Opthalmology Flashcards
(131 cards)
where are the medial and lateral canthus of the eye located?
medial is the meeting point of the upper and lower eyelids on the medial aspect of the eye
the lateral canthus of the eye is on the lateral aspect
what is the conjunctiva formed of?
connective tissue
what is the iris of the eye formed of?
muscle
where does the nasolacrimal duct open?
into nose and mouth
what is the limbus of the eye?
area where cornea meets sclera
what is the sclera?
tough protective outer covering of the eye
what is the retina?
area at the back of the eye with photo-receptor cells
what is the choroid of the eye?
vascular layer of the eye below the retina
what shape should normal dog eyes be?
almond
what is the palpebral fissure?
gap between eyelids
where should sclera be seen in healthy eyes?
small amount medially and laterally
none D/V
what equipment is required for an ophthalmic exam?
dark room pen torch direct ophthalmoscope 20D condensing lens tonometer consumables including Fluorescein, Schirmer tear test strips
how should a patient be restrained for ophthalmic exam?
minimal is best
calm and confident
patient seated at the edge of the table or on floor against nurses legs if large
one hand over the back and round to the chest
one hand supporting under the chin to hold head horizontal
how should fractious patients be managed for ophthalmic exam?
muzzled
towel
chemical restraint if necessary (will alter some ophthalmic parameters)
how should blind/visually impaired patients be handled?
talk before you approach them
go slowly
guide them carefully while walking to prevent them walking into things
how should patients with painful/fragile eyes or raised intraoccular pressure (IOP) be restrained?
no pressure on the neck harness not lead gentle handling low stress minimise barking avoid temperature checks sedation needed to place IV smooth anaesthetic recovery
where should the IV be placed in patients with painful/fragile eyes or riased IOP?
saphenous vein
what are the steps involved in an ophthalmic exam?
history distant examination and close examination Schirmer tear test (sample collection) neuro-ophthalmic exam close direct ophthalmoscopy indirect ophthalmoscopy
what should questioning about history in an ophthalmic patient be focused around?
overall health then narrow down to presenting complaint
what questions should be involved in the history part of the ophthalmic exam?
signalment
general history
known illness or any other signs
previous occular conditions and any treatment
current occular complaint and any treatment
how good is animals vision (do they bump into things)
what is involved in general history questioning during an ophthalmic exam?
vaccination
travel
other animals
what is involved in the distance and close exam stage of the ophthalmic exam?
animals attitude body condition face eyelids eyeballs observation of pupil use of direct ophthalmoscope for retro-illumination
what is assessed about the face during the distance and close exam stage of the ophthalmic exam?
symmetry
any occular discharge
what is assessed about the eyelids during the distance and close exam stage of the ophthalmic exam?
palpebral fissure (size, does it close)
size of eyelids
colour
swelling