Acute Inflammation (3)

Question 1

3 major components of acute inflammation

Answer 1

1. Dilation of blood vessels
2. Increased permeability in vasculature
3. Emigration of leukocytes from vascular into injury site

Question 2

Exudate

Answer 2

Fluid with HIGH concentration of proteins and cells

Question 3

Exudate implies?

Answer 3

Increased vascular permeability seen with an inflammatory response!

Question 4

Transudate

Answer 4

Fluid with LOW concentration of proteins and cells

Question 5

Transudate implies?

Answer 5

NO increase in vascular permeability

Question 6

Edema

Answer 6

Excess fluid in interstitial tissue; can be exudate or transudate

Question 7

Pus

Answer 7

Purulent Exudate

Question 8

What is pus rich in?

Answer 8

Neutrophils, cell debris, microbes

Question 9

How does the lymphatic system help during acute inflammation?

Answer 9

Increases lymph flow to drain edema fluid that accumulates due to increased vascular permeability

Question 10

As the lymphatic system helps during acute inflammation, the lymph vessels and nodes may also become inflamed. What can be seen?

Answer 10

Red streaks

Question 11

3 phases of leukocyte recruitment in the acute inflammatory response

Answer 11

1. Margination, rolling, adhesion
2. Diapedesis
3. Chemotaxis

Question 12

Diapedesis

Answer 12

Migration through the endothelium

Question 13

Chemotaxis

Answer 13

Leukocytes more toward offending agent

Question 14

Macrophages release _____ during leukocyte recruitment

Answer 14

IL-1 and TNF

Question 15

Job of IL-1 and TNF during leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 15

Increase expression of P and E selectins

(Adhesion molecules)

Question 16

P and E selectins job during Leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 16

Rolling of the leukocyte - bind, detach, bind, detach = slows them down!

Question 17

Macrophages release _____ that increase the affinity of the integrins on leukocytes during recruitment

Answer 17

Chemokines

Question 18

What receptor do integrins bind?

Answer 18

ICAM-1

Question 19

During leukocyte recruitment, P and E selectins increase adhesion molecules, chemokines increase affinity of leukocyte integrins. What does this cause?

Answer 19

Leukocyte ADHESION

Question 20

Once the leukocyte is adhered to the endothelium, what occurs next?

Answer 20

Diapedesis

Question 21

What molecule controls Diapedesis?

Answer 21

PECAM-1 (CD31)

Question 22

After Diapedesis, what occurs next?

Answer 22

Chemotaxis

Question 23

What are chemoattractants that stimulate chemotaxis?

Answer 23

IL-8, Complement C5a and AA metabolites

Question 24

Describe Chemotaxis

Answer 24

IL-8, C5a and AA metabolites bind GPCR on leukocyte surface

• Causes Actin polymerization at leading end
• Causes Myelin localization at back
• Leading edge extends filopodia that pull the leukocyte forward towards microbes

Question 25

Main Leukocytes during the Acute inflammatory response?

Answer 25

Neutrophils | Monocytes

Question 26

Lifespan of Neutrophils during Acute inflammatory response?

Answer 26

6-24 hours; soon replaced by Monocytes

Question 27

Monocytes survive longer and become dominant cell in acute inflammatory responses. What did they replace?

Answer 27

Neutrophils

Question 28

What are the Main Phagocytes during the Acute inflammatory response?

Answer 28

Neutrophils | Macrophages

Question 29

Mechanisms of action of Neutrophils while acting as phagocytes during phagocytosis?

Answer 29

ROS, Degranulation and NET formation

Question 30

Mechanisms of action of Macrophages while acting as phagocytes during phagocytosis?

Answer 30

NO, Cytokine release

Question 31

What are the 3 steps to Phagocytosis?

Answer 31

1. Recognition and attachment of particle to be ingested by leukocyte = Leukocyte activation 2. Engulfment with formation of Phagocytic Vacuole 3. Killing of microbe and degradation of ingested material

Question 32

During Phagocytosis, what are the cell surface receptors that recognize microbes?

Answer 32

GPCR TLR Cytokine receptor Phagocyte Receptor **

Question 33

Types of Phagocyte Receptors?

Answer 33

Macrophage Mannose Receptor Scavenger Receptor Opsonin Receptor

Question 34

What does the Macrophage Mannose Receptor bind?

Answer 34

Mannose and Fucose residues on glycoproteins expressed on microbes surface

Question 35

Describe the Engulfment process during phagocytosis

Answer 35

- Binding of microbe to phagocyte receptor - Phagocyte membrane zips up around microbe -- Creates a Phagosome - Phagosome fuses with Lysosome = Killing of Microbe

Question 36

What are the 3 things that do most of the killing and digestion of the microbe during phagocytosis?

Answer 36

ROS NO Lysosomal enzymes

Question 37

Where are ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes contained during phagocytosis?

Answer 37

Lysosome

Question 38

What are ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes tagged with in order to get from the ER to the lysosome?

Answer 38

M6P

Question 39

Th___ also contributes to acute inflammation

Answer 39

Th17

Question 40

Job of Th17 during acute inflammation?

Answer 40

Recruit more leukocytes

Question 41

Without Th17 during acute inflammation, what results?

Answer 41

COLD abscesses

Question 42

How is the acute inflammatory response terminated?

Answer 42

Inflammation decreases after removal of mediators and offending agents

Question 43

Inflammation itself can produce "stop signals" to terminate the acute inflammatory response. What are those?

Answer 43

IL-10 and TGF-beta

Question 44

Neutrophil nuclei are ____ when NETs are formed

Answer 44

Lost

Question 45

Formation of NETs is dependent on?

Answer 45

Platelet activation