Equine Urinary Tract Flashcards
(121 cards)
what are the main urinary tract disorders in horses?
PUPD pigmenturia renal disease neoplasia urolithiasis UTI developmental disorders
what history taking is needed when investigating equine urinary problems?
standard history abnormal urination abnormal colour any other problems measure water intake over 24hrs
what water intake is classed as polydipsia in horses?
> 100ml/kg/day
what will owners of horses with urinary issues most often confuse?
polyuria (increased volume)
pollakuria (increased frequency)
what are the most common problems associated with urinary issues?
abnormal urination
weight loss
what is involved in the clinical exam of a horse with urinary issues?
standard
rectal
examination of penis
passing of urinary catheter
what is a rectal exam used for in the urinary patient?
bladder: size, wall thickness, uroliths (bladder stones), masses
caudal pole of left kidney
how should the horse be restrained for examination of the penis?
sedate with alpha 2 agonist
ACP to encourage protrusion
when should a urinary catheter be passed in horses?
if obstruction suspected
what blood tests will be performed on equine urinary patients?
haematology
biochem
what is found on haematology that may indicate UTI or infection?
leukocytosis
what would anaemia in the urinary patient indicate?
chronic disease
chronic renal failure leading to reduction in production of erythropoetin (EPO)
what does raised urea and creatinine indicate?
azotemai
when will urea and creatinine levels increase?
once 75% of nephrons are non-functional
is urea/creatinine useful in early kidney disease?
no
what is indicated by a doubling of urea and creatinine values once they are elevated?
50% decline in remaining kidney function
how is a urine sample obtained from a horse for urinalysis?
caught midstream (container on a stick) catheterisation
is cystocentesis performed in horses?
no
what can be done to encourage horses to urinate?
freshly bedded stable
what should be noted if pigmenturia is present?
timing
duration of passage
what is involved in urinalysis?
USG
dip stick (biochemistry)
sediment analysis of casts
what is USG a measure of?
urine concentration
what is used to measure USG?
refractometer
what is hyposthenuria?
urine that is more dilute than serum (<1.008)