CHP 28: TOXICOLOGY

Question 1

poison vs drug vs toxin

Answer 1

poison: could damage structures or impair function

drug: has therapeutic effect if given in appropriate circumstance and dose

toxin: poison or harmful substance produced by bacteria, animals, or plants

Question 2

what is bioavailability

Answer 2

percentage of unchanged substance present in systemic circulation

Question 3

what is half-life

Answer 3

amount of time needed for average person to metabolize/eliminate 50% of substance in plasma

Question 4

two categories of toxicologic emergencies

Answer 4

intentional and unintentional

Question 5

what substances are most common source of poisoning

Answer 5

analgesic substances

Question 6

Poison Control Center hotline

Answer 6

1-800-222-1222

Question 7

four methods of substance entry

Answer 7

ingestion, inhalation, injection, absorption

Question 8

what is chemical suicide also called and what is it

Answer 8

detergent suicide

mixing household chemicals in enclosed space to create toxic gases

Question 9

what two poisonings can cause falsely high pulse ox readings

Answer 9

carbon monoxide and cyanide

Question 10

what is speedballing

Answer 10

simultaneous use of heroin and cocaine

Question 11

what is a toxidrome

Answer 11

syndromelike symptoms associated with class or group of similar poisonous agents

Question 12

opioid toxidrome S/S

Answer 12

pinpoint pupils and AMS
decreased RR, HR, BP, and LOC

Question 13

sympathomimetic toxidrome S/S

Answer 13

diaphoresis, dilated pupils, agitation, and seizures
high BP, HR, RR, temp

Question 14

sedative-hypnotic toxidrome S/S

Answer 14

drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech, confusion, CNS depression
decreased RR

Question 15

cholinergic toxidrome S/S

Answer 15

DUMBELS - diarrhea, urination, constricted pupils, muscle weakness, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, seizures, salivation, and sweating

Question 16

anticholinergic toxidrome S/S

Answer 16

flushed, dry skin, AMS, blindness, and urinary retention
high BP, HR, and temp

Question 17

serotonin toxidrome S/S

Answer 17

agitation, ataxia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, AMS, shivering, tremor
increased HR and temp

Question 18

causative agent that smells like bitter almonds

Answer 18

cyanide

Question 19

causative agent that smells like garlic

Answer 19

arsenic, organophosphates

Question 20

causative agent that smells like acetone

Answer 20

alcohols

Question 21

causative agent that smells like wintergreen

Answer 21

methyl salicylate

Question 22

causative agent that smells like pears

Answer 22

chloral hydrate

Question 23

causative agent that smells like violets

Answer 23

turpentine

Question 24

causative agent that smells like camphor

Answer 24

camphor

Question 25

what is habituation

Answer 25

dependence on drug

Question 26

what is drug misuse

Answer 26

causes harm to user or other

Question 27

what is physical dependence

Answer 27

adaptation to drug caused by chronic use (tolerance and withdrawal)

Question 28

what is psychological dependence

Answer 28

emotional state of craving

Question 29

what is tolerance

Answer 29

physiologic adaptation to effects of drug

Question 30

what is drug addiction

Answer 30

use of substance even though it causes harm to user

Question 31

what is antagonist

Answer 31

blocks ability of given chemical to bind to its receptor

Question 32

what is potentiation

Answer 32

enhancement of effect of one drug by another drug

Question 33

what is synergism

Answer 33

two substances' effects are greater than the sum of the two individually

Question 34

what form of alcohol is in alcoholic beverages

Answer 34

ethyl alcohol or ethanol

Question 35

what is alcohol use disorder

Answer 35

medical condition with physical and psychological addiction to ethanol

Question 36

how does alcohol affect brain

Answer 36

depresses frontal lobe's decision making process or inhibitions

Question 37

minor alcohol withdrawal symptoms vs significant withdrawal

Answer 37

minor: restlessness, anxiety, agitation, tremors significant: high BP and HR, vomiting, hallucinations, delirium tremens

Question 38

how are esophageal varices formed

Answer 38

blood flow to liver is blocked and blood backs up into smaller vesssels in esophagus

Question 39

at what BAC can death from alcohol intoxication occur

Answer 39

0.40%

Question 40

what syndrome can manifest from thiamine deficiency in alcoholics

Answer 40

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 41

what is cocaine washout syndrome

Answer 41

hypoactive state related to lack of snaptic neurotransmitters

Question 42

what electrolyte does cocaine affect and how does it affect heart

Answer 42

sodium channel-blocker - widened QRS or prolonged QT