Flashcards in Chapter 1 Deck (95)
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1
__ can lead us astray, __ __ similarly err
IntuitionCommon sense
2
Define hindsight bias (aka: I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
3
Describe the scientific attitude
Being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible. Show evidence. Requires humility to reveal nature's truths
4
People tend to be ___. We are equally __ at predicting our social behavior. We __ our intuition, but __ __ can help sift reality from illusions
OverconfidentWrongOverestimateScientific inquiry
5
Scientific attitude is composed of __ , __ , & __
CuriositySkepticismHumility
6
Define critical thinking
Thinking that doesn't blindly accept arguments & conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, & assesses conclusions
7
Define theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations & predicts behaviors or events (simplifies things, offers useful summary)
8
Describe the scientific method
Make observations, form theories, refine theories with new observations
9
Define hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. Gives direction to research
10
Define replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants & circumstances
11
When we urge to see what we expect, it is __ __
Subjective observations
12
Define operational definition
A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
13
What makes a good theory?
Organize & link observed facts & imply hypotheses that offer testable predictions & sometimes, practical applications
14
What are the 3 research types?
Descriptive, correlational, & experimental
15
Define case study
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
16
Define survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
17
Case studies suggest __ for further study. Individuals can be __, so we must use other methods
HypothesesAtypical
18
Survey answers depend on a question's __ & choice of __
WordingRespondents
19
Define false consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs & behaviors
20
Subtle changes to __ of questions may have large effects
Wording
21
Define population
All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
22
For an accurate picture of a population, must use a __ __
Representative sample
23
Define random sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
24
Think critically & consider the __ before believing __ __
SampleSurvey findings
25
__ representative samples are better than __ ones
LargeSmall
26
The temptation to __ from a few vivid but __ cases is nearly irresistible
GeneralizeUnrepresentative
27
Define naturalistic observation
Observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate & control the situation.
28
Goodall paved way for later studies of __ thinking, language, & emotion. Whiten & Byrne saw chimps and baboons use __ to achieve their aims
AnimalDeception
29
Naturalistic observations doesn't __ behavior, it __ it
ExplainDescribes
30
