Canine Infectious Disease Flashcards
(264 cards)
1
Q
what does infection with parvovirus cause?
A
severe haemorrhagic vomiting and/or diarrhoea with leukopenia
2
Q
what is a major cause of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs?
A
canine parvovirus (CPV2)
3
Q
how is canine parvovirus (CPV2) spread?
A
highly effective faeco-oral spread
large amounts shed in diarrhoea
low infective dose
4
Q
what makes canine parvovirus (CPV2) so highly transmissible?
A
large amounts shed in diarrhoea
low infective dose
virus is resistant and remains infective for up to 1 year
5
Q
what is canine parvovirus (CPV2) inactivated by?
A
formalin and hypochlorite disinfectants
6
Q
is canine parvovirus (CPV2) vaccine part of the CORE protocol?
A
yes
7
Q
what tissue is targeted by canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
rapidly dividing tissue e.g. neonatal myocardium, intestinal crypts and bone marrow
8
Q
what rapidly dividing tissues are targeted by canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
neonatal myocardium
intestinal crypt
bone marrow
9
Q
how does canine parvovirus (CPV2) cause haemorrhagic diarrhoea and vomiting?
A
attacks crypts which produce new enterocytes, no more are produced leaving villi bald and leads to ulceration and leaking blood from GI wall
10
Q
what is the signalment for canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
inadequately protected puppy - 3-6 months old concurrent infections (e.g. Campylobacter spp) unvaccinated adult (less common)
11
Q
does the severity of canine parvovirus (CPV2) infection vary?
A
yes
12
Q
what are the clinical signs of canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
hemorrhagic diarrhoea (+/- vomiting) anorexia depression abdominal pain neutropenia
13
Q
what causes haemorrhagic diarrhoea in canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
intestinal crypt necrosis
14
Q
what causes neutropenia in canine parvovirus (CPV2) cases?
A
bone marrow necrosis
15
Q
what are canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients at extreme risk of?
A
sepsis
16
Q
why are canine parvovirus (CPV2) at extreme risk of sepsis?
A
due to ulcerated GI tract which will allow intestinal bacteria into blood stream and neutropenia which reduces host defences
17
Q
what are the signs of sepsis?
A
pyrexia
cardiovascular compromise
possibly death
18
Q
what may lead to suspicion of canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
presentation and history
19
Q
what animals should be tested for canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
every puppy with SI haemorrhagic diarrhoea and/or neutropenia
20
Q
what signs may be seen in an animal with canine parvovirus (CPV2) due to GI blood loss?
A
anaemia and hypoproteinaemia
electrolyte imbalances
21
Q
what test may be used to diagnose canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
A
faecal parvovirus antigen ELISA
22
Q
if the patient with suspected canine parvovirus (CPV2) tests negative but you remain suspicious what should you do?
A
repeat test
23
Q
when may a false + for canine parvovirus (CPV2) on an ELISA be gained?
A
4-8 days post live vaccine
24
Q
how is canine parvovirus (CPV2) treated?
A
aggressive IVFT
naso-oesophageal tube trickle feeding once vomiting is under control
25
what route of administration may be required for IVFT for a patient with canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
IO
26
what route of administration is not appropriate for IVFT for a patient with canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
SQ
27
what electrolytes should be monitored in the patient with canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
K+ and glucose
28
why does glucose need to be monitored in a puppy with canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
reduction in glycogen stores due to small liver and possibility of not eating for a number of hours
29
what is early feeding of canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients linked to?
faster recovery
| lower mortality
30
what drugs may be given to canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients?
anti-emetic (Mariopitant)
| antiobiotics
31
why may antibiotics be given to canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients?
risk of bacteria from GI tract entering the blood stream
32
when may antibiotics be given to canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients?
if severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea and / or neutropenic
33
what antibiotic will be given to canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients?
Amoxicillin clavulanate (IV)
34
what treatment for canine parvovirus (CPV2) is not commonly used?
feline interferon
35
what are the key elements of nursing care for canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients?
```
ensure comfortable
ensure warm
ensure euhydrated and euvolaemic
early nutrition is essential
dedicated nurse or nurse last
```
36
how can canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients be made comfortable?
reduce risk of scald:
keep bottom clean and dry
keep face/jaw clean and dry
apply barrier cream
37
what conditions of the canine parvovirus (CPV2) patient must be reported straight away?
pyrexia or hypothermia
38
what is essential to canine parvovirus (CPV2) recovery?
early eating - time, patience and company required
39
what sort of nursing is required for canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
barrier nursing
40
what does recovery from canine parvovirus (CPV2) infection lead to?
lifelong protection
41
what does the prognosis of canine parvovirus (CPV2) patients depend on?
multiple patient factors (e.g. viral load, immunity, patient health)
provision of supportive care
42
how much may fatality from canine parvovirus (CPV2) with low level care?
>50%
43
what is feline parvovirus known as?
feline panleukopenia
| feline infectious enteritus
44
how can cats be protected from feline parvovirus?
CORE modified live vaccine
45
how is feline parvovirus similar to canine parvovirus (CPV2)?
same clinical syndrome
46
what can natural infection or live vaccination of the queen during pregnancy lead to in kittens?
cerebellar hypoplasia (ataxia when born)
47
where are leptospiral organisms found?
ubiquitous globally
48
what can leptospiral organisms cause?
systemic infection of many mammals
49
how do cats respond to leptospiral diseases?
relatively resistant
50
what are leptospira species divided into?
serogroups
51
what are leptospira serogroups divided into?
serovars
52
where are some leptospira serovars found?
saprophytic so found on dead or dying matter
53
how many leptospira serovars are recognised?
>250
54
how many leptospira serovars are associated with canine disease?
at least 10
55
what are leptospiral serovars adapted to?
host (single or multiple)
56
how do leptospires contaminate the environment?
infected urine
57
can Leptospires replicate outside the host?
no
58
what inactivates Leptospires?
exposure to heat/frosts
| UV irradiation
59
where do leptospires survive well?
in warm / wet conditions for weeks to months
60
what are the risk factors for Leptospirosis?
lifestyle reflecting environmental exposure
| e.g. working dogs, swimming, often muddy
61
how does Leptospirosis infection occur?
via contaminated urine (including fomites) contacting MM or compromised skin
62
where do Leptospires replicate?
within the blood stream (leptospiraemia)
63
how do leptospires come to be shed in urine?
cause renal infection and are then shed in urine (leptospiruria)
64
what is the incubation period for Leptospirosis?
approx. 1 week
65
what is the incubation period of Leptospirosis determined by?
serovar pathogenicity, infecting dose and the host response
66
what is the typical presentation of Leptospirosis?
acute
67
what is the clinical presentation of Leptospirosis?
hepatic injury (+/- jaundice)
renal injury (+/- failure)
acute pulmonary haemorrhage
Vasculitis
68
what are the main non-specific signs of hepatic and renal injury?
lethargy
inappetance
vomiting
diarrhoea
69
what are the key signs of Leptospirosis?
pyrexia
lethargy
inappetance
signs relating to affected organ systems
70
what are the common examination findings of an animal with leptospirosis?
```
lethargic
dull
frequently pyrexic
+/- jaundice
+/- petechial haemorrhages
mild generalised lymphadenomegally
```
71
why are petechial haemorrhages often seen in Leptospirosis patients?
due to poor platelet function
72
what are the common laboratory findings in patients with leptospirosis?
thrombocytopenia
hepatic injury +/- jaundice
renal injury - azotemia - due to AKI
73
what is the urine output of a patient with Leptospirosis likely to be like?
anuria or polyuria possible due to AKI
74
how should urine output be monitored in a patient with Leptospirosis?
roughly monitor by eye as there should be no direct contact due to zoonotic risk
75
how is Leptospirosis diagnosed?
demonstration of serologic conversion
| organism identification before antibiotic therapy
76
what test is commonly used to identify Leptospirosis organism to diagnose?
PCR
77
when should treatment for Leptospirosis begin?
if suspicious should start before results of test become available (can take up to a week)
78
what drug is used to treat Leptospirosis?
Doxycycline
79
how long is the course of Doxycycline needed to treat Leptospirosis?
2 weeks
80
who else may need to be treated with Doxycycline if a dog has Leptospirosis?
contacts
81
what is a risk associated with Doxycycline?
oesophageal stricture if drug remains in oesophagus for any length of time
82
what drug is often used to treat Leptospirosis before the dog is able to eat?
amoxicillin clavulanate (IV) pending clinical improvement
83
what supportive treatment will be offered when treating Leptospirosis?
for any affected organs
84
how many Leptospirosis patients make a full recovery?
>50%
85
if the animal doesn't make a full clinical recovery from Leptospirosis what are the other outcomes?
chronic disease due to permanently damaged organs
| fatal
86
how should Leptospirosis cases be nursed?
barrier nursing
87
what disinfectants must be used when cleaning after / around a Leptospirosis case?
chlorine or phenol based
88
what must you ensure happens to the cage of an animal with Leptospirosis while they are in?
adequate signage to ensure people are aware of zoonotic potential
89
where should Leptospirosis cases be allowed to urinate?
designated area to avoid any other dogs coming into contact
90
what are the considerations that must be made regarding phlebotomy in Leptospirosis patients?
they have low platelets so samples should only be taken from peripheral veins where adequate pressure can be placed
91
what must humans treating Leptospirosis cases avoid contact with?
bodily fluid of the affected animal, especially urine and blood
92
what is the name of Leptospirosis caused disease in humans?
Weil's disease
93
what are the typical symptoms of Weil's disease in humans?
typically mild and flu like
94
what are the less typical signs of Weil's disease in humans?
severe multisystemic life threatening illness (+/- abortions)
95
why must pregnant women not handle Leptospirosis cases?
as Weil's disease can lead to abortion
96
what type of virus is Distemper?
enveloped RNA virus
97
what family is canine distemper virus part of?
paramyxoviridae
98
how long can canine distemper virus survive in the environment?
less than 1 day
99
how is canine distemper virus inactivated?
heat, drying and disinfectants
100
why is canine distemper virus rare in the UK?
due to vaccination
101
where is the main risk of canine distemper virus infection found?
within high concentrations of unvaccinated dogs (e.g. puppy farms)
102
how is canine distemper virus transmitted?
oronasal secretions through direct contact or large particle aerosol
103
where does canine distemper virus replicate within the body?
tonsils / lymphoid tissue of upper respiratory tract
104
how does canine distemper virus disseminate to entire reticuloendothelial system?
enters monocytes and uses them to move round the body
105
where is canine distemper virus shed from?
all body secretions / excretions
106
when is canine distemper virus shed?
before clinical signs
107
where does canine distemper virus tend to localise?
epithelial tissue
108
where in the body does canine distemper virus often affect?
```
respiratory
GI
CNS
urinary
skin
RBC/WBC
```
109
why does the acute presentation of canine distemper virus vary?
due to host health/immunity, pathogenicity of strain, dose received etc
110
how may canine distemper virus present?
sub-clinical to rapidly progressive and fatal
111
what are the main signs of canine distemper virus?
```
pyrexia
lethargy
respiratory signs
GI
+/- neurological
secondary infection common
```
112
do canine distemper virus patients show all signs?
no
113
what are the main respiratory signs of canine distemper virus?
cough
naso-ocular discharge
+/- pneumonia
114
what are the main GI signs of canine distemper virus?
vomiting
| diarrhoea
115
can patients recover from acute presentation of canine distemper virus?
yes
116
what is the main chronic manifestation of canine distemper virus?
CNS signs
117
what are the main CNS signs of chronic canine distemper virus?
seizures
ataxia
myoclonus (twitching)
118
in how many canine distemper virus dogs are CNS signs seen?
30%
119
what are the other chronic canine distemper virus signs aside from CNS?
occular signs
dental
dermatological
120
what are the ocular signs of canine distemper virus?
various inflammatory manifestations +/- blindness
121
what are the dental signs of chronic canine distemper virus?
enamel and dentine hypoplasia
122
what are the dermatological signs of canine distemper virus?
foot pad and nasal planum hyperkeratosis
123
are there any specific laboratory screening signs associated with canine distemper virus?
none specific - lymphopenia is common
124
how is canine distemper virus diagnosed?
identification of the organism using swabs and samples
125
what techniques are used to diagnose canine distemper virus?
cytology
antigen / ELISA assays
PCR
post mortem histopathology
126
what are you looking for in cytology to diagnose canine distemper virus?
viral inclusions in leukocytes, conjunctival cells, fluid samples etc
127
what nursing is required for canine distemper virus?
barrier and isolation
128
is there a direct treatment available for canine distemper virus?
no anti viral currently available
129
what must be managed when treating canine distemper virus?
secondary infections
130
what could the role of vitamin A be in treatment of canine distemper virus?
has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in ferrets when given before infection
131
what are surviving, apparently recovered canine distemper virus dogs at risk of?
future CNS signs
132
when may a dog with canine distemper virus be euthanised?
if CNS signs become progressively worse leading to poor QOL
133
what does recovery from canine distemper virus infection lead to?
life long immunity
134
what does immunity to canine distemper virus require?
antibodies
| cell mediated immunity
135
what does canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1) lead to?
infectious canine hepatitis
136
what does CAV-2 lead to?
mild respiratory disease
137
what disease complex is CAV-2 part of?
Kennel cough complex
138
what are dogs vaccinated against to prevent CAV-1?
CAV-2
139
why does vaccination against CAV-2 protect against CAV-1?
due to the antigenic similarities between CAV-1 and 2
140
what did vaccination using CAV-1 lead to in some dogs?
glomerulopathy and corneal oedema (blue eye)
141
is CAV-2 vaccine part of the CORE vaccine?
yes
142
how long can CAV-1 survive at room temperature?
for months
143
what is CAV-1 inactivated by?
disinfectants
144
what dogs are typically affected by CAV-1?
juvenile or unvaccinated
145
is CAV-1 common in the UK?
no
146
why may prevalence of CAV-1 increase in the UK?
puppy trading and imports
147
in what other species does CAV-1 cause disease?
other dog like species (not ferrets)
148
how is CAV-1 shed?
in saliva, urine and faeces
149
how long is CAV-1 shed for?
months following infection
150
how is CAV-1 transmitted?
direct dog to dog contact or via fomites
151
where does CAV-1 enter the body?
oro-nasopharynx / conjunctiva
152
where does CAV-1 replicate?
tonsils
153
where does CAV-1 spread to?
Lymph nodes and blood stream through lymphatic system
154
what are the main target cells of CAV-1?
hepatocytes and endothelial cells
155
what is seen in the nucleus of CAV-1 affected cells?
intra-nuclear inclusion bodies
156
what causes widespread tissue damage in CAV-1 infection?
cell injury and lysis due to replication of CAV-1 in host cell nucleus
157
how long is CAV-1 incubated for before clinical signs are seen?
4-9 days
158
what level of CAV-1 disease will be seen in dogs with immunological competence?
mild or subclinical disease
159
what are the 3 reported clinical disease syndromes of CAV-1?
per-acute
acute
sub acute to chronic
160
how fast is the onset of per acute CAV-1 infection?
sudden
161
describe per acute CAV-1 infection
circulatory collapse and death in 1-2 days
162
when will sub acute to chronic CAV-1 infection occur?
if partially immune
163
what happens during sub acute to chronic CAV-1 infection?
progression of disease to hepatic failure and death
164
what is the most common clinical CAV-1 disease syndrome?
acute
165
what is the mortality of acute CAV-1 infection?
up to 30%
166
describe acute CAV-1 infection
severe disease lasting 1-2 weeks
167
what are the clinical signs of CAV-1?
```
hepatic injury
petechial / ecchymotic haemorrhages
+/- GI haemorrhage
conjunctivitis
pyrexia
lethargy
inappetance
vomiting
diarrhoea
tachypnoea
+/- glomerular / tubular damage
```
168
when will further injury cease in CAV-1 cases?
when there is a robust immune response (~7 days)
169
what haematology findings are often seen with CAV-1?
leukopenia
neutropenia
+/- pancytopenia
170
what will biochemistry results for CAV-1 diagnosis reflect?
hepatocellular injury and dysfunction
| frequent coagulopathies
171
what will serum results show in CAV-1 patients if they survive acute illness?
rising antibodies - if they survive
172
how is CAV-1 identified in samples from the patient?
PCR
173
what samples are used to perform PCR for CAV-1 diagnosis?
nasal/occular/rectal swabs
body fluids
tissues
174
what type of nursing is required for CAV-1 patients?
isolation and barrier
175
what supportive therapies will be needed for CAV-1 patients?
```
fluids
nutrition
nausea? - anti emetic
encephalopathic
pain
specific ophthalmic care (if signs present)
```
176
why may CAV-1 patients be encephalopathic?
accumulation of toxins in the brain due to liver compromise
177
what can be seen in survivors of CAV-1?
chronic hepatitis and glomerulonephritis
178
what does recovery from natural infection with CAV-1 provide?
life long immunity
179
what does canine herpes virus cause latent infection of?
neural ganglia
180
when can canine herpes virus reactivate?
at times of stress
181
what is the typical transmission method of canine herpes virus in adults?
venereal
182
what does canine herpes virus infection present like in adults?
subclinical upper respiratory tract disease and genital disease
183
why is canine herpes virus disease usually only seen in puppies?
replicates at <37 degrees which is cooler than adult body temperature
184
what is canine herpes virus known as?
fading puppy syndrome
185
what can exposure of a naive pregnant bitch to CAV-1 in the last trimester lead to?
abortion / neonatal death in up to 100% of litter
186
what 3 pathogens are part of the kennel cough complex?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV)
canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2)
187
what is kennel cough known as?
canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) or infectious tracheobronchitis
188
what signs does canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) lead to?
acute and self limiting harsh and hacking cough
189
what technique is sometimes used to test for canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)?
tracheal pinch
190
what are the limitations of tracheal pinch to diagnose canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)?
non-specific
| cough can often be triggered by this method in a healthy animal
191
what are the less common signs associated with canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)?
concurrent oculo-nasal signs
| progression to pneumonia
192
what are the risk factors for canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)?
high density of dogs in an environment
| previous exposure
193
how is canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) transmitted?
aerosol - direct and fomite
194
what should be considered if owner phones to book an appointment for a coughing dog?
possibility of kennel cough (canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC))
195
what should owners of a coughing dog be advised to do before they visit the vet?
wait in the car
| avoid socialising with other dogs
196
how should a non-pyrexic, otherwise healthy dog with kennel cough be managed?
given time (1-2 weeks)
+/- NSAIDs
+/- cough suppressants if cough non-productive
197
how should a pyrexic dog with kennel cough and lower respiratory or systemic signs be managed?
doxycycline
radiography if LRT signs
consider other infectious diseases / diagnostics if systemic
198
what bacteria can all be isolated from healthy dog faeces?
e. coli
Clostridium perfringens
campylobacter spp.
salmonella spp.
199
what is the zoonotic potential of alot of bacteria that are found in dog faeces?
zoonotic and reverse zoonotic
200
what is the challenge when trying to demonstrate bacteria are the cause of patient illness?
as these bacteria can be found in healthy animals it is hard to know the significance of findings and proving they are the cause
201
when should you only look for bacteria in faecal samples?
if you genuinely think they are causing the problem
202
what animals are at risk of bacterial enterocolitis?
raw fed
cats who hunt birds
young
crowded / unsanitary environment
203
when may investigation into bacterial enterocolitis be begun sooner?
if owner is immunocompromised
204
what are the clinical signs of bacterial enterocolitis?
```
haemorrhagic vomiting or diarrhoea
pyrexia
sepsis
+/- abdominal pain
enterotoxaemia is possible with some
```
205
what should be considered in cases exhibiting clinical signs of bacterial enterocolitis?
faecal culture
| ensure evaluation for parvovirus
206
where is campylobacter spp. found?
present in faeces of around 50% of healthy dogs and cats - especially young/kennelled
207
what can campylobacter spp. lead to?
ulcerative colitis due to attachment and invasion of GI wall
208
what should be done if a faecal culture is positive for campylobacter spp.?
speciate with PCR
209
what 3 campylobacter species are there?
C. jejuni
C. coli
C. upsaliensis
210
what is campylobacter jejuni related to?
disease in dogs specifically with concurrent viral infections
211
what is campylobacter coli related to?
disease in cats
212
what is campylobacter upsaliensis related to?
likely a canine commensal
213
what is the first line of treatment for a pathogenic campylobacter species infection?
off licence erythromycin
214
in what numbers of cats and dogs is subclinical carriage of salmonella spp. common?
30% of dogs
| 18% of cats
215
what clinical signs of salmonella spp. infection are not always seen in cats?
GI signs
216
what are the main signs of salmonella spp. infection?
pyrexia
leukocytosis
GI signs
217
how is salmonella spp. infection diagnosed?
faecal culture and/ or blood culture and PCR
218
when should salmonella spp. infection be treated?
only if patient is systemically unwell
219
what can antibiotics do if given during salmonella spp. infection?
may encourage carrier status
220
what antibiotics are least likely to cause salmonella spp. carrier state?
fluoroquinolones
221
how long does antibiotic treatment for salmonella spp. last if needed?
10 days and then re-culture (prolonged courses may be needed)
222
what should be aimed for to confirm salmonella spp. infection elimination?
serial negative faecal cultures post treatment
223
what forms may escherichia coli take?
various pathogenic types
| may be commensal
224
what can be caused by escherichia coli?
acute or chronic diarrhoea
225
what is escherichia coli infection often seen alongside?
other pathogens (e.g. parvovirus)
226
what is the specific chronic presentation of escherichia coli?
granulomatous colitis
227
how is escherichia coli infection diagnosed?
positive faecal culture
228
what can a faecal culture containing escherichia coli be evaluated for?
pathogenicity genes - still doesn't prove causality
229
how is escherichia coli infection treated?
antimicrobials
| vaccination, oral immunoglobulins - not proven
230
how many healthy animals is clostridium perfringens found in?
>80% of healthy dogs
231
what is clostridium perfringens subtyped based on?
various toxins
232
what toxin is the main pathogenic toxin of clostridium perfringens?
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)
233
does identification of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) imply causality?
no
234
what is clostridium perfringens netF toxin associated with?
canine acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS)
235
how is clostridium perfringens diagnosed ideally?
ELISA for CPE in faeces
| PCR of CPE gene
236
in reality how is clostridium perfringens diagnosed?
faecal culture which has hige limitations
237
what signs are seen with clostridium perfringens?
LI diarrhoea (SI or mixed also common)
238
should systemically well dogs with diarrhoea be treated?
no
239
when will dogs with clostridium perfringens be treated?
if systemically ill
240
what are the signs of a dog who is systemically ill with clostridium perfringens?
haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
pyrexia
inflammatory leukogram
241
what treatment will be given to systemically unwell clostridium perfringens patients?
antibiotics
242
what was acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome previously called?
haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
243
what is acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome a syndrome of?
acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (+/- vomiting) and marked haemoconcentration
244
what bacterial toxin is involved in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome pathogenesis?
C. perfringens netF
245
what is the effect of C. perfringens netF toxin?
pore created in enterocytes leading to massive water loss into the intestine (dehydration and hypovolaemia)
246
what dogs are most commonly affected by acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome?
small breed dogs of any age
247
what is the clinical presentation of a dog with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome?
```
acute onset
haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea
abdominal pain
obtunded
hypovolaemic shock (due to extreme fluid loss in gut lumen)
marked haemoconcentration (elevated PCV)
```
248
how is acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome diagnosed?
consistent clinical signs
| marked (>60%) increase in PCV without commensurate increase in TP
249
what other causes of signs should be excluded before diagnosing acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome?
```
acute dietary indiscretion / intoxication
pancreatitis
hypoadrenocorticism
parvovirus
other bacterial enteritides
intussusception (especially if young)
```
250
how is acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome treated?
IVFT with boluses to correct hypovolaemia and CRI to counteract ongoing losses
antibiotics when indicated
251
when are antibiotics not indicated for acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome treatment?
if apart from hypovolaemia the animal is systemically well (no pyrexia or signs of sepsis)
252
what antibiotic will be given to acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome patients when indicated?
amoxicillin clavulanate
253
what animals carry clostridium difficile asymptomatically?
small proportion
254
what is clostridium difficile disease likely secondary to?
toxin production
255
what is clostridium difficile infection seen as a complication of in people?
antimicrobial therapy
256
is there evidence of similar pathogensis of clostridium difficile infection due to antimicrobial therapy in dogs and cats?
no
257
how is clostridium difficile infection diagnosed?
faecal culture and / or common antigen test
| ELISA or toxins
258
what clostridium difficile toxins are tested for on an ELISA?
TcdA and TcdB
259
how is clostridium difficile treated?
antibiotics (metronidazole) when indicated (systemically unwell)
260
when should antibiotic treatment stop if related to clostridium difficile infection?
immediately
261
when should a bacterial pathogen be considered?
acute haemorrhagic vomiting and/or diarrhoea with signs of:
pyrexia
sepsis
inflammatory leukogram
262
if bacterial pathogen is not indicated by signs what should you do?
avoid looking as it will be very difficult to tell significance when carriage in normal animals is so common
263
how should bacterial enterocolitis patients be nursed?
barrier
264
what should you pay careful attention to when monitoring bacterial enterocolitis patients?
```
fluid balance (euvolaemia, euhydration)
severity of haemorrhagic component
abdominal pain
nausea
appetite
changes in body temperature
```
