CHP 20: EENT EMERGENCIES

Question 1

which cranial nerve provides sense of vision

Answer 1

2 - optic

Question 2

what is diabetic retinopathy

Answer 2

common complication of diabetes - small blood vessels in retina bleed into vitreous producing dark, floating spots or cobwebs in vision

Question 3

what can ocular pressure do

Answer 3

stimulate vagus nerve leading to vagal response in pt

Question 4

what does vision loss that does not improve with blinking indicate

Answer 4

damage to globe or optic nerve

Question 5

what does double vision indicate

Answer 5

trauma to extraocular muscles, fractured orbit

Question 6

what three tests should be performed when accessing ocular function

Answer 6

visual acuity (large and small letters), peripheral vision, ocular motility (have pt follow finger)

Question 7

what is dysconjugate gaze

Answer 7

discoordination between movements of two eyes

Question 8

damage to what nerve would render eyes unable to produce tears

Answer 8

7 - facial nerve

Question 9

what two medications do medics have for eyes

Answer 9

proparacaine and tetracaine

Question 10

what is anisocoria and what is it indicative of

Answer 10

pupils are not equal in size - ocular injuries or closed head trauma

Question 11

what surgery can cause anisocoria

Answer 11

unilateral cataract surgery

Question 12

only indication for removing contact lenses and why

Answer 12

chemical burn of the eye - contact may trap offending chemical, making irrigation difficult and worsening injury

Question 13

common name of conjunctivitis and what it is

Answer 13

“pink eye” - conjunctiva becomes inflamed and red from viral/bacterial infection, allergies, chemicals, or foreign bodies

Question 14

what is a chalazion and what causes it

Answer 14

small, painless lump or pustule on external eyelid that appears red and swollen - forms from blockage and swelling of an oil gland in the eyelid

Question 15

what is a hordeolum and what causes it

Answer 15

red, swollen, painful lump in eyelid or lid margin - infection of oil gland in eyelid

Question 16

what is an external hordeolum commonly called

Answer 16

stye

Question 17

treatment for inflammation of eyelid

Answer 17

warm compress to soften hardened oil block

Question 18

what is the aqueous humor and what does it do

Answer 18

clear, watery fluid that fills eye’s anterior chamber - maintains intraocular pressure, provides nutrients to eye, helps bend light

Question 19

where does the aqueous humor drain

Answer 19

canal of Schlemm

Question 20

most common form of glaucoma and what causes it

Answer 20

open-angle - aqueous humor drains too slowly and intraocular pressure builds up, damaging optic nerve

Question 21

normal-tension glaucoma and how it occurs

Answer 21

optic nerve is damaged and vision changes occur

Question 22

narrow-angle glaucoma and how it occurs

Answer 22

access to drainage channel is narrowed preventing proper drainage of aqueous humor, pressure builds in posterior eye chamber, pushing lens forward, pushes iris into drainage channel, blocking it

Question 23

S/S of narrow-angle glaucoma attack

Answer 23

severe eye pain, headache, photophobia, nausea, vomiting, cloudy cornea, blurred vision, halos around lights, irregular pupillary margins

Question 24

ophthalmoscope vs otoscope

Answer 24

ophthalmoscope: eye
otoscope: ear canal

Question 25

cause and S/S of central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 25

blood supply to retina becomes blocked from clot or embolus - sudden painless loss of vision in one eye

Question 26

what is central retinal artery occlusion associated with

Answer 26

apnea

Question 27

cause and S/S of iritis

Answer 27

inflammation of the iris from autoimmune disease, IBS, Crohn disease - red area surrounding the iris, cloudy vision, unusually shaped pupil

Question 28

cause of papilledema and S/S

Answer 28

swelling or inflammation of optic nerve at rear part of eye from ICP - "graying" in field of vision, headaches, nausea, vomiting, temporary vision loss, narrowing vision fields

Question 29

what is periorbital cellulitis and its causes

Answer 29

infection of eyelid insect bites, upper resp disorders, trauma

Question 30

orbital cellulitis causes and S/S

Answer 30

infection within eye socket sinusitis, tooth infections, facial/ear infections, trauma

Question 31

what causes corneal ulcers and S/S

Answer 31

untreated corneal abrasion - pain with extraocular movement, redness, excessive tearing, sensation of foreign object in eye, blurred/loss of vision, photophobia, headache

Question 32

a tumor on which nerve could affect inner ear and balance

Answer 32

8 - vestibucochlear

Question 33

what is cerumen

Answer 33

earwax

Question 34

what is pulsatile tinnitus and what causes it

Answer 34

patient hears constant whooshing, thumping, or throbbing sound - atherosclerosis, blood vessel disorders, HTN, head/neck tumors

Question 35

what is a Battle sign

Answer 35

discoloration/tenderness of mastoid process

Question 36

S/S of impacted cerumen

Answer 36

pressure or fullness feeling in ear, dizziness, ringing in ears, loss of hearing, pain/itching in ear

Question 37

what is labyrinthitis and its S/S

Answer 37

feeling of vertigo or loss of balance after ear infection or upper respiratory infection tinnitus, dizziness, temporary loss of hearing, nausea/vomiting

Question 38

4 symptoms of Meniere Disease

Answer 38

dizziness like spinning vertigo, low-frequency hearing loss, tinnitus, feeling of fullness in affected ear

Question 39

what causes Meniere Disease

Answer 39

overproduction of endolymphatic fluid which increases pressure in labyrinth until fluids mix, damaging hair cells

Question 40

what is otitis and its S/S

Answer 40

infection from bacterial growth in ear canal pain, itching, edema and erythema in canal, diminished hearing, inflamed/bulging eardrum

Question 41

damage to what cranial nerve causes loss of smell

Answer 41

1 - olfactory

Question 42

what is anosmia

Answer 42

total loss of sense of smell

Question 43

what is dysosmia

Answer 43

distorted sense of smell when person smells unpleasant odors that do not exist

Question 44

what is hyperosmia

Answer 44

increased sensitivity to smell

Question 45

what is hyposmia

Answer 45

decreased sense of smell

Question 46

what is presbyosmia

Answer 46

loss of smell from normal aging

Question 47

what is epistaxis

Answer 47

nosebleed

Question 48

anterior vs posterior epistaxis

Answer 48

anterior: bleed slowly, self-limiting, resolve slowly posterior: more severe and cause blood to drain into pt's throat

Question 49

blood or CSF from nose suggests what

Answer 49

skull fracture

Question 50

what is cerebrospinal rhinorrhea

Answer 50

CSF drainage from the nose

Question 51

persistent, foul-smelling purulent discharge from nares indicate what

Answer 51

foreign body in nose

Question 52

what is rhinitis and S/S

Answer 52

inflammation of nasal cavities nasal congestion, sneezing, itchy runny nose, itchy eyes, post nasal drip, possible cough

Question 53

what is sinusitis and its S/S

Answer 53

sinus inflammation when drainage from one or more sinuses (paranasal) become disrupted facial pressure/pain, sore throat, nasal congestion, toothache, headache, fever, chills, muscle aches and pains

Question 54

what is dysphagia

Answer 54

swallowing problems

Question 55

damage to what nerve can cause facial paralysis

Answer 55

7 - facial

Question 56

people with difficulty swallowing are at increased risk of what

Answer 56

aspiration pneumonia

Question 57

esophageal reflux and its symptoms

Answer 57

lower esophageal sphincter only partially closes, letting acidic stomach acids to come back up burning sensation in chest and indigestion

Question 58

what is dentalgia

Answer 58

tooth ache

Question 59

how to determine if dental abscess infection has become systemic

Answer 59

fever, chills, nausea, vomiting

Question 60

what are cold sores

Answer 60

painful sores on the mouth caused by herpesvirus

Question 61

what are canker sores

Answer 61

painful ulcers in mouth from stress or trauma (braces)

Question 62

what is leukoplakia

Answer 62

excess cell growth in mouth that represent as white patches usually from smoking

Question 63

what is gingivitis

Answer 63

red swollen gums that bleed easily during brushing

Question 64

what is breath odor that smells of urine or fishy is indicative of what

Answer 64

chronic renal failure

Question 65

feces smelling breath is indicative of what

Answer 65

bowel obstruction

Question 66

what is oral candidiasis and S/S

Answer 66

"thrush" fungus grows in mouth in immunocompromised patients or use inhaled corticosteroids white lesions, slight bleeding, pain, cracking, redness at corners of mouth, loss of taste, "cottony" feeling in mouth

Question 67

what is Ludwig angina and S/S

Answer 67

caused by bacteria from infected tooth root on floor of mouth under the tongue difficulty breathing and swallowing, neck pain and swelling, drooling, altered speech sounds

Question 68

what is epiglottitis and S/S

Answer 68

inflammation of epiglottis usually in peds fever, sore throat, painful swallowing, stridor, respiratory distress, "tripod", drooling due to inability to swallow

Question 69

what is laryngitis and S/S

Answer 69

swelling and inflammation of the larynx hoarseness/loss of voice, fever, swollen lymph nodes

Question 70

what is tracheitis and S/S

Answer 70

infection of trachea croup-like barking cough, difficulty breathing, high fever, high-pitched stridor, intercostal retractions