Imported Infections of Dogs and Cats Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
what is the main cause of a rapid change in disease distribution between countries?
A
international travel of humans and animals
2
Q
what has had a key influence on animal international travel rules?
A
risk assessment for rabies and other imported diseases
3
Q
what is the aim of the PETS scheme?
A
protection of the UK from disease
4
Q
will pet insurance necessarily cover exotic disease?
A
no
5
Q
what may cause legislation changes for pets travelling in and out of the UK?
A
brexit
6
Q
what do all pets (dogs, cats and ferrets) need before entry into the UK?
A
pet passport
microchipping
vaccination against rabies
7
Q
who must pets travel with when entering the UK?
A
approved transport company on an authorised route
8
Q
when should microchipping and rabies vaccine happen?
A
at the same time to ensure there is record of the rabies vaccine
9
Q
what is the minimum age for rabies vaccine?
A
12 weeks
10
Q
what must happen if rabies boosters elapse?
A
process must be restarted
11
Q
what are the rabies requirements for entry to the UK from EU or listed 3rd country?
A
rabies vaccine
wait 21 days
then able to enter UK
12
Q
what are the rabies requirements for entry to the UK from a non-listed 3rd country?
A
rabies vaccine
30 days later blood sample to ensure presence of rabies antibodies
wait 3 months
entry to UK allowed
13
Q
what must the rabies antibody blood concentration be following vaccine?
A
> 0.5 iu
14
Q
what is the tapeworm requirement for entry to the UK?
A
1-5 days before returning to UK
administered by vet and signed in passport
15
Q
who must administer tapeworm treatment required to enter UK?
A
vet
16
Q
what countries can you return to the UK from without tapeworm treatment?
A
finland
ireland
malta
17
Q
why is tapeworm treatment prior to entry to the UK required?
A
public health importance associated with Echinococcus multicularis
18
Q
what drug is usually given to treat Echinococcus multicularis before entry into the UK?
A
Praziquantil
19
Q
what used to be a legal requirement for treatment before return to the UK but is now just strongly advised?
A
acaricide (anti tick) treatment
20
Q
why was tick treatment required before re-entry to the UK?
A
prevention of transmission of tick-borne disease into the UK
21
Q
what should you strongly advise owners to provide prophylaxis for during travel?
A
ticks
sandflies
mosquitoes
22
Q
what should you find out about a country to ensure you can advise owners on correct treatment / prophylaxis?
A
diseases and vectors in destination country
23
Q
what website is useful for showing resident diseases and vectors?
A
ESCCAP
24
Q
how can ticks be managed while abroad?
A
daily check and remove
long lasting oral tablets (1-3 months)
spot on products
long acting collars
25
what ingredient in anti tick treatment should not be used on cats or in a cat household?
deltametherin
26
why may daily removal of ticks prevent disease transmission?
takes 36-48 hours for tick to pass on disease
27
how can flies/mosquitoes be managed by owners during traveling?
```
house animals indoors during dawn and dusk
fine mesh screens
insect repellants
collars
spot on
```
28
what causes leishmaniosis?
Leishmania infantum
29
what sort of organism is Leishmania infantum?
intracellular protozoan parasite
30
how is Leishmania infantum transmitted?
vector borne - sandflies
31
what is the vector for transmission of Leishmania infantum?
sandflies
32
where is Leishmania infantum endemic?
southern europe
middle east
eastern america (north and south)
33
where is there a large reservoir of Leishmania infantum?
in dogs
34
what dogs is Leismaniosis seen in?
traveled dogs - very rare in untraveled
35
what parts of the body are affected by Leishmaniosis?
multisystemic
36
how long is the incubation period of Leishmaniosis?
years
37
is Leishmaniosis zoonotic?
yes
38
what are the typical clinical findings in a dog with Leishmaniosis?
patchy alopecia - especially on the head
non-pruritic crusting lesions
ulceration
inflammatory changes of the eye e.g. uveitis
39
what are the 2 stages of disease with Leishmaniosis?
subclinical infection
| clinical disease
40
what happens during sub-clinical infection with Leishmaniosis?
no signs - animal is healthy
41
how long can leishmaniosis clinical disease last?
chronic and gradually progressive
42
what can be the long term outcome of Leishmaniosis?
severe life limiting complications
43
what are the main signs of Leishmaniosis?
dermatological lesions
| enlarged lymph nodes and spleen (due to immune response and infection)
44
what are the main secondary complications of Leishmaniosis?
kidney, joint and eye disease
| but any organ can be affected
45
why are kidneys, eyes and joints often affected by Leishmaniosis?
antibody - Leishmania infantum complexes are formed which will collect in these areas
46
what are the general systemic signs of Leishmaniosis?
lethargy
inappetance
pyrexia
47
what are the 3 main ways that Leishmaniosis is diagnosed?
cytology / histopathology - depending on sample
PCR
serology
48
what samples may be used for cytology / histopathology to diagnose Leishmaniosis?
lymph node aspirates
conjunctival swabs
other tissues - any can be affected
49
what will PCR for Leishmaniosis be performed on?
cytology / histology samples
50
what is indicated by serology for Leishmaniosis?
indicates exposure or prior vaccination
51
how is Leishmaniosis treated in the first month after diagnosis?
```
daily meglumine antimonate (SQ) or miltefosine (oral liquid)
and allopurinol (daily tablets)
```
52
what is a special import certificate (STC) required for to treat Leishmaniosis?
meglumine antimonate (SQ) and miltefosine (oral liquid)
53
how long are allopurinol tablets given to treat Leishmaniosis?
6-12 months
54
aside from drug therapy for Leishmaniosis what else is involved in it's treatment?
regular monitoring
| treatment of complications
55
what is the aim of Leishmaniosis treatment?
clinical improvement as elimination of the organism is rare
56
what are the main methods of prevention of Leishmaniosis?
don't travel!
vector control - sandflies
Leisguard
vaccination
57
what does Leisguard do?
supports and stimulates immune system to aid overcoming Leishmaniosis
58
does the Leishmania vaccination prevent disease?
no
59
what dogs should ideally not be vaccinated against Leishmaniosis?
previously exposed or infected dogs
60
where are most Leishmania vaccines given?
endemic areas
61
what is the name of the Leishmania vaccine?
CaniLeish
62
what are the 3 main tick borne diseases?
Babesia spp
Ehrlichia spp
Anaplasma spp
63
what are the 2 disease found on exotic ticks?
Babesia spp
| Ehrlichia spp
64
what tick borne diseases are typically found in traveled dogs?
Babesia spp
| Ehrlichia spp
65
what tick borne disease is found in the UK?
Anaplasma spp
66
how are tick borne diseases distributed?
vector - tick
67
what tick species is endemic in the UK?
Ixodes ricinus
68
where is the most common area of the cat and dog to find ticks?
head
69
what 2 tick borne diseases are from the same family?
Anaplasma spp
| Ehrlichia spp
70
what sort of organisms are Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp?
intracellular bacteria
71
what family are Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp from?
Anaplasmataceae
72
what cells are specifically targeted by Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp?
neutrophils
platelets
monocytes
73
of dogs and cats who is affected more by Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp?
dogs
74
where are Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp bacteria found in the world?
```
the americas
europe
asia
africa
australia (not Ehrlichia spp)
```
75
what can infection with Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp range between?
asymptomatic carriage to severe clinical disease
76
what is mainly caused by Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp?
Thrombocytopenia
77
what other symptoms aside from thrombocytopenia can be caused by Ehrlichia spp?
pancytopenia (low WBC and RBC as well as platelets)
| severe multi-systemic disease
78
how is Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp infection diagnosed?
cytology
PCR
serology for antibodies
79
what test is used to check for Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp in serum?
in clinic ELISA
80
what diseases are tested for on a SNAP 4DX test?
Anaplasma Ab
Ehrlichia Ab
Borrelia Ab
Dirofilaria Ag
81
how is Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia spp treated?
Doxycycline (2-4 weeks)
| tick control
82
what is the prognosis for Anaplasma spp infection?
good
83
what is the prognosis for Ehrlichia spp infection?
guarded if chronic
84
what sort of organism is Babesia?
intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite
85
what are the 2 types of babesia spp?
large and small
86
where can babesia spp be caught from?
tick bourne
iatrogenic (transfusions)
dog fighting
87
what is the range of severity of babesia spp infection?
subclinical to severe acute life-limiting illness
88
where in the world are babesia spp bacteria found?
globally distributed - cluster of cases in Essex, 2016
89
which animals are most affected by Babesiosis?
dogs - cats are rarely affected
90
what are the clinical features of Babesiosis?
haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopenia
splenomegaly
multi-organ failure and death
91
why does babesia spp cause haemolytic anaemia?
rupture of RBC due to parasite and immune mediated destruction
92
what may be seen alongside haemolytic anaemia in babesia spp patients?
pigmenturia
| jaundice
93
how is babesia spp diagnosed?
cytology - blood smear assessment
PCR
serology
94
what does the drug of choice for treatment of babesia spp depend on?
species of babesia
95
what may be given alongside drug of choice for babesia spp treatment?
suportive management e.g. blood transfusions
96
how can babesia spp infection be prevented?
tick control
97
what is Dirofilaria immitis?
heartworm
98
where in the world is Diofilaria immitis often found?
southern europe
asia
australia
the americas
99
in what animals are Diofilaria immitis found most often?
dogs
100
what does Diofilaria immitis cause most often in dogs?
right sided heart disease
101
why does Diofilaria immitis cause right sided heart disease?
blockage of pulmonary arteries
102
describe the lifecycle of Diofilaria immitis
L1 in circulation
mosquito bites and picks L1 up
L1-L3 takes place in mosquito
L3 is then infective and passed on when mosquito bites other dogs
L3-L5 molts occur within the dog
L5 - vascular migration occurs to pulmonary artery
L5 matures and grows in PA - may mate and produce microfilariae (L1)
103
what is the lifespan of L1 microfilariae in the blood?
up to 30 months
104
how long does the Diofilaria immitis molt from L1-L3 in the mosquito take?
1-3 weeks
105
where is the L3 infective strain placed into the dog when the carrier mosquito bites?
sub cutaneous
106
how long does the molt of Diofilaria immitis from L3-L5 take in the SQ tissues of the dog?
2-3 months
107
when does heart worm disease begin?
when worms are at L5 (1-2cm) and begin vascular migration from SQ tissues
108
how long can mature L5 Diofilaria immitis reach?
15-30 cm
109
how long does it take from L3 infection after mosquito bite to grown L5 in pulmonary artery?
7-9 months
110
what is the lifespan of adult Diofilaria immitis?
5-7 years
111
what is produced when male and female Diofilaria immitis mate within PA?
microfilaemic (L1)
112
where are L5 Diofilaria immitis found?
pulmonary artery system
113
what are the signs of Diofilaria immitis?
```
asymptomatic carriage or
exercise intolerance
coughing
dyspnoea
tachypnoea
lathargy
```
114
what is caval syndrome?
extreme fluid retention particularly around the face due to blockage of the cranial vena cava and right heart because of Diofilaria immitis
115
how can Diofilaria immitis be diagnosed?
microfilarial/L1 detection through blood smear
ELISA in clinic for adult female Ag
imaging
116
what are ELISAs for Diofilaria immitis diagnosis looking for?
adult female antigens
117
what sort of imaging may be used to diagnose Diofilaria immitis?
chest x ray
| ultrasound
118
how is Diofilaria immitis treated?
specialist veterinary cardiologist
drugs to kill adult worms (L5) and microfilariae (L1)
may require surgical removal
119
what treatment may be required for severe Diofilaria immitis infection?
surgical reterival
120
what are patients with Diofilaria immitis at high risk of?
thromboembolytic events / death
121
how is Diofilaria immitis prevented in endemic countries?
```
monthly prevention
vector management (mosquitoes)
```
122
how does monthly prevention of Diofilaria immitis work?
arrests L3/L4 development
123
when should Diofilaria immitis preventative treatment be started?
1 month before travel
124
what will the other infectious and vector borne diseases depend on?
the parts of the world the patient is traveling to
