Neoplasia (7) - Cancer Hallmarks 3-10

Question 1

Warburg effect favors what energy usage?

Answer 1

Aerobic Glycolysis

increased glucose -> Lactose

Question 2

What is the result of the Warburg effect?

Answer 2

Cell creates more metabolites needed for synthesis of cellular components
= cell replication with the cancer cell components!

Question 3

If tumor cells use Autophagy, what does that allow them to do?

Answer 3

“hibernate” and SURVIVE harsh nutrient periods

- Recycling their own contents

Question 4

2 mechanisms for evasion of cell death?

Answer 4

DECREASE P53

INCREASE BCL-2 = ANTI-apoptosis

Question 5

If a cell increases BCL-2, what does that result in?

Answer 5

ANTI-apoptosis = Cell survival

Question 6

Normally, what shortens on chromosomes over time as the cell divides multiple times?

Answer 6

Telomeres

Question 7

Once the telomeres are too short, what stops?

Answer 7

Cell division

Question 8

Once the telomeres are too short for cell division, what results?

Answer 8

Senescence (permanent cell cycle arrest)

Question 9

What do cancer cells use to stop telomere shortening so they can divide indefintitely?

Answer 9

Telomerase!

Question 10

Job of Telomerase?

Answer 10

Protects the telomeres from shortening so cell division can occur forever

Question 11

Tumors cannot enlarge past 1-2 mm without inducing?

Answer 11

Angiogenesis

Question 12

Normally, there is equal balance between angiogenic inhibitors and activators. What gets turned on for there to be more angiogenic activators?

Answer 12

Angiogenic Switch

Question 13

What is an important angiogenic activator?

Answer 13

VEGF

Question 14

What activates VEGF and thus angiogenesis?

Answer 14

Hypoxia and HIF1

RAS and MYC

Question 15

What are the 3 barriers for cancer cells to get through to metastasize?

Answer 15

1. Cell basement membrane
2. Into the blood vessel
3. Out of the blood vessel

Question 16

What normally adheres the cancer cells together?

Answer 16

E-cadherin

Question 17

What reduces E-caderin expression?

Answer 17

Epithelial - Mesenchymal Transition

Question 18

What does the Epithelial - Mesenchymal Transition do?

Answer 18

Reduces expression of E-cadherin and thus the cancer cells are not held together!

Question 19

If the cancer cells are not adhered to each other, what has been lost?

Answer 19

E-cadherin

Question 20

What do cancer cells secrete to degrade the cell basement membrane so they can get into the blood stream?

Answer 20

Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs)

Question 21

What immune cells normally defend against and kill tumor cells?

Answer 21

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Question 22

What things can tumor cells express on their surface that CD8+ CTL T cells will recognize?

Answer 22

Self antigen

Oncogenic virus

Question 23

Tumor cells can decrease expression of what 2 things to evade CD8+ T cells?

Answer 23

1. Self antigen loss

2. Class 1 MHC deficient

Question 24

If a tumor cell is recognized by a CD8+ T cell, what ligand will the tumor cell express?

Answer 24

PD-1 ligand

Question 25

A tumor cell's PD-1 ligand will bind?

Answer 25

PD-1 on the CD8+ T cell

Question 26

What does the interaction between the PD-1 ligand and receptor cause?

Answer 26

INHIBITS THE T CELL

Question 27

Treatment using Immune Checkpoint Inhibition uses what mechanism for the T cell to kill the tumor cell?

Answer 27

Antibodies against the PD-1 ligand and receptor so the T cell can kill the tumor cell

Question 28

Failure of DNA mismatch repair will cause what type of mutations in the DNA to accumulate?

Answer 28

Microsatellite (tandem repeats)

Question 29

What syndrome is germline loss of function of DNA mismatch repair?

Answer 29

Lynch syndrome

Question 30

Defects in Homologous Recombination Repair factors causes the cell to be unable to fix what?

Answer 30

Double stranded DNA breaks

Question 31

What are examples of genes that cause defects in Homologous Recombination Repair factors?

Answer 31

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Question 32

Burkitt's Lymphoma has what translocation?

Answer 32

MYC-IgH

Question 33

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia has what translocation?

Answer 33

RARalpha - PMC

Question 34

Burkitt's Lymphoma translocation causes?

Answer 34

Increased transcription! | MYC-IgH

Question 35

Normally, RARalpha binds?

Answer 35

RA

Question 36

Normally, RARalpha binds RA and causes?

Answer 36

Neutrophilic differentiation

Question 37

With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, what translocation has occurred?

Answer 37

RARalpha - PMC

Question 38

RARalpha - PMC translocation will NOT bind?

Answer 38

RA

Question 39

If RARalpha - PMC translocation occurred and RA cannot bind, what will result?

Answer 39

BLOCKED neutrophil differentiation | = Accumulation of leukemic blasts

Question 40

Accumulation of leukemic blasts is seen with what disease?

Answer 40

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

Question 41

Decreased MicroRNA's =

Answer 41

Increased oncogenic RNA