CHP 25: HEMATOLOGIC EMERGENCIES

Question 1

3 parts of the hematopoietic system

Answer 1

bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

Question 2

hemolytic disorders vs hemostatic disorders

Answer 2

hemolytic: disease processes causing breakdown of RBCs

hemostatic: bleeding and clotting abnormalities

Question 3

average amount of blood in body

Answer 3

5-6L

Question 4

blood volume:
plasma ___%
formed elements ___%

Answer 4

plasma: 55%
formed elements: 45%

Question 5

RBCs aka ___
WBCs aka ___
platelets aka ___

Answer 5

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

Question 6

what is the Bohr effect

Answer 6

when RBCs encounter environment with higher concentration of CO2, they release the oxygen

Question 7

what is neutropenia

Answer 7

abnormally low number of neutrophils

Question 8

2 categories of immune system

Answer 8

humoral and cell-mediated

Question 9

what does humoral immunity consist of

Answer 9

antibodies/immunoglobulins

Question 10

what does cell-mediated immunity consist of

Answer 10

macrophages and T cells

Question 11

where are platelets stored when not circulating

Answer 11

spleen

Question 12

what is thrombocytosis

Answer 12

body produces too many platelets causing coagulation or clotting in vessels

Question 13

what is coagulopathy

Answer 13

any process that interferes with clotting cascade or hemostasis

Question 14

what is von Willebrand disease

Answer 14

blood’s ability to clot is decreased due to absence of key protein von Willebrand factor needed for platelet adhesion

Question 15

what is the primary site for cell production

Answer 15

bone marrow

Question 16

what produces clotting factors found in blood

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

what organ filters blood

Answer 17

liver

Question 18

what is the most common inherited blood disorder

Answer 18

sickle cell anemia

Question 19

what happens during an aplastic crisis

Answer 19

body temporarily stops RBC production

Question 20

what happens during hemolytic crisis

Answer 20

acute RBC destruction leads to jaundice

Question 21

what is vasoocclusive crisis

Answer 21

blood flow to organ becomes restricted causing pain, ischemia, and organ damage

Question 22

what is splenic sequestration crisis

Answer 22

sickle cells trapping blood within the spleen resulting in acute enlargement of spleen and hard, bloated abdomen

Question 23

what is icteric sclera

Answer 23

yellowing of eye

Question 24

definition of anemia

Answer 24

hemoglobin or RBC level lower than normal

Question 25

most common type of anemia

Answer 25

iron-deficient

Question 26

symptoms of anemia

Answer 26

fatigue, lethargy, dyspnea, chest discomfort

Question 27

what is leukopenia and its symptoms

Answer 27

reduction in WBCs - infection and fever

Question 28

what is thrombocytopenia and its symptoms

Answer 28

reduction in platelets - cutaneous bleeding and bleeding from mucous membranes (nose bleed)

Question 29

where does leukemia develop

Answer 29

lymphoid system

Question 30

symptoms of leukemia

Answer 30

bone pain, fever, soreness in chest, unexplained bleeding, high lymphocyte count in blood work

Question 31

two classifications of lymphomas

Answer 31

non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin

Question 32

symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 32

night sweats, chills, persistent cough, swelling of lymph nodes esp. in neck, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, bone pain, generalized itching

Question 33

what is polycythemia

Answer 33

overproduction of RBCs increasing blood viscosity and volume, increasing risk of thrombus formation

Question 34

two stages of disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer 34

1st: defibrination (breakdown of fibrin clots) occurs 2nd: uncontrolled hemorrhage

Question 35

what is purpura

Answer 35

small black and blue marks

Question 36

what is hemophilia

Answer 36

bleeding disorder where clotting is insufficient or doesn't occur

Question 37

two types of hemophilia

Answer 37

type A: low levels of factor VIII type B: deficiency of factor IX

Question 38

what is multiple myeloma

Answer 38

number of plasma cells in bone marrow abnormally increase leading to tumors in bone

Question 39

what time frame do transfusion reactions typically occur within

Answer 39

30-60mins

Question 40

universal donor: universal receiver:

Answer 40

O- AB+

Question 41

symptoms of acute transfusion reaction

Answer 41

rapid onset of chills, fever, back pain, vomiting, tachycardia, hypotension