Hemodynamic Disorders (4) - Section 1

Question 1

Edema

Answer 1

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the INTERSTITIAL SPACE

Question 2

Effusion

Answer 2

Abnormal fluid accumulation in body cavities

Question 3

Exudate

Answer 3

Fluid high in proteins and cells

Question 4

Exudate usually implies?

Answer 4

Inflammation due to the increased vascular permeability

Question 5

Transudate

Answer 5

Fluid low in proteins and cells

Question 6

What 2 pressure changes can cause Edema (fluid flow out of the blood vessel)?

Answer 6

1. INCREASE in Hydrostatic pressure of the vessel

2. DECREASE in Osmotic pressure of the blood vessel

Question 7

Hyperemia

Answer 7

Too much blood arriving at the arterial side of capillary bed

Question 8

Congestion

Answer 8

Too little blood leaving the venous side of capillary bed

Question 9

Hyperemia and Congestion both result in?

Answer 9

INCREASED blood volumes in the tissues

Question 10

Hyperemia and Congestion - which one is an active controlled process?

Answer 10

Hyperemia due to the pre-capillary sphincter that can open or close to allow more or less blood in respectively

Question 11

Congestion causes an increase in what pressure?

Answer 11

Hydrostatic pressure - pushes fluid out (edema)

Question 12

List 4 mechanisms that can cause edema

Answer 12

1. Increase in hydrostatic pressure
2. Decrease in oncotic pressure
3. Increased vascular permeability
4. Lymphatic obstruction

Question 13

What 2 things can increase hydrostatic pressure and thus cause edema?

Answer 13

Congestion

Na+ and Water retention - increases blood volume

Question 14

Lymphedema

Answer 14

Impaired clearance of interstitial fluid = LOCALIZED edema

Question 15

In what 2 ways does Heart failure cause edema?

Answer 15

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure

2. Decreased renal blood flow

Question 16

With heart failure, there is decreased renal blood flow as well. Describe the cascade of how this causes edema

Answer 16

Decreased renal blood flow
- Activates RAAS
- Na+ and Water retention
= Increased blood volume 
== Increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 17

In what way does Renal failure cause edema?

Answer 17

Na+ and Water retention = Increased blood volume

= Increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 18

Decreased plasma _____ can lead to decreased oncotic pressure

Answer 18

Albumin

Question 19

Liver failure, malnutrition and nephrotic syndrome all have decreased ____ that causes?

Answer 19

Protein synthesis which causes decreased oncotic pressure and thus edema!

Question 20

Kwashoiorkor

Answer 20

Decreased protein in diet
- Causes decreased oncotic pressure
= Edema

Question 21

What plasma protein is an important regulator of oncotic pressure?

Answer 21

Albumin

- If albumin is low, oncotic pressure in the vessel will be low as well

Question 22

With heart failure, where does edema occur?

Answer 22

Pulmonary edema (lungs) due to congestion of blood flow

Question 23

Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 23

Excess protein in the urine

Question 24

With Nephrotic syndrome there is excess protein in the urine. This causes?

Answer 24

Decreased oncotic pressure and thus edema

Question 25

Liver failure causes ascites. Through what mechanisms?

Answer 25

- Decreased Albumin production - decreased oncotic pressure | - Portal Hypertension (congestion)

Question 26

With Chronic congestion in venous flow, what will eventually leak out of the vessel?

Answer 26

RBCs

Question 27

With Chronic congestion, RBCs eventually leak out of the vessel. What will this cause to be deposited?

Answer 27

Hemosiderin (iron)

Question 28

With Chronic congestion, Hemosiderin causes?

Answer 28

Tissue damage

Question 29

With pulmonary edema due to chronic congestion, _____ is deposited in ______

Answer 29

Hemosiderin is deposited in alveolar spaces

Question 30

What color does hemosiderin stain?

Answer 30

Blue

Question 31

With hepatic congestion due to chronic congestion what is obstructed in the liver?

Answer 31

Central vein

Question 32

If the central vein is obstructed in the liver, DEoxygenated blood is backed up to where?

Answer 32

Center of the lobule

Question 33

With hepatic congestion, deoxygenated blood backed up at the center of the lobule causes?

Answer 33

Centrilobar necrosis

Question 34

Centrilobar necrosis is describe as?

Answer 34

Nutmeg liver

Question 35

Changes in what pressures cause edema?

Answer 35

Increased hydrostatic pressure ex. Congestion, increased blood volume Decreased oncotic pressure ex. Malnutrition, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, decreased proteins/albumin

Question 36

What findings will be present in the lungs with heart failure?

Answer 36

Pulmonary Edema AND Pulmonary Effusion

Question 37

2 common causes of lymphedema?

Answer 37

Lymph node resection | Helminth infection - Filariasis