CHP 21: GI EMERGENCIES Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
two behavioral risk factors for GI disorders
A
smoking and excessive alcohol comsumption
2
Q
which organ produces bile
A
liver
3
Q
what does the pancreas produce
A
enzymes to break down proteins, fats, and carbs
insulin, somatostatin, glucagon
4
Q
which organ stores bile
A
gallbladder
5
Q
which organ filters blood
A
spleen
6
Q
where is the stomach located
A
left upper quadrant
7
Q
where is the liver located
A
right side of central upper abdomen
8
Q
where is the spleen located
A
left upper abdomen
9
Q
what is the major site for chemical breakdown of food and vitamin absorption
A
duodenum
10
Q
what is the major site for water reabsorption
A
colon
11
Q
where does 90% of absorption occur
A
small intestine
12
Q
what does pancreatic juice do
A
helps neutralize gastric acid
13
Q
what organ converts glycogen to glucose
A
liver
14
Q
what does the appendix secrete
A
T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin A
15
Q
why is SpO2 not reliable with GI bleeds
A
pt’s can have decreased hemoglobin levels
16
Q
what is melena
A
black, tarry stool
17
Q
what is cholecystitis and what usually causes a flareup of it
A
inflammation of the gallbladder
fatty meals
18
Q
what are striae
A
stretch marks
19
Q
what is a scaphoid abdomen a result of
A
decreased abdominal volume (diaphragmatic hernia, dehydration, malnutrition)
20
Q
what is borborygmi
A
stomach growling
21
Q
how should the abdomen sound to percussion
A
tympanic (empty)
22
Q
rebound tenderness is also called what
A
parietal pain
23
Q
visceral pain
-origin
-description
-cause
A
hollow organs
dull, cramping, poorly localized
organ contracts too much or is distended
24
Q
parietal pain/rebound pain
-origin
-description
-cause
A
peritoneum
steady, achy pain, easy to localize, increases with movement
inflammation of peritoneum
25
somatic pain
-origin
-description
-cause
peripheral nerve tracts
localized deep pain, sharp/stabbing
irritation or injury to tissue
26
referred pain
-origin
-description
-cause
peripheral nerve tracts
pain originating in stomach and causing pain elsewhere
occurs after initial visceral, parietal, or somatic pain
27
3 vitals showing significant volume loss during orthostatic BP
decrease in systolic BP by 20
increase in diastolic BP by 10
increase in HR by 20
28
S/S of hyponatremia
low sodium - muscle weakness, cramps, coma, convulsions
29
S/S of hypernatremia
coma, convulsions
30
S/S of hypokalemia
muscle cramps, weakness, paralysis, dysrhythmias, flattened T waves, U waves
31
S/S of hyperkalemia
muscle weakness, cramps dysrhythmias, tall T waves
32
what is hematochezia
bright red blood in the stool
33
what causes esophagogastric varices
pressure increases in the blood vessels that surround the esophagus and stomach
34
what is pruritus
itching
35
what is Mallory-Weiss syndrome
vomiting increases pressure and junction between esophagus and stomach tears - does not go entirely through esophagus wall
36
what is Boerhaave syndrome
occurs during vomiting, esophagus tears longitudinally completely through wall
37
how to differentiate Boerhaave from other throat bleeding
sudden upper chest pain and little bleeding, swallowing exacerbates pain
38
what is peptic ulcer disease
protective layer of stomach and duodenum have been eroded and acid starts to eat the organ
39
what is gastritis
preulcerative state in which stomach is inflamed but erosion has not occurred
40
what are Curling ulcers
cause by stress related to burns
41
what are Cushing ulcers
caused by head injuries or brain tumors
42
what is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
tumors within pancreas and duodenum cause increased gastric acid production leading to peptic ulcer disease
43
what is dyspepsia
belching, bloating, and fatty food intolerance
44
what is the result of a perforated ulcer
peritonitis with rebound tenderness and potential hypotension
45
what is GERD
lower esophageal sphincter opens and allows stomach acid to move up
46
what is a hiatal hernia
protrusion of portion of stomach through the diaphragm
47
treatment for GERD and hiatal hernias
antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors
48
what can large amounts of antacids cause
metabolic alkalosis
49
what are anal fissures
linear tears to mucosal lining near anus that can cause lower GI bleeds
50
what is dyspepsia
heartburn
51
what is stricture
abnormal narrowing of a structure
52
what are lower esophageal strictures most often caused by
GERD
53
what medication can be used for esophageal stricture/stenosis
glucagon because it causes dilation of esophagus
54
what is hepatitis
inflammation of liver
55
what is ascites and what is it most commonly associated with
abdominal edema - peritonitis
56
where will pain be located with appendicitis
right lower quadrant
57
where will pain be located with ruptured diverticulum
left lower quadrant
58
what is dunphy sign
peritoneal pain increasing with coughing
59
what are Biliary tract disorders
involve inflammation of the gallbladder
60
what is cholangitis
inflammation of bile ductw
61
hat is cholelithiasis
gallstones
62
five Fs of cholecystitis
fair, fat, female, fertile, fourty-fifty
63
what is a positive Murphy sign
sudden increase of pain on inspiration
64
what is Charcot triad and what is it indicative of
fever, right upper quadrant pain, jaundice - inflammation of common bile duct
65
3 classic presentations of appendicitis
early (periumbilical pain, vomiting, fever)
ripe (pain in lower right quadrant - McBurney point)
rupture (decrease in pain from pressure, severe abdominal pain, rebound tenderness)
66
where is pain located in pancreatitis
left upper quadrant with radiation to the back
67
what nutrient deficiency is common with pancreatitis and what symptom is present
hypocalcemia - muscle spasms
68
what is Cullen sign
bruising around umbilicus
69
what is Grey Turner sign
bruising in flanks
70
what is IBD and what two conditions fall under this umbrella term
chronic inflammation of all parts of GI tract
ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease
71
ulcerative colitis and its symptoms
generalized inflammation of the colon resulting in weakened, dilated rectum
rectal discharge, left lower quadrant pain, tenesmus
72
what is tenesmus
feeling of rectal fullness
73
Crohn disease and its symptoms
inflammation occurs in patches, usually in the ileum
rectal bleeding, weight loss, arthritis
74
three main factors with IBS
hypersensitivity of bowel pain receptors, hyperresponsiveness of smooth muscle in bowel, psychiatric disorder connection
75
3 characteristics of cirrhosis
portal hypertension, coagulation deficiencies, diminished detoxification
76
what is icteric conjunctiva
yellow eyes
77
what causes jaundiced skin
buildup of bilirubin
78
what is hepatic encephalopathy
brain function impairment secondary to cirrhosis from rising ammonia levels and change in blood-brain barrier's permeability
79
what is intussusception
telescoping of intestines into themselves
80
what is volvulus
twisting of the intestines
81
peds tend to have entrapment at the ____, adults tend to have entrapment at the ___
UES, LES
82
83
primary symptoms of esophageal obstruction
dysphagia and drooling
83
what is strangulated obstruction
bowel becomes twisted or blood supply is compromised and ischemia occurs
84
most common 2 causes of large bowel obstruction
colon cancer and diverticulitis
85
what is a hernia
protrusion of an organ or structure into an adjacent cavity
86
what is a reducible hernia
will return to its normal location spontaneously or by manual manipulation
87
what is an incarcerated hernia
organ is trapped in new location, most common consequence is bowel obstruction
88
what is a strangulated hernia
intestine trapped and squeezed to where blood supply to area is diminished
89
what is an incisional hernia
intestinal contents herniating through an incision after abdominal surgery
90
what type of hernia is a life-threatening emergency
strangulated
91
four main causes of mesenteric ischemia
acute arterial embolism, acute arterial thrombosis, profound vasospasm, mesenteric venous thrombosis
92
what is cachexia
malnutrition and weight loss
93
