITY

Answer 29

TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF ALL SOLUTE PARTICLES IN A SOLUTION

Question 30

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

Answer 30

SAME OSMOTIC PRESSURE AS BODY FLUIDS

Question 31

HYPERTONIC

Answer 31

SOLUTION WITH HIGHER OSMOTIC PRESSURE THAN BODY FLUIDS

Question 32

HYPOTONIC

Answer 32

SOLUTION WITH LOWER OSMOTIC PRESSURE THAN BODY FLUIDS

Question 33

FILTRATION

Answer 33

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
FORCES MOLECULES THROUGH MEMBRANES

Question 34

ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION

Answer 34

PARTICLE MOVEMENT FROM LOWER CONCENTRATIONS TO HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS
REQUIRES CARRIER PROTEINS AND ATP

Question 35

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES ____

Answer 35

ENERGY DIRECTLY FROM HYDROLYSIS OF ATP

Question 36

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES _____

Answer 36

ENERGY STORED FROM IONIC GRADIENTS

Question 37

SYMPORT SYSTEM

Answer 37

TWO SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED IN SAME DIRECTION

Question 38

ANTIPORT SYSTEM

Answer 38

SUBSTANCES CROSS MEMBRANE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

Question 39

VESICULAR TRANSPORT

Answer 39

TRANSPORTS FLUIDS WITH LARGE PARTICLES ACROSS MEMBRANE INSIDE VESICLES

Question 40

ENDOCYTOSIS AND TWO TYPES

Answer 40

USE ENERGY TO MOVE SUBSTANCE IN OR OUT OF CELL WITHOUT CROSSING MEMBRANE
PHAGOCYTOSIS: “CELL EATING”
PINOCYTOSIS: “CELL DRINKING”

Question 41

EXOCYTOSIS

Answer 41

SUBSTANCE STORED IN VESICLE IS SECRETED FROM THE CELL

Question 42

CELL CYCLES (4)

Answer 42

INTERPHASE
CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS)
CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION (CYTOKINESIS)
DIFFERENTIATION

Question 43

INTERPHASE

Answer 43

CELL OBTAINS NUTRIENTS TO GROW AND DUPLICATE

Question 44

CELL DIVISION/MITOSIS

Answer 44

NUCLEUS DIVIDES

Question 45

CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION/CYTOKINESIS

Answer 45

CYTOPLASM DIVIDES

Question 46

DIFFERENTIATION

Answer 46

CELL BECOMES SPECIALIZED

Question 47

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

Answer 47

MITOSIS: PRODUCES NEW BODY CELLS
MEIOSIS: PRODUCES GAMETES (SPERMS AND EGGS)

Question 48

STEPS OF MITOSIS (4)

Answer 48

PROPHASE: CHROMOSOME BECOMES THICKER
METAPHASE: CHROMOSOME GO TO MIDDLE
ANAPHASE: CHROMATIDS PULLED APART
TELOPHASE: TWO DAUGHTER CELLS ARE FORMED

Question 49

DIVISIONS OF MEIOSIS (2)

Answer 49

FIRST AND SECOND DIVISION
IN SECOND DIVISION, THERE’S HALF THE NORMAL CHROMOSOMES

Question 50

DIFFERENTIATION

Answer 50

SPECIALIZATION OF A CELL

Question 51

STEM CELLS CAN DIVIDE REPEATEDLY WITHOUT _____

Answer 51

SPECIALIZING

Question 52

TUMOR IS CAUSED BY _____

Answer 52

CELL DIVISION/GROWTH IS HIGHER THAN CELL DEATH RATE

Question 53

MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ____

Answer 53

MUTATIONS OF SOMATIC CELL GENES