CHP 24: ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES

Question 1

chemical messengers that are secreted into bloodstream by endocrine glands

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

what is the link between the endocrine system and the nervous system

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

what structure controls release of hormones by pituitary gland

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

a decrease in the body’s water content triggers release of what

Answer 4

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 5

what are tropic hormones

Answer 5

hormones secreted to stimulate release of other hormones

Question 6

the ___ secretes TSH so the thyroid releases what?

Answer 6

anterior pituitary gland, T4

Question 7

which gland secretes calcitonin and what is it for

Answer 7

thyroid - limits calcium levels

Question 8

what does the parathyroid hormone do

Answer 8

antagonist to calcitonin - stimulates osteoclasts to break down done and decreases calcium released in urine from kidneys

Question 9

main function of the thymus gland

Answer 9

helps immune system identify and destroy foreign substances

Question 10

which organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 10

pancreas

Question 11

where is the islets of Langerhans

Answer 11

pancreas

Question 12

3 types of cells and what they release in islets of Langerhans

Answer 12

alpha: glucagon
beta: insulin
delta: somatostatin

Question 13

what organ does glucagon stimulate and to do what

Answer 13

the liver to convert glycogen into sugar

Question 14

what organ does insulin stimulate and to do what

Answer 14

the liver to store glucose as glycogen

Question 15

where are the adrenal glands located

Answer 15

superior aspect of each kidney

Question 16

2 sections of adrenal glands

Answer 16

cortex and medulla

Question 17

what does aldosterone do

Answer 17

stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium from urine to increase blood volume and BP

Question 18

what organ releases aldosterone

Answer 18

adrenal cortex

Question 19

what organ releases norepi and epi

Answer 19

adrenal medulla

Question 20

norepi vs epi

Answer 20

norepi: raises BP through arterioconstriction and bronchiole dilation

epi: stimulates sympathetic nervous system and stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose for energy

Question 21

what do the testes produce

Answer 21

androgens

Question 22

anterior pituitary gland directions actions of ovaries through what two hormones

Answer 22

FSH and LH

Question 23

two hormones released by ovaries

Answer 23

estrogen and progesterone (small amount of testosterone)

Question 24

what causes myxedema coma

Answer 24

severe, untreated hypothyroidism

Question 25

what causes thyrotoxicosis

Answer 25

excessive levels of thryoid hormone

Question 26

3 tell-tale signs of Cushing syndrome

Answer 26

buffalo hump, moon face, acne

Question 27

mottled skin can be associated with what

Answer 27

pancreatitis

Question 28

what causes SIADH and its symptoms

Answer 28

excess ADH causes decreased urinary output and systemic fluid overload symptoms: enlarged or abnormal body parts with edema

Question 29

what is anasarca

Answer 29

extreme generalized edema

Question 30

what is exophthalmos

Answer 30

protruding eyeballs

Question 31

what is Graves disease and its symptoms

Answer 31

autoimmune disorder that causes thyroid gland hypertrophy and severe hyperthyroidism symptoms: exophthalmos

Question 32

what is panhypopituitarism

Answer 32

inadequate production or absence of pituitary hormones

Question 33

symptoms in patients with undiagnosed or poorly managed diabetes

Answer 33

polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia

Question 34

symptoms in patients with hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis

Answer 34

tachycardia, PVCs and atrial dysrhythmias (PACs)

Question 35

what skin condition is a classic sign of shock or hypoglycemia

Answer 35

cold and clammy

Question 35

what skin condition is a sign of sedative OD or alcohol intoxication

Answer 35

cold and dry

Question 36

what skin condition is a sign of hyperglycemia or heatstroke

Answer 36

hot and dry

Question 37

what do Kussmaul respirations often signify

Answer 37

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 38

what two breathing motions require intact brainstem and what two indicate brainstem damage

Answer 38

intact: yawn and sneezing damaged: hiccupping and coughing

Question 39

3 signs in Cushing reflex

Answer 39

slowing pulse, rising BP, erratic respiratory pattern

Question 40

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 40

disease of body's inability to sufficiently metabolize glucose

Question 41

what is polyphagia

Answer 41

increased appetite

Question 42

what is polydipsia

Answer 42

increased thirst

Question 43

what is polyuria

Answer 43

excessive urine

Question 44

how does diabetes affect kidneys

Answer 44

principal cause of kidney failure because it causes kidneys to work harder

Question 45

what is microangiopathy

Answer 45

deterioration of vessel walls

Question 46

why does diabetes increase chance of heart disease

Answer 46

lipolysis increases level of fat in blood and adheres to vessel walls

Question 47

what contributes to increased risk of silent MI in diabetes patients

Answer 47

microangiopathy and neuropathy

Question 48

what is neuropathy

Answer 48

nerve damage that results in loss of sensation

Question 49

which type of diabetes is insulin-dependent

Answer 49

type 1

Question 50

what is latent autoimmune diabetes

Answer 50

variant of type 1 diabetes that occurs in adults older than 30y/o

Question 51

what happens in type 2 diabetes

Answer 51

"insulin resistance" body can't produce enough insulin to compensate for inability to use insulin effectively

Question 52

type 1 diabetes is insulin ____ type 2 diabetes is insulin ____

Answer 52

dependent resistant

Question 53

what is metformin prescribed for

Answer 53

type 2 diabetes

Question 54

how to test for prediabetes

Answer 54

A1c blood test

Question 55

when is gestational diabetes usually diagnosed and when does it peak

Answer 55

28 weeks, third trimester

Question 56

hypoglycemia is less than ___mg/dL

Answer 56

45

Question 57

3 lines of defense for hypoglycemia

Answer 57

1st: reduce insulin production and increase glucagon production 2nd: catecholamine release (will show as tachycardia) and cortisol 3rd: ANS stimulation for counter-regulatory hormones

Question 58

what is the dawn phenomenon

Answer 58

body releasing cortisol and catecholamines in the morning before waking triggers release of glucose from the liver

Question 59

what os Somogyi effect

Answer 59

low BGL causes release of hormones that trigger release of glucose from liver

Question 60

what BGL range does HHNS occur

Answer 60

above 600

Question 61

treatment for DKA with peaked T waves

Answer 61

1L of saline, albuterol, calcium chloride, sodium bicarb

Question 62

what is hyperosmolarity

Answer 62

highly concentrated blood as a result of releative dehydration

Question 63

2 most common causes of pancreatitis

Answer 63

gallstones and alcohol abuse

Question 64

what causes flank pain with pain worsening when patient is placed supine

Answer 64

pancreatitis

Question 65

what disease is linked to primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 65

Addison disease

Question 66

what is Addison disease caused by

Answer 66

atrophy/destruction of adrenal glands

Question 67

S/S of Addison disease

Answer 67

weight loss, fatigue, salt craving, joint pain, postural dizziness, increased pigmentation, palmar creases

Question 68

treatment for Addison disease

Answer 68

Hydrocortisone, 5% dextrose saline

Question 69

what is secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 69

lack of ACTH secretion from pituitary gland

Question 70

most common cause of addisonian crisis

Answer 70

corticosteroid withdrawal

Question 71

what causes Cushing syndrome

Answer 71

overproduction of cortisol by adrenal glands or excessive corticosteroid use

Question 72

symptoms of Cushing syndrome

Answer 72

weight gain "moon face" or "buffalo hump", darkening of neck skin, high BGL, increased thirst/urination

Question 73

what is pheochromocytoma

Answer 73

tumor in the medulla of adrenal gland causes excessive release of epi and norepi

Question 74

what is acromegaly

Answer 74

over secretion of GH from anterior pituitary gland (usually from tumor) that causes gigantism

Question 75

what is dwarfism

Answer 75

under secretion of GH from anterior pituitary gland causing delayed development and growth

Question 76

what causes a goiter

Answer 76

hypertrophied thyroid from Graves disease

Question 77

what is exophthalmos and what disease is it linked to

Answer 77

edema of tissue behind eyes - Graves

Question 78

what is pretibial myxedema and what disease is it linked to

Answer 78

"orange peel" appearance and non-pitting edema in leg below knee - Graves

Question 79

what is myxedema

Answer 79

adult hypothyroidism

Question 80

what causes thyrotoxicosis

Answer 80

excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone

Question 81

most common cause of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 81

benign tumor on the gland called adenoma

Question 82

2 hormone levels that characterize hyperparathyroidism

Answer 82

hypercalcemia and decreased phosphate levels

Question 83

what is panhypopituitarism

Answer 83

inadequate production or absence of pituitary hormones

Question 84

what is diabetes insipidus

Answer 84

body can't regulate fluid due to lack of ADH or kidneys are unable to respond appropriately

Question 85

difference between diabetes insipidus and SIADH

Answer 85

diabetes insipidus: decreased levels of ADH, polyuria, dehydration SIADH: increased ADH levels, oliguria, systemic fluid overload

Question 86

what is SIADH

Answer 86

excess of ADH causing decreased urinary output