Infectious Disease

Question 1

define infectious disease

Answer 1

disease that is able to be passed from one person, animal or plant to another

Question 2

define zoonosis (zoonotic disease)

Answer 2

disease that can be passed from humans to animals

Question 3

give an example of a zoonotic disease

Answer 3

leptosporosis

Question 4

define reverse zoonosis

Answer 4

a disease that can be passed from humans to animals

Question 5

what is a community acquired disease?

Answer 5

a disease that is acquired within the community

Question 6

what is a hospital acquired / nosocomial disease?

Answer 6

disease acquired in hospital

Question 7

what is a pathogen?

Answer 7

disease causing organism

Question 8

what are commensals?

Answer 8

organism that inhabits a specific mucosal surface in the body and is a normal finding

Question 9

what type of organisms are bacteria?

Answer 9

single celled

Question 10

why are bacterial cells prokaryotic?

Answer 10

have no nucleus

Question 11

how do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 11

binary fission

Question 12

describe how binary fission works

Answer 12

adult cell splits into two identical daughter cells

Question 13

what are the 3 main bacteria shapes/morphology?

Answer 13

coccoid (spherical)
bacillus (rods)
spiral

Question 14

what is an example of a coccoid bacteria?

Answer 14

Staphylococcus

Question 15

what is an example of a bacillus bacteria?

Answer 15

Escherichia coli

Question 16

what is an example of spiral bacteria?

Answer 16

Leptosporosis

Question 17

as well as morphology how do bacteria vary?

Answer 17

staining and cellular characteristic

Question 18

what are the 2 ways bacterial infections are diagnosed?

Answer 18

organism detection

demonstration of antibody (for some)

Question 19

how can bacteria be detected?

Answer 19

microscopy and/or culture

Question 20

what size are viruses?

Answer 20

sub-microscopic

Question 21

what is required by a virus in order to replicate?

Answer 21

host cell

Question 22

why does viral invasion usually result in cell death?

Answer 22

as cell is taken over by virus and becomes factory for virus

Question 23

what are the virus morphologies?

Answer 23

diverse

Question 24

what are 2 examples of veterinary viruses?

Answer 24

parvovirus (dogs)

feline herpes virus (cats)

Question 25

how are viruses diagnosed?

Answer 25

demonstration of virus (antigen or DNA) | demonstration of antibody

Question 26

how should viral infections be treated?

Answer 26

antivirals when available | supportive treatment

Question 27

how should pathogenic viruses be treated?

Answer 27

antibiotics

Question 28

what type of organisms are fungi usually?

Answer 28

multicellular eukaryotic

Question 29

what does heterotrophic mean in terms of fungi?

Answer 29

cannot make their own food so rely on host

Question 30

what type of reproduction do fungi use?

Answer 30

sexual and asexual

Question 31

when do fungi typically cause infections in veterinary patients in the UK?

Answer 31

in the presence of immunocompromise

Question 32

how are fungal infections diagnosed?

Answer 32

organism identification | demonstration of antibody (for some)

Question 33

how can fungal organisms be identified?

Answer 33

microscopy fungal culture antigens DNA

Question 34

how are fungal infections treated?

Answer 34

prolonged antifungals

Question 35

what are the 3 main parasite types?

Answer 35

helminths (worms) protozoa ectoparasites

Question 36

what type of reproduction are parasites capable of?

Answer 36

sexual and asexual

Question 37

what type of organisms are parasites?

Answer 37

eukaryotic multicelled

Question 38

what does host adapted mean in parasites?

Answer 38

cause disease in specific host

Question 39

where do parasites infect?

Answer 39

frequently organ specific | some are multi systemic

Question 40

what does the parasite depend on the host for?

Answer 40

survival - mainly through food

Question 41

how are parasites diagnosed?

Answer 41

identification of organism

Question 42

how can parasites be identified?

Answer 42

microscopy gross visualisation antigens DNA

Question 43

how are parasites treated?

Answer 43

specific antiparasitic to parasite

Question 44

what type of organisms are protozoa?

Answer 44

single celled eukaryotic

Question 45

what types of sexual reproduction are protozoa capable of?

Answer 45

sexual and asexual

Question 46

what do most veterinary pathogenic protozoa cause?

Answer 46

GI or multi-systemic disease

Question 47

what is an example of GI pathogenic protozoa?

Answer 47

Giardia

Question 48

what is an example of multi-systemic pathogenic protozoa?

Answer 48

toxoplasma

Question 49

what are the 2 forms of protozoa?

Answer 49

cyst (dormant) and trophozoite (active)

Question 50

how are protozoa diagnosed?

Answer 50

organism detection | demonstration of antibody (for some)

Question 51

how can protozoa be detected?

Answer 51

microscopy antigen DNA

Question 52

how are protozoa treated?

Answer 52

anti-protozoals | some antibiotics

Question 53

how can infection be spread between animals?

Answer 53

``` poor staff/owner hand hygiene ectoparasites phomites grooming/fighting and so spread of bodily fluids blood products from unscreened donors aerosol urine/faeces ```